Dairy in Adulthood: From Foods to Nutrient Interactions on Bone and Skeletal Muscle Health

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 251-263

  Bonjour, Jean Philippe ^a   Kraenzlin, Marius ^b   Levasseur, Régis ^c   Warren, Michelle ^d   Whiting, Susan ^e  

^a University Hospital   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BASEL   (Switzerland)

^c ANGERS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^d NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

bone and skeletal muscle health; Ca; dairy; elderly; inorganic phosphate; protein; vitamin D

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; PHOSPHATE; PLACEBO; PROTEIN; VITAMIN D;

ADULTHOOD; BONE FRAGILITY; BONE GROWTH; BONE MINERALIZATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; DAIRY PRODUCT; FALLING; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MALNUTRITION; MUSCLE GROWTH; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; NUTRIENT UPTAKE; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCYTE; OSTEOPOROSIS; PROTEIN INTAKE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BONE AND BONES; CALCIUM, DIETARY; DAIRY PRODUCTS; DIETARY PROTEINS; FOOD HABITS; HIP FRACTURES; HUMANS; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; MICRONUTRIENTS; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHOSPHATES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; SARCOPENIA; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84884262619     PISSN: 07315724     EISSN: 15411087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.816604     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Hannan, M T and Tucker, K L. 2003. " The influence of food groups upon bone health ". In Nutritional Aspects of Bone Health., Edited by: New, S A and Bonjour, J P. 403 - 420. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
2. New, S A. 2004. " Food groups and bone health ". In Nutrition and Bone Health, Edited by: Holick, M F and Dawson-Hughes, B. 235 - 248. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc.
3. Kearney, J. 2010. Food consumption trends and drivers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 365: 2793 - 2807.
4. Hawkesworth, S, Dangour, A D, Johnston, D, Lock, K, Poole, N, Rushton, J, Uauy, R and Waage, J. 2010. Feeding the world healthily: the challenge of measuring the effects of agriculture on health. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 365: 3083 - 3097.
5. Drewnowski, A. 2010. The cost of US foods as related to their nutritive value. Am J Clin Nutr, 92: 1181 - 1188.
6. Wang, Y and Beydoun, M A. 2007. The obesity epidemic in the United States-gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiol Rev, 29: 6 - 28.
7. Drewnowski, A. 2011. The contribution of milk and milk products to micronutrient density and affordability of the U.S. diet. J Am Coll Nutr, 30: 422S - 428S.
8. Drewnowski, A and Fulgoni, V III. 2008. Nutrient profiling of foods: creating a nutrient-rich food index. Nutr Rev, 66: 23 - 39.
9. Robey, P G and Boskey, A L. 2008. " The composition of bone ". In Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, Edited by: Rosen, C J. 32 - 38. Washington, DC: The American Society of Bone and Mineral Research.
10. Weaver, C M and Heaney, R P. 2009. " Nutrition and osteoporosis ". In Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, Edited by: Rosen, C J, Compston, J E and Lian, J B. 206 - 208. Washington, DC: The American Society of Bone and Mineral Research.
11. Lips, P, van Shoor, N M and Bravenhoer, N. 2009. " Vitamin D-related disorders ". In Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, Edited by: Rosen, C J, Compston, J E and Lian, J B. 329 - 335. Washington, DC: The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
12. Bonjour, J P. 2011. Calcium and phosphate: a duet of ions playing for bone health. J Am Coll Nutr, 30: 438S - 448S.
13. Bonjour, J P. 2011. Protein intake and bone health. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 81: 134 - 142.
14. Bonewald, L F. 2011. The amazing osteocyte. J Bone Miner Res, 26: 229 - 238.
15. Hickson, M. 2006. Malnutrition and ageing. Postgrad Med J, 82: 2 - 8.
16. Abellan van Kan, G, Gambassi, G, de Groot, L C, Andrieu, S, Cederholm, T, Andre, E, Caubere, J P, Bonjour, J P, Ritz, P, Salva, A, Sinclair, A, Vellas, B, Dayde, J, Deregnaucourt, J and Latge, C. 2008. Nutrition and aging. The Carla Workshop. J Nutr Health Aging, 12: 355 - 364.
17. Kaiser, M J, Bauer, J M, Ramsch, C, Uter, W, Guigoz, Y, Cederholm, T, Thomas, D R, Anthony, P S, Charlton, K E, Maggio, M, Tsai, A C, Vellas, B and Sieber, C C. 2010. Frequency of malnutrition in older adults: a multinational perspective using the mini nutritional assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc, 58: 1734 - 1738.
18. Hannan, M T, Tucker, K L, Dawson-Hughes, B, Cupples, L A, Felson, D T and Kiel, D P. 2000. Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res, 15: 2504 - 2512.
19. Bell, J and Whiting, S J. 2002. Elderly women need dietary protein to maintain bone mass. Nutr Rev, 60: 337 - 341.
20. Dawson-Hughes, B and Harris, S S. 2002. Calcium intake influences the association of protein intake with rates of bone loss in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr, 75: 773 - 779.
21. Promislow, J H, Goodman-Gruen, D, Slymen, D J and Barrett-Connor, E. 2002. Protein consumption and bone mineral density in the elderly: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol, 155: 636 - 644.
22. Bonjour, J P. 2005. Dietary protein: an essential nutrient for bone health. J Am Coll Nutr, 24: 526S - 536S.
23. Rizzoli, R and Bonjour, J P. 2006. " Physiology of calcium and phosphate homeostasis ". In Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism: Principles and Clinical Applications, Edited by: Seibel, M J, Robins, S P and Bilezikian, J P. 345 - 360. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
24. Lips, P. 2001. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev, 22: 477 - 501.
25. Bonjour, J P, Schurch, M A, Chevalley, T, Ammann, P and Rizzoli, R. 1997. Protein intake, IGF-1 and osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int, 7 (suppl 3): S36 - S42.
26. Bourrin, S, Ammann, P, Bonjour, J P and Rizzoli, R. 2000. Dietary protein restriction lowers plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), impairs cortical bone formation, and induces osteoblastic resistance to IGF-I in adult female rats. Endocrinology, 141: 3149 - 3155.
27. Bischoff-Ferrari, H A, Dawson-Hughes, B, Baron, J A, Burckhardt, P, Li, R, Spiegelman, D, Specker, B, Orav, J E, Wong, J B, Staehelin, H B, O'Reilly, E, Kiel, D P and Willett, W C. 2007. Calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr, 86: 1780 - 1790.
28. Boonen, S, Lips, P, Bouillon, R, Bischoff-Ferrari, H A, Vanderschueren, D and Haentjens, P. 2007. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92: 1415 - 1423.
29. Bischoff-Ferrari, H A and Staehelin, H B. 2008. Importance of vitamin d and calcium at older age. Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 78: 286 - 292.
30. Caroli, A, Poli, A, Ricotta, D, Banfi, G and Cocchi, D. 2011. Invited review: dairy intake and bone health: a viewpoint from the state of the art. J Dairy Sci, 94: 5249 - 5262.
31. Heaney, R P. 2008. Vitamin D and calcium interactions: functional outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr, 88: 541S - 544S.
32. Bischoff-Ferrari, H A, Willett, W C, Wong, J B, Stuck, A E, Staehelin, H B, Orav, E J, Thoma, A, Kiel, D P and Henschkowski, J. 2009. Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med, 169: 551 - 561.
33. Munger, R G, Cerhan, J R and Chiu, B C. 1999. Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr, 69: 147 - 152.
34. Gaffney-Stomberg, E, Insogna, K L, Rodriguez, N R and Kerstetter, J E. 2009. Increasing dietary protein requirements in elderly people for optimal muscle and bone health. J Am Geriatr Soc, 57: 1073 - 1079.
35. World Health Organization. 1994. Assessment of Fracture Risk and Its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group, WHO Technical Report Series No 843. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
36. Dawson-Hughes, B, Mithal, A, Bonjour, J P, Boonen, S, Burckhardt, P, Fuleihan, G E, Josse, R G, Lips, P, Morales-Torres, J and Yoshimura, N. 2010. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int, 21: 1151 - 1154.
37. Hanley, D A, Cranney, A, Jones, G, Whiting, S J, Leslie, W D, Cole, D E, Atkinson, S A, Josse, R G, Feldman, S, Kline, G A and Rosen, C. 2010. Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada. CMAJ, 182: E610 - E618.
38. Bischoff-Ferrari, H A, Willett, W C, Orav, E J, Lips, P, Meunier, P J, Lyons, R A, Flicker, L, Wark, J, Jackson, R D, Cauley, J A, Meyer, H E, Pfeifer, M, Sanders, K M, Stahelin, H B, Theiler, R and Dawson-Hughes, B. 2012. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med, 367: 40 - 49.
39. Ross, A C, Manson, J E, Abrams, S A, Aloia, J F, Brannon, P M, Clinton, S K, Durazo-Arvizu, R A, Gallagher, J C, Gallo, R L, Jones, G, Kovacs, C S, Mayne, S T, Rosen, C J and Shapses, S A. 2011. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96: 53 - 58.
40. Calvo, M S, Whiting, S J and Barton, C N. 2004. Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. Am J Clin Nutr, 80: 1710S - 1716S.
41. O'Donnell, S, Cranney, A, Horsley, T, Weiler, H A, Atkinson, S A, Hanley, D A, Ooi, D S, Ward, L, Barrowman, N, Fang, M, Sampson, M, Tsertsvadze, A and Yazdi, F. 2008. Efficacy of food fortification on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr, 88: 1528 - 1534.
42. Black, L J, Seamans, K M, Cashman, K D and Kiely, M. 2012. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D food fortification. J Nutr, 142: 1102 - 1108.
43. Matkovic, V, Kostial, K, Simonovic, I, Buzina, R, Brodarec, A and Nordin, B E. 1979. Bone status and fracture rates in two regions of Yugoslavia. Am J Clin Nutr, 32: 540 - 549.
44. Heaney, R P and Recker, R R. 1982. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and caffeine on calcium balance in women. J Lab Clin Med, 99: 46 - 55.
45. Heaney, R P. 2009. Dairy and bone health. J Am Coll Nutr, 28 (suppl 1): 82S - 90S.
46. Manios, Y, Moschonis, G, Trovas, G and Lyritis, G P. 2007. Changes in biochemical indexes of bone metabolism and bone mineral density after a 12-mo dietary intervention program: the Postmenopausal Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 86: 781 - 789.
47. Bonjour, J P, Brandolini-Bunlon, M, Boirie, Y, Morel-Laporte, F, Braesco, V, Bertiere, M C and Souberbielle, J C. 2008. Inhibition of bone turnover by milk intake in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr, 100: 866 - 874.
48. Manios, Y, Moschonis, G, Panagiotakos, D B, Farajian, P, Trovas, G and Lyritis, G P. 2009. Changes in biochemical indices of bone metabolism in post-menopausal women following a dietary intervention with fortified dairy products. J Hum Nutr Diet, 22: 156 - 165.
49. Moschonis, G, Katsaroli, I, Lyritis, G P and Manios, Y. 2010. The effects of a 30-month dietary intervention on bone mineral density: the Postmenopausal Health Study. Br J Nutr, 104: 100 - 107.
50. Bonjour, J P, Benoit, V, Rousseau, B and Souberbielle, J C. 2012. Consumption of vitamin D- and calcium-fortified soft white cheese lowers the biochemical marker of bone resorption TRAP 5b in postmenopausal women at moderate risk of osteoporosis fracture. J Nutr, 142: 698 - 703.
51. Bonjour, J P, Benoit, V, Pourchaire, O, Ferry, M, Rousseau, B and Souberbielle, J C. 2009. Inhibition of markers of bone resorption by consumption of vitamin D and calcium-fortified soft plain cheese by institutionalised elderly women. Br J Nutr, 102: 962 - 966.
52. Bonjour, J P, Benoit, V, Pourchaire, O, Rousseau, B and Souberbielle, J C. 2011. Nutritional approach for inhibiting bone resorption in institutionalized elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency and high prevalence of fracture. J Nutr Health Aging, 15: 404 - 409.
53. Sugimoto, T, Nishiyama, K, Kuribayashi, F and Chihara, K. 1997. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-3 in osteoporotic patients with and without spinal fractures. J Bone Miner Res, 12: 1272 - 1279.
54. Garnero, P, Sornay-Rendu, E and Delmas, P D. 2000. Low serum IGF-1 and occurrence of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Lancet, 355: 898 - 899.
55. Chapuy, M C, Arlot, M E, Duboeuf, F, Brun, J, Crouzet, B, Arnaud, S, Delmas, P D and Meunier, P J. 1992. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med, 327: 1637 - 1642.
56. Dawson-Hughes, B, Harris, S S, Krall, E A and Dallal, G E. 1997. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med, 337: 670 - 676.
57. Bischoff-Ferrari, H A, Dawson-Hughes, B, Staehelin, H B, Orav, J E, Stuck, A E, Theiler, R, Wong, J B, Egli, A, Kiel, D P and Henschkowski, J. 2009. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 339: b3692
58. Bischoff, H A, Stahelin, H B, Dick, W, Akos, R, Knecht, M, Salis, C, Nebiker, M, Theiler, R, Pfeifer, M, Begerow, B, Lew, R A and Conzelmann, M. 2003. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res, 18: 343 - 351.
59. Bischoff-Ferrari, H A, Conzelmann, M, Stahelin, H B, Dick, W, Carpenter, M G, Adkin, A L, Theiler, R, Pfeifer, M and Allum, J H. 2006. Is fall prevention by vitamin D mediated by a change in postural or dynamic balance?. Osteoporos Int, 17: 656 - 663.
60. Chevalley, T, Rizzoli, R, Manen, D, Caverzasio, J and Bonjour, J P. 1998. Arginine increases insulin-like growth factor-I production and collagen synthesis in osteoblast-like cells. Bone, 23: 103 - 109.
61. Canalis, E, Giustina, A and Bilezikian, J P. 2007. Mechanisms of anabolic therapies for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med, 357: 905 - 916.
62. Neer, R M, Arnaud, C D, Zanchetta, J R, Prince, R, Gaich, G A, Reginster, J Y, Hodsman, A B, Eriksen, E F, Ish-Shalom, S, Genant, H K, Wang, O and Mitlak, B H. 2001. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med, 344: 1434 - 1441.
63. Bonjour, J P. 2013. Nutritional disturbance in acid-base balance and osteoporosis: an hypothesis that disregards the essential homeostatic role of the kidney. Br J Nutr, in press
64. Fenton, T R, Eliasziw, M, Lyon, A W, Tough, S C and Hanley, D A. 2008. Meta-analysis of the quantity of calcium excretion associated with the net acid excretion of the modern diet under the acid-ash diet hypothesis. Am J Clin Nutr, 88: 1159 - 1166.
65. Fenton, T R, Eliasziw, M, Tough, S C, Lyon, A W, Brown, J P and Hanley, D A. 2010. Low urine pH and acid excretion do not predict bone fractures or the loss of bone mineral density: a prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 11: 88 doi: 10.118b/1471-2471-11-88.
66. Fenton, T R, Lyon, A W, Eliasziw, M, Tough, S C and Hanley, D A. 2009. Phosphate decreases urine calcium and increases calcium balance: a meta-analysis of the osteoporosis acid-ash diet hypothesis. Nutr J, 8: 41 doi: 10.118b/1475-2891-8-41.
67. Fenton, T R, Lyon, A W, Eliasziw, M, Tough, S C and Hanley, D A. 2009. Meta-analysis of the effect of the acid-ash hypothesis of osteoporosis on calcium balance. J Bone Miner Res, 24: 1835 - 1840.
68. Fenton, T R, Tough, S C, Lyon, A W, Eliasziw, M and Hanley, D A. 2011. Causal assessment of dietary acid load and bone disease: a systematic review & meta-analysis applying Hill's epidemiologic criteria for causality. Nutr J, 10: 41 doi: 10.118b/1475-2891-10-41.
69. Dawson-Hughes, B, Harris, S S, Rasmussen, H, Song, L and Dallal, G E. 2004. Effect of dietary protein supplements on calcium excretion in healthy older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89: 1169 - 1173.
70. Heaney, R P. 2000. Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr, 19: 83S - 99S.
71. McLean, R R, Qiao, N, Broe, K E, Tucker, K L, Casey, V, Cupples, L A, Kiel, D P and Hannan, M T. 2011. Dietary acid load is not associated with lower bone mineral density except in older men. J Nutr, 141: 588 - 594.
72. Diem, K and Lentner, C. 1972. " Tables scientifiques ". Basel, Switzerland: Ciba-Geigy SA.
73. Caverzasio, J and Bonjour, J P. 1996. Characteristics and regulation of Pi transport in osteogenic cells for bone metabolism. Kidney Int, 49: 975 - 980.
74. Bonewald, L F. 2008. " Ostecytes. ". In Primer on The Bone Metabolic Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, Edited by: Rosen, C J. 22 - 27. Hoboken, NJ, USA, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
75. Franz-Odendaal, T A, Hall, B K and Witten, P E. 2006. Buried alive: how osteoblasts become osteocytes. Dev Dyn, 235: 176 - 190.
76. Dallas, S L and Bonewald, L F. 2010. Dynamics of the transition from osteoblast to osteocyte. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1192: 437 - 443.
77. Zhang, R, Lu, Y, Ye, L, Yuan, B, Yu, S, Qin, C, Xie, Y, Gao, T, Drezner, M K, Bonewald, L F and Feng, J Q. 2011. Unique roles of phosphorus in endochondral bone formation and osteocyte maturation. J Bone Miner Res, 26: 1047 - 1056.
78. Rennie, M J, Edwards, R H, Halliday, D, Matthews, D E, Wolman, S L and Millward, D J. 1982. Muscle protein synthesis measured by stable isotope techniques in man: the effects of feeding and fasting. Clin Sci (Lond), 63: 519 - 523.
79. Garlick, P J, McNurlan, M A and Ballmer, P E. 1991. Influence of dietary protein intake on whole-body protein turnover in humans. Diabetes Care, 14: 1189 - 1198.
80. McNurlan, M A, Essen, P, Heys, S D, Buchan, V, Garlick, P J and Wernerman, J. 1991. Measurement of protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle: further investigation of the flooding technique. Clin Sci (Lond), 81: 557 - 564.
81. Baumgartner, R N, Koehler, K M, Gallagher, D, Romero, L, Heymsfield, S B, Ross, R R, Garry, P J and Lindeman, R D. 1998. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol, 147: 755 - 763.
82. Janssen, I, Heymsfield, S B and Ross, R. 2002. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc, 50: 889 - 896.
83. Paddon-Jones, D and Rasmussen, B B. 2009. Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 12: 86 - 90.
84. Doherty, T J. 2003. Invited review: aging and sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol, 95: 1717 - 1727.
85. Lang, T, Cauley, J A, Tylavsky, F, Bauer, D, Cummings, S and Harris, T B. 2010. Computed tomographic measurements of thigh muscle cross-sectional area and attenuation coefficient predict hip fracture: the health, aging, and body composition study. J Bone Miner Res, 25: 513 - 519.
86. Berger, M J and Doherty, T J. 2010. Sarcopenia: prevalence, mechanisms, and functional consequences. Interdiscip Top Gerontol, 37: 94 - 114.
87. Boirie, Y. 2009. Physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging, 13: 717 - 723.
88. Houston, D K, Nicklas, B J, Ding, J, Harris, T B, Tylavsky, F A, Newman, A B, Lee, J S, Sahyoun, N R, Visser, M and Kritchevsky, S B. 2008. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 87: 150 - 155.
89. Mithal, A, Bonjour, J P, Boonen, S, Burckhardt, P, Degens, H, El Hajj Fuleihan, G, Josse, R, Lips, P, Morales Torres, J, Rizzoli, R, Yoshimura, N, Wahl, D A, Cooper, C and Dawson-Hughes, B. 2013. Impact of nutrition on muscle mass, strength, and performance in older adults. Osteoporos Int, 24: 1555-1566
90. Koopman, R and van Loon, L J. 2009. Aging, exercise, and muscle protein metabolism. J Appl Physiol, 106: 2040 - 2048.
91. Campbell, W W. 2007. Synergistic use of higher-protein diets or nutritional supplements with resistance training to counter sarcopenia. Nutr Rev, 65: 416 - 422.
92. Campbell, W W and Leidy, H J. 2007. Dietary protein and resistance training effects on muscle and body composition in older persons. J Am Coll Nutr, 26: 696S - 703S.
93. Pasiakos, S M. 2012. Exercise and amino acid anabolic cell signaling and the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. Nutrients, 4: 740 - 758.
94. Andrews, R D, MacLean, D A and Riechman, S E. 2006. Protein intake for skeletal muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in seniors. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 16: 362 - 372.
95. Bemben, M G, Witten, M S, Carter, J M, Eliot, K A, Knehans, A W and Bemben, D A. 2010. The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men. J Nutr Health Aging, 14: 155 - 159.
96. Candow, D G, Chilibeck, P D, Facci, M, Abeysekara, S and Zello, G A. 2006. Protein supplementation before and after resistance training in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol, 97: 548 - 556.
97. Dillon, E L, Sheffield-Moore, M, Paddon-Jones, D, Gilkison, C, Sanford, A P, Casperson, S L, Jiang, J, Chinkes, D L and Urban, R J. 2009. Amino acid supplementation increases lean body mass, basal muscle protein synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 94: 1630 - 1637.
98. Eliot, K A, Knehans, A W, Bemben, D A, Witten, M S, Carter, J and Bemben, M G. 2008. The effects of creatine and whey protein supplementation on body composition in men aged 48 to 72 years during resistance training. J Nutr Health Aging, 12: 208 - 212.
99. Ferrando, A A, Paddon-Jones, D, Hays, N P, Kortebein, P, Ronsen, O, Williams, R H, McComb, A, Symons, T B, Wolfe, R R and Evans, W. 2010. EAA supplementation to increase nitrogen intake improves muscle function during bed rest in the elderly. Clin Nutr, 29: 18 - 23.
100. Holm, L, Olesen, J L, Matsumoto, K, Doi, T, Mizuno, M, Alsted, T J, Mackey, A L, Schwarz, P and Kjaer, M. 2008. Protein-containing nutrient supplementation following strength training enhances the effect on muscle mass, strength, and bone formation in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol, 105: 274 - 281.
101. Onambele-Pearson, G L, Breen, L and Stewart, C E. 2010. Influences of carbohydrate plus amino acid supplementation on differing exercise intensity adaptations in older persons: skeletal muscle and endocrine responses. Age (Dordr), 32: 125 - 138.
102. Solerte, S B, Gazzaruso, C, Bonacasa, R, Rondanelli, M, Zamboni, M, Basso, C, Locatelli, E, Schifino, N, Giustina, A and Fioravanti, M. 2008. Nutritional supplements with oral amino acid mixtures increases whole-body lean mass and insulin sensitivity in elderly subjects with sarcopenia. Am J Cardiol, 101: 69E - 77E.
103. Verdijk, L B, Jonkers, R A, Gleeson, B G, Beelen, M, Meijer, K, Savelberg, H H, Wodzig, W K, Dendale, P and van Loon, L J. 2009. Protein supplementation before and after exercise does not further augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training in elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr, 89: 608 - 616.
104. Chaput, J P, Lord, C, Cloutier, M, Aubertin Leheudre, M, Goulet, E D, Rousseau, S, Khalil, A and Dionne, I J. 2007. Relationship between antioxidant intakes and class I sarcopenia in elderly men and women. J Nutr Health Aging, 11: 363 - 369.
105. Kim, J S, Wilson, J M and Lee, S R. 2010. Dietary implications on mechanisms of sarcopenia: roles of protein, amino acids and antioxidants. J Nutr Biochem, 21: 1 - 13.
106. Millward, D J, Layman, D K, Tome, D and Schaafsma, G. 2008. Protein quality assessment: impact of expanding understanding of protein and amino acid needs for optimal health. Am J Clin Nutr, 87: 1576S - 1581S.
107. Blomstrand, E, Eliasson, J, Karlsson, H K and Kohnke, R. 2006. Branched-chain amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after physical exercise. J Nutr, 136: 269S - 273S.
108. Fujita, S and Volpi, E. 2006. Amino acids and muscle loss with aging. J Nutr, 136: 277S - 280S.
109. Kimball, S R and Jefferson, L S. 2006. Signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms through which branched-chain amino acids mediate translational control of protein synthesis. J Nutr, 136: 227S - 231S.
110. Rennie, M J, Bohe, J, Smith, K, Wackerhage, H and Greenhaff, P. 2006. Branched-chain amino acids as fuels and anabolic signals in human muscle. J Nutr, 136: 264S - 268S.
111. Yang, J, Chi, Y, Burkhardt, B R, Guan, Y and Wolf, B A. 2010. Leucine metabolism in regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Nutr Rev, 68: 270 - 279.
112. Dawson-Hughes, B, Harris, S S, Rasmussen, H M and Dallal, G E. 2007. Comparative effects of oral aromatic and branched-chain amino acids on urine calcium excretion in humans. Osteoporos Int, 18: 955 - 961.
113. Conigrave, A D, Brown, E M and Rizzoli, R. 2008. Dietary protein and bone health: roles of amino acid-sensing receptors in the control of calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Annu Rev Nutr, 28: 131 - 155.
114. Allen, D G, Lamb, G D and Westerblad, H. 2008. Impaired calcium release during fatigue. J Appl Physiol, 104: 296 - 305.
115. Schurch, M A, Rizzoli, R, Slosman, D, Vadas, L, Vergnaud, P and Bonjour, J P. 1998. Protein supplements increase serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels and attenuate proximal femur bone loss in patients with recent hip fracture. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med, 128: 801 - 809.
116. Bischoff-Ferrari, H A, Dietrich, T, Orav, E J, Hu, F B, Zhang, Y, Karlson, E W and Dawson-Hughes, B. 2004. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or = 60 y. Am J Clin Nutr, 80: 752 - 758.
117. Gerdhem, P, Ringsberg, K A, Obrant, K J and Akesson, K. 2005. Association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, physical activity, muscle strength and fractures in the prospective population-based OPRA Study of Elderly Women. Osteoporos Int, 16: 1425 - 1431.
118. Wicherts, I S, van Schoor, N M, Boeke, A J, Visser, M, Deeg, D J, Smit, J, Knol, D L and Lips, P. 2007. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 92: 2058 - 2065.
119. Ceglia, L. 2009. Vitamin D and its role in skeletal muscle. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 12: 628 - 633.
120. Dam, T T, von Muhlen, D and Barrett-Connor, E L. 2009. Sex-specific association of serum vitamin D levels with physical function in older adults. Osteoporos Int, 20: 751 - 760.
121. Mastaglia, S R, Seijo, M, Muzio, D, Somoza, J, Nunez, M and Oliveri, B. 2011. Effect of vitamin D nutritional status on muscle function and strength in healthy women aged over sixty-five years. J Nutr Health Aging, 15: 349 - 354.
122. Boersma, D, Demontiero, O, Mohtasham Amiri, Z, Hassan, S, Suarez, H, Geisinger, D, Suriyaarachchi, P, Sharma, A and Duque, G. 2012. Vitamin D status in relation to postural stability in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging, 16: 270 - 275.
123. Martin, A D. 2001. Apports Nutritionnels Conseillés pour la Population Française [Recommended dietary intakes for the French population], Paris, France: TEC&DOC.
124. Department of Health. 1991. Dietary reference values (DRV) for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects, London, UK: H.M. Stationary Office.
125. Commitee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy. 1998. Nutrition and Bone Health: with Particular Reference to Calcium and Vitamin D, London, UK: The Stationary Office.
126. Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary References Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride, Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
127. Food and Nutrition Board, Institut of Medicine of the National Academies. 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Protein and Amino Acids (Macronutrients), Washington, DC: The National Academic Press.