Potentially pathogenic bacteria in shower water and air of a stem cell transplant unit

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 75, Issue 16, 2009, Pages 5363-5372

  Perkins, Sarah D ^a   Mayfield, Jennie ^b   Fraser, Victoria ^c   Angenent, Largus T ^d  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST LOUIS   (United States)

^b BARNES JEWISH HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

16S RRNA GENE; AEROSOL SAMPLES; AEROSOLIZATION; BACKGROUND LEVEL; BACTERIAL POPULATION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES; HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION; INDOOR AIR; MICROBIAL LOADS; MITIGATION STRATEGY; PATHOGENIC BACTERIUM; PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; QUANTITATIVE PCR; SHOWER WATER; STEM CELL; TOTAL BACTERIAL COUNT; WATER BORNE INFECTIONS;

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; BACTERIA; BACTERIOLOGY; CELL CULTURE; HOSPITALS; WATER FILTRATION;

CELL MEMBRANES;

WATER;

ABUNDANCE; AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BACTERIUM; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FILTRATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HOSPITAL SECTOR; INDOOR AIR; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; PATHOGEN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RNA;

ACTINOBACTERIA; AEROSOL; AIR; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL COUNT; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTEROIDES; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENE SEQUENCE; HOSPITAL SUBDIVISIONS AND COMPONENTS; MICROORGANISM DETECTION; MYCOBACTERIUM; MYCOBACTERIUM MUCOGENICUM; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; STEM CELL TRANSPLANT UNIT;

AIR MICROBIOLOGY; BACTERIA; BATHS; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; CULTURE MEDIA; DNA, BACTERIAL; FRESH WATER; HOSPITAL UNITS; MICROPORE FILTERS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; MYCOBACTERIUM; PHYLOGENY; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; WATER SUPPLY;

MISSOURI; NORTH AMERICA; SAINT LOUIS; UNITED STATES;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); MYCOBACTERIUM MUCOGENICUM; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA;

EID: 68549090827     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: 10985336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00658-09     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Adékambi, T., P. Berger, D. Raoult, and M. Drancourt. 2006. rpoB gene sequence-based characterization of emerging non-tuberculous mycobacteria with descriptions of Mycobacterium bolletii sp. nov., Mycobacterium phocaicum sp. nov. and Mycobacterium aubagnense sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56:133-143.
2. Adékambi, T., C. Foucault, B. La Scola, and M. Drancourt. 2006. Report of two fatal cases of Mycobacterium mucogenicum central nervous system infection in immunocompetent patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:837-840.
3. Amann, R. I., W. Ludwig, and K. H. Schleifer. 1995. Phylogenetic identifi-cation and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol. Rev. 59:143-169.
4. Anaissie, E. J., S. R. Penzak, and M. C. Dignani. 2002. The hospital water supply as a source of nosocomial infections. Arch. Intern. Med. 162:1483-1492.
5. Angenent, L. T., S. T. Kelley, A. St. Amand, N. R. Pace, and M. T. Hernandez. 2005. Molecular identification of potential pathogens in water and air of a hospital therapy pool. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:4860-4865.
6. Augustowska, M., and J. Dutkiewicz. 2006. Variability of airborne microflora in a hospital ward within a period of one year. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 13:99-106.
7. Augustyn, B. 2007. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit. Care Nurse 27: 32-40.
8. Baertsch, C., T. Paez-Rubio, E. Viau, and J. Peccia. 2007. Source tracking aerosols released from land-applied class B biosolids during high-wind events. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:4522-4531.
9. Berry, D., C. Xi, and L. Raskin. 2006. Microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 17:297-302.
10. Bollin, G. E., J. F. Plouffe, M. F. Para, and B. Hackman. 1985. Aerosols containing Legionella pneumophila generated by shower heads and hot-water faucets. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:1128-1131.
11. Borchardt, J., J. H. Helbig, and P. C. Luck. 2008. Occurrence and distribution of sequence types among Legionella pneumophila strains isolated from patients in Germany: common features and differences to other regions of the world. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 27:29-36.
12. Brettar, I., and M. G. Hofle. 2008. Molecular assessment of bacterial pathogens-a contribution to drinking water safety. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 19: 274-280.
13. Casini, B., P. Valentini, A. Baggiani, F. Torracca, S. Frateschi, L. C. Nelli, and G. Privitera. 2008. Molecular epidemiology of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates following long-term chlorine dioxide treatment in a university hospital water system. J. Hosp. Infect. 69:141-147.
14. Chate, R. A. 2006. An audit improves the quality of water within the dental unit water lines of three separate facilities of a United Kingdom NHS trust. Br. Dent. J. 201:565-569.
15. Christen, R. 2008. Identifications of pathogens-a bioinformatic point of view. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 19:266-273.
16. Cole, J. R., B. Chai, R. J. Farris, Q. Wang, A. S. Kulam-Syed-Mohideen, D. M. McGarrell, A. M. Bandela, E. Cardenas, G. M. Garrity, and J. M. Tiedje. 2007. The ribosomal database project (RDP-II): introducing myRDP space and quality controlled public data. Nucleic Acids Res. 35:D169-D172.
17. Coscolla, M., and F. Gonzalez-Candelas. 2007. Population structure and recombination in environmental isolates of Legionella pneumophila. Environ. Microbiol. 9:643-656.
18. Crump, B. C., E. V. Armbrust, and J. A. Baross. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of particle-attached and free-living bacterial communities in the Columbia river, its estuary, and the adjacent coastal ocean. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:3192-3204.
19. DeSantis, T. Z., P. Hugenholtz, K. Keller, E. L. Brodie, N. Larsen, Y. M. Piceno, R. Phan, and G. L. Andersen. 2006. NAST: a multiple sequence alignment server for comparative analysis of 16S rRNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 34:W394-W399.
20. DeSantis, T. Z., P. Hugenholtz, N. Larsen, M. Rojas, E. L. Brodie, K. Keller, T. Huber, D. Dalevi, P. Hu, and G. L. Andersen. 2006. Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5069-5072.
21. Diederen, B. M. 2008. Legionella spp. and Legionnaires' disease. J. Infect. 56:1-12.
22. Dohmae, S., T. Okubo, W. Higuchi, T. Takano, H. Isobe, T. Baranovich, S. Kobayashi, M. Uchiyama, Y. Tanabe, M. Itoh, and T. Yamamoto. 2008. Bacillus cereus nosocomial infection from reused towels in Japan. J. Hosp. Infect. 69:361-367.
23. Doring, G., M. Ulrich, W. Muller, J. Bitzer, L. Schmidtkoenig, L. Munst, H. Grupp, C. Wolz, M. Stern, and K. Botzenhart. 1991. Generation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa aerosols during hand-washing from contaminated sink drains, transmission to hands of hospital personnel, and its prevention by use of a new heating device. Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 191:494-505.
24. du Moulin, G. C., K. D. Stottmeier, P. A. Pelletier, A. Y. Tsang, and J. Hedley-Whyte. 1988. Concentration of Mycobacterium avium by hospital hot water systems. JAMA 260:1599-1601.
25. Edwards, C. 2000. Problems posed by natural environments for monitoring microorganisms. Mol. Biotechnol. 15:211-223.
26. Emtiazi, F., T. Schwartz, S. M. Marten, P. Krolla-Sidenstein, and U. Obst. 2004. Investigation of natural biofilms formed during the production of drinking water from surface water embankment filtration. Water Res. 38: 1197-1206.
27. Fabian, M. P., S. L. Miller, T. Reponen, and M. T. Hernandez. 2005. Ambient bioaerosol indices for indoor air quality assessments of flood reclamation. J. Aerosol Sci. 36:763-783.
28. Falkinham, J. O., III. 2003. Mycobacterial aerosols and respiratory disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:763-767.
29. Falkinham, J. O., III, C. D. Norton, and M. W. LeChevallier. 2001. Factors influencing numbers of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and other mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1225-1231.
30. Favre-Bonte, S., E. Chamot, T. Kohler, J. A. Romand, and C. van Delden. 2007. Autoinducer production and quorum-sensing dependent phenotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa vary according to isolation site during colonization of intubated patients. BMC Microbiol. 7:33.
31. Ferroni, A., L. Nguyen, B. Pron, G. Quesne, M. C. Brusset, and P. Berche. 1998. Outbreak of nosocomial urinary tract infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a paediatric surgical unit associated with tap-water contamination. J. Hosp. Infect. 39:301-307.
32. Fierer, N., Z. Liu, M. Rodriguez-Hernandez, R. Knight, M. Henn, and M. T. Hernandez. 2008. Short-term temporal variability in airborne bacterial and fungal populations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:200-207.
33. Frank, D. N. 2008. Xplorseq: a software environment for integrated management and phylogenetic analysis of metagenomic sequence data. BMC Bioinformatics 9:420.
34. Garcia-Nunez, M., N. Sopena, S. Ragull, M. L. Pedro-Botet, J. Morera, and M. Sabria. 2008. Persistence of Legionella in hospital water supplies and nosocomial Legionnaires' disease. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 52:202-206.
35. Golovlev, E. L. 2000. General and molecular ecology of Legionella. Mikrobiologiia 69:5-12. (In Russian.)
36. Henderson, R. K., A. Baker, S. A. Parsons, and B. Jefferson. 2008. Characterisation of algogenic organic matter extracted from cyanobacteria, green algae and diatoms. Water Res. 42:3435-3445.
37. Huber, T., G. Faulkner, and P. Hugenholtz. 2004. Bellerophon: a program to detect chimeric sequences in multiple sequence alignments. Bioinformatics 20:2317-2319.
38. Hussein, Z., O. Landt, B. Wirths, and N. Wellinghausen. 2009. Detection of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in hospital water by culture and molecular methods. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 299:281-290.
39. Kassis, I., I. Oren, S. Davidson, R. Finkelstein, G. Rabino, T. Katz, and H. Sprecher. 2007. Contamination of peripheral hematopoeitic stem cell products with a Mycobacterium mucogenicum-related pathogen. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 28:755-757.
40. La Scola, B., M. N. Mallet, P. A. Grimont, and D. Raoult. 2003. Bosea eneae sp. nov., Bosea massiliensis sp. nov. and Bosea vestrisii sp. nov., isolated from hospital water supplies, and emendation of the genus Bosea (Das et al. 1996). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53:15-20.
41. Ley, R. E., P. J. Turnbaugh, S. Klein, and J. I. Gordon. 2006. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444:1022-1023.
42. Li, C. S., and P. A. Hou. 2003. Bioaerosol characteristics in hospital clean rooms. Sci. Total Environ. 305:169-176.
43. Lozupone, C., M. Hamady, and R. Knight. 2006. Unifrac-an online tool for comparing microbial community diversity in a phylogenetic context. BMC Bioinformatics 7:371.
44. Ludwig, W., O. Strunk, R. Westram, L. Richter, H. Meier, Yadhukumar, A. Buchner, T. Lai, S. Steppi, G. Jobb, W. Forster, I. Brettske, S. Gerber, A. W. Ginhart, O. Gross, S. Grumann, S. Hermann, R. Jost, A. Konig, T. Liss, R. Lussmann, M. May, B. Nonhoff, B. Reichel, R. Strehlow, A. Stamatakis, N. Stuckmann, A. Vilbig, M. Lenke, T. Ludwig, A. Bode, and K.-H. Schleifer. 2004. ARB: a software environment for sequence data. Nucleic Acids Res. 32:1363-1371.
45. Maron, P. A., D. Lejon, E. Carvalho, K. Bizet, P. Lemanceau, L. Ranjard, and C. Mougel. 2005. Assessing genetic structures and diversity of airborne bacterial communities by DNA fingerprinting and 16S rDNA clone library. Atmos. Environ. 39:3687-3695.
46. Martiny, A. C., H. J. Albrechtsen, E. Arvin, and S. Molin. 2005. Identification of bacteria in biofilm and bulk water samples from a nonchlorinated model drinking water distribution system: detection of a large nitrite-oxidizing population associated with Nitrospira spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:8611-8617.
47. Muder, R. R., and V. L. Yu. 2002. Infection due to Legionella species other than L. pneumophila. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35:990-998.
48. Nadkarni, M. A., F. E. Martin, N. A. Jacques, and N. Hunter. 2002. Determination of bacterial load by real-time PCR using a broad-range (universal) probe and primers set. Microbiology 148:257-266.
49. O'Grady, N. P., M. Alexander, E. P. Dellinger, J. L. Gerberding, S. O. Heard, D. G. Maki, H. Masur, R. D. McCormick, L. A. Mermel, M. L. Pearson, I. I. Raad, A. Randolph, and R. A. Weinstein. 2002. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 23:759-769.
50. Pace, N. R. 1997. A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere. Science 276:734-740.
51. Parker, B. C., M. A. Ford, H. Gruft, and J. O. Falkinham III. 1983. Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. IV. Preferential aerosolization of Mycobacterium intracellulare from natural waters. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128:652-656.
52. Reference deleted.
53. Radosevich, J. L., W. J. Wilson, J. H. Shinn, T. Z. DeSantis, and G. L. Andersen. 2002. Development of a high-volume aerosol collection system for the identification of air-borne micro-organisms. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 34: 162-167.
54. Rauer, D. 2005. Characterization and monitoring of ambient biological PM-2.5 at the St. Louis-Midwest Supersite. M.S. thesis. Washington University, St. Louis, MO.
55. Reith, M., and R. A. Cattolico. 1986. Inverted repeat of Olisthodiscus luteus chloroplast DNA contains genes for both subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and the 32,000-dalton Q(B) protein: phylogenetic implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8599-8603.
56. Rintala, H., M. Pitkaranta, M. Toivola, L. Paulin, and A. Nevalainen. 2008. Diversity and seasonal dynamics of bacterial community in indoor environment. BMC Microbiol. 8:56.
57. Rittmann, B. E. 2002. The role of molecular methods in evaluating biological treatment processes. Water Environ. Res. 74:421-427.
58. Sakamoto, C., N. Yamaguchi, M. Yamada, H. Nagase, M. Seki, and M. Nasu. 2007. Rapid quantification of bacterial cells in potable water using a simpli-fied microfluidic device. J. Microbiol. Methods 68:643-647.
59. Schloss, P. D., and J. Handelsman. 2005. Introducing DOTUR, a computer program for defining operational taxonomic units and estimating species richness. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:1501-1506.
60. Schmeisser, C., C. Stockigt, C. Raasch, J. Wingender, K. N. Timmis, D. F. Wenderoth, H. C. Flemming, H. Liesegang, R. A. Schmitz, K. E. Jaeger, and W. R. Streit. 2003. Metagenome survey of biofilms in drinking-water networks. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:7298-7309.
61. Srinivasan, S., G. W. Harrington, I. Xagoraraki, and R. Goel. 2008. Factors affecting bulk to total bacteria ratio in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res. 42:3393-3404.
62. Stenfors Arnesen, L. P., A. Fagerlund, and P. E. Granum. 2008. From soil to gut: Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32:579-606.
63. Subrata, K. D., A. K. Mischra, B. J. Tindall, F. A. Rainey, and E. Stackebrandt. 1996. Oxidation of thiosulfate by a new bacterium, Bosea thiooxidans (strain BI-42) gen. nov., sp. nov.: analysis of phylogeny based on chemotaxonomy and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:981-987.
64. Szewzyk, U., R. Szewzyk, W. Manz, and K. H. Schleifer. 2000. Microbiological safety of drinking water. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54:81-127.
65. Thomas, V., N. Casson, and G. Greub. 2007. New Afipia and Bosea strains isolated from various water sources by amoebal co-culture. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 30:572-579.
66. Tortoli, E. 2003. Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16:319-354.
67. Tringe, S. G., T. Zhang, X. Liu, Y. Yu, W. H. Lee, J. Yap, F. Yao, S. T. Suan, S. K. Ing, M. Haynes, F. Rohwer, C. L. Wei, P. Tan, J. Bristow, E. M. Rubin, and Y. Ruan. 2008. The airborne metagenome in an indoor urban environment. PLoS One 3:e1862.
68. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. National primary drinking water standards. EPA publication no. 816F03016. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
69. Vaerewijck, M. J., G. Huys, J. C. Palomino, J. Swings, and F. Portaels. 2005. Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and signifi-cance for human health. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29:911-934.
70. von Hertzen, L., T. Laatikainen, T. Pitkanen, T. Vlasoff, M. J. Makela, E. Vartiainen, and T. Haahtela. 2007. Microbial content of drinking water in Finnish and Russian karelia-implications for atopy prevalence. Allergy 62:288-292.
71. Walker, J. T., and P. D. Marsh. 2007. Microbial biofilm formation in DUWS and their control using disinfectants. J. Dent. 35:721-730.
72. Wan, G. H., S. C. Lu, and Y. H. Tsai. 2004. Polymerase chain reaction used for the detection of airborne mycobacterium tuberculosis in health care settings. Am. J. Infect. Control 32:17-22.
73. Wilgenbusch, J. C., and D. Swofford. 2003. Inferring evolutionary trees with PAUP*. Curr. Protoc. Bioinformatics, unit 6.4. doi:10.1002/0471250953. bi0604s00.