메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 496-503

Treatment trials in progressive MS - Current challenges and future directions

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA TUBULIN; BETA TUBULIN III; BETA1A INTERFERON; FINGOLIMOD; FUMARIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; GADOLINIUM; GLATIRAMER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LAMOTRIGINE; LAQUINIMOD; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 155; MICRORNA 338; MICRORNA 491; MINOCYCLINE; NATALIZUMAB; NEUROFILAMENT PROTEIN; OCRELIZUMAB; PLACEBO; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84883742744     PISSN: 17594758     EISSN: 17594766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.148     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (42)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 0037029424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08220-X
    • Compston, A. & Coles, A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 359, 1221-1231 (2002). (Pubitemid 34304266)
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , Issue.9313 , pp. 1221-1231
    • Compston, A.1    Coles, A.2
  • 2
    • 34548633861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70243-0, PII S1474442207702430
    • Miller, D. H. & Leary, S. M. Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 6, 903-912 (2007). (Pubitemid 47405002)
    • (2007) Lancet Neurology , vol.6 , Issue.10 , pp. 903-912
    • Miller, D.H.1    Leary, S.M.2
  • 3
    • 33644974688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Current knowledge and future challenges
    • Rovaris, M. et al. Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future challenges. Lancet Neurol. 5, 343-354 (2006).
    • (2006) Lancet Neurol , vol.5 , pp. 343-354
    • Rovaris, M.1
  • 4
    • 0345601517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Prisms (prevention of relapses and disability by interferon β-1a subcutaneously in multiple sclerosis) study group
    • [No authors listed]
    • [No authors listed]. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon β-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Lancet 352, 1498-1504 (1998).
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1498-1504
  • 5
    • 0032494792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon β-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. European study group on interferon β-1b in secondary progressive ms
    • [No authors listed]
    • [No authors listed]. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon β-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. European Study Group on interferon β-1b in secondary progressive MS. Lancet 352, 1491-1497 (1998).
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1491-1497
  • 6
    • 0029082566 scopus 로고
    • Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase iii multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The copolymer 1 multiple sclerosis study group
    • Johnson, K. P. et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 45, 1268-1276 (1995).
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 1268-1276
    • Johnson, K.P.1
  • 7
    • 33644584352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Polman, C. H. et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 899-910 (2006).
    • (2006) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.354 , pp. 899-910
    • Polman, C.H.1
  • 8
  • 9
    • 84866413167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune therapy of multiple sclerosis-future strategies
    • Meuth, S. G., Göbel, K. & Wiendl, H. Immune therapy of multiple sclerosis-future strategies. Curr. Pharm. Des. 18, 4489-4497 (2012).
    • (2012) Curr. Pharm. des , vol.18 , pp. 4489-4497
    • Meuth, S.G.1    Göbel, K.2    Wiendl, H.3
  • 11
    • 84862642769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Art. No.: CD005181
    • La Mantia, L. et al. Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD005181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005181.pub3.
    • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , Issue.1
    • La Mantia, L.1
  • 12
    • 0037441487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal loss in the pathology of MS: Consequences for understanding the progressive phase of the disease
    • DOI 10.1016/S0022-510X(02)00069-2, PII S0022510X02000692
    • Bjartmar, C., Wujek, J. R. & Trapp, B. D. Axonal loss in the pathology of MS: consequences for understanding the progressive phase of the disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 206, 165-171 (2003). (Pubitemid 36143722)
    • (2003) Journal of the Neurological Sciences , vol.206 , Issue.2 , pp. 165-171
    • Bjartmar, C.1    Wujek, J.R.2    Trapp, B.D.3
  • 13
    • 0642345898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal degeneration and progressive neurologic disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Bjartmar, C. & Trapp, B. D. Axonal degeneration and progressive neurologic disability in multiple sclerosis. Neurotox. Res. 5, 157-164 (2003).
    • (2003) Neurotox. Res , vol.5 , pp. 157-164
    • Bjartmar, C.1    Trapp, B.D.2
  • 14
    • 84862693197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Part of the ms disease spectrum or separate disease entity?
    • Antel, J., Antel, S., Caramanos, Z., Arnold, D. L. & Kuhlmann, T. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: part of the MS disease spectrum or separate disease entity? Acta Neuropathol. 123, 627-638 (2012).
    • (2012) Acta Neuropathol , vol.123 , pp. 627-638
    • Antel, J.1    Antel, S.2    Caramanos, Z.3    Arnold, D.L.4    Kuhlmann, T.5
  • 16
    • 84868535759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multiple sclerosis: Pathology and pathogenesis
    • Lassmann, H., Van Horssen, J. & Mahad, D. Progressive multiple sclerosis: pathology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 8, 647-656 (2012).
    • (2012) Nat. Rev. Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 647-656
    • Lassmann, H.1    Van Horssen, J.2    Mahad, D.3
  • 17
    • 84867712909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical lesion load associates with progression of disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Calabrese, M. et al. Cortical lesion load associates with progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. Brain 135, 2952-2961 (2012).
    • (2012) Brain , vol.135 , pp. 2952-2961
    • Calabrese, M.1
  • 18
    • 0021035886 scopus 로고
    • Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)
    • Kurtzke, J. F. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33, 1444-1452 (1983). (Pubitemid 14237132)
    • (1983) Neurology , vol.33 , Issue.11 , pp. 1444-1452
    • Kurtzke, J.F.1
  • 19
    • 77954382272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis
    • Leray, E. et al. Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Brain 133, 1900-1913 (2010).
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 1900-1913
    • Leray, E.1
  • 20
    • 77954364428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis, a geographically based study 10: Relapses and long-term disability
    • Scalfari, A. et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis, a geographically based study 10: relapses and long-term disability. Brain 133, 1914-1929 (2010).
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 1914-1929
    • Scalfari, A.1
  • 21
    • 0037379402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: An amnesic process
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awg081
    • Confavreux, C., Vukusic, S. & Adeleine, P. Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process. Brain 126, 770-782 (2003). (Pubitemid 36372978)
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , Issue.4 , pp. 770-782
    • Confavreux, C.1    Vukusic, S.2    Adeleine, P.3
  • 23
    • 79959846854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fingolimod modulates microglial activation to augment markers of remyelination
    • Jackson, S. J., Giovannoni, G. & Baker, D. Fingolimod modulates microglial activation to augment markers of remyelination. J. Neuroinflammation 8, 76 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Neuroinflammation , vol.8 , pp. 76
    • Jackson, S.J.1    Giovannoni, G.2    Baker, D.3
  • 24
    • 84865863065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced astrocytic nf-κb activation by laquinimod protects from cuprizone-induced demyelination
    • Brück, W. et al. Reduced astrocytic NF-κB activation by laquinimod protects from cuprizone-induced demyelination. Acta Neuropathol. 124, 411-424 (2012).
    • (2012) Acta Neuropathol , vol.124 , pp. 411-424
    • Brück, W.1
  • 25
    • 77952301752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, il-1β, tnf-α and il-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation
    • Wilms, H. et al. Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation. J. Neuroinflammation 7, 30 (2010).
    • (2010) J. Neuroinflammation , vol.7 , pp. 30
    • Wilms, H.1
  • 28
    • 53049093018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: The role of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity
    • Gonsette, R. E. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: the role of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. J. Neurol. Sci. 274, 48-53 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Neurol. Sci , vol.274 , pp. 48-53
    • Gonsette, R.E.1
  • 29
    • 29244483141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMDA receptors are expressed in developing oligodendrocyte processes and mediate injury
    • DOI 10.1038/nature04301
    • Salter, M. G. & Fern, R. NMDA receptors are expressed in developing oligodendrocyte processes and mediate injury. Nature 438, 1167-1171 (2005). (Pubitemid 41831687)
    • (2005) Nature , vol.438 , Issue.7071 , pp. 1167-1171
    • Salter, M.G.1    Fern, R.2
  • 31
    • 62549113032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate receptors on myelinated spinal cord axons: Ii. ampa and glur5 receptors
    • Ouardouz, M. et al. Glutamate receptors on myelinated spinal cord axons: II. AMPA and GluR5 receptors. Ann. Neurol. 65, 160-166 (2009).
    • (2009) Ann. Neurol , vol.65 , pp. 160-166
    • Ouardouz, M.1
  • 32
    • 44949177395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination protects axons from demyelination-associated axon degeneration
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awn080
    • Irvine, K. A. & Blakemore, W. F. Remyelination protects axons from demyelination-associated axon degeneration. Brain 131, 1464-1477 (2008). (Pubitemid 351806463)
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , Issue.6 , pp. 1464-1477
    • Irvine, K.A.1    Blakemore, W.F.2
  • 33
    • 54349085579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LINGO-1 antagonists as therapy for multiple sclerosis: In vitro and in vivo evidence
    • Rudick, R. A., Mi, S. & Sandrock, A. W. Jr. LINGO-1 antagonists as therapy for multiple sclerosis: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. 8, 1561-1570 (2008).
    • (2008) Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther , vol.8 , pp. 1561-1570
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Mi, S.2    Sandrock Jr., A.W.3
  • 34
    • 84873125752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination therapy for multiple sclerosis
    • Keough, M. B. & Yong, V. W. Remyelination therapy for multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 10, 44-54 (2013).
    • (2013) Neurotherapeutics , vol.10 , pp. 44-54
    • Keough, M.B.1    Yong, V.W.2
  • 35
    • 84876196550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytoskeletal proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid as biomarker of multiple sclerosis
    • Madeddu, R. et al. Cytoskeletal proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid as biomarker of multiple sclerosis. Neurol. Sci. 34, 181-186 (2013).
    • (2013) Neurol. Sci , vol.34 , pp. 181-186
    • Madeddu, R.1
  • 36
    • 84871922920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic changes in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Koch, M. W., Metz, L. M. & Kovalchuk, O. Epigenetic changes in patients with multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 9, 35-43 (2013).
    • (2013) Nat. Rev. Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 35-43
    • Koch, M.W.1    Metz, L.M.2    Kovalchuk, O.3
  • 37
    • 84871716263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetics and mirnas in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Koch, M. W., Metz, L. M. & Kovalchuk, O. Epigenetics and miRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Trends Mol. Med. 19, 23-30 (2013).
    • (2013) Trends Mol. Med , vol.19 , pp. 23-30
    • Koch, M.W.1    Metz, L.M.2    Kovalchuk, O.3
  • 38
    • 80052925627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired neurosteroid synthesis in multiple sclerosis
    • Noorbakhsh, F. et al. Impaired neurosteroid synthesis in multiple sclerosis. Brain 134, 2703-2721 (2011).
    • (2011) Brain , vol.134 , pp. 2703-2721
    • Noorbakhsh, F.1
  • 39
    • 84862591045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From bench to ms bedside: Challenges translating biomarker discovery to clinical practice
    • Rajasekharan, S. & Bar-Or, A. From bench to MS bedside: challenges translating biomarker discovery to clinical practice. J. Neuroimmunol. 248, 66-72 (2012).
    • (2012) J. Neuroimmunol , vol.248 , pp. 66-72
    • Rajasekharan, S.1    Bar-Or, A.2
  • 42
    • 8844222623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: Results from a 3-year controlled study
    • Panitch, H., Miller, A., Paty, D. & Weinshenker, B. Interferon β-1b in secondary progressive MS: results from a 3-year controlled study. Neurology 63, 1788-1795 (2004). (Pubitemid 39532370)
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.63 , Issue.10 , pp. 1788-1795
    • Panitch, H.1
  • 43
    • 0035849496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive ms: Clinical results
    • Secondary Progressive Efficacy Clinical Trial of Recombinant Interferon-Beta-1a in MS (SPECTRIMS) Study Group
    • Secondary Progressive Efficacy Clinical Trial of Recombinant Interferon-Beta-1a in MS (SPECTRIMS) Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: Clinical results. Neurology 56, 1496-1504 (2001).
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , pp. 1496-1504
  • 44
    • 66149190708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The search for responsive clinical endpoints in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Bosma, L. V. et al. The search for responsive clinical endpoints in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 15, 715-720 (2009).
    • (2009) Mult. Scler , vol.15 , pp. 715-720
    • Bosma, L.V.1
  • 45
    • 84864149880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting the multiple sclerosis functional composite: Proceedings from the national multiple sclerosis society (nmss) task force on clinical disability measures
    • Ontaneda, D., Larocca, N., Coetzee, T. & Rudick, R. Revisiting the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite: proceedings from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) Task Force on Clinical Disability Measures. Mult. Scler. 18, 1074-1080 (2012).
    • (2012) Mult. Scler , vol.18 , pp. 1074-1080
    • Ontaneda, D.1    Larocca, N.2    Coetzee, T.3    Rudick, R.4
  • 46
    • 0023936377 scopus 로고
    • Interrater reliability in assessing functional systems and disability on the kurtzke scale in multiple sclerosis
    • Amato, M. P., Fratiglioni, L., Groppi, C., Siracusa, G. & Amaducci, L. Interrater reliability in assessing functional systems and disability on the Kurtzke scale in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 45, 746-748 (1988).
    • (1988) Arch. Neurol , vol.45 , pp. 746-748
    • Amato, M.P.1    Fratiglioni, L.2    Groppi, C.3    Siracusa, G.4    Amaducci, L.5
  • 47
    • 0025978558 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of disability rating scales used in multiple sclerosis
    • Francis, D. A., Bain, P., Swan, A. V. & Hughes, R. A. An assessment of disability rating scales used in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 48, 299-301 (1991).
    • (1991) Arch. Neurol , vol.48 , pp. 299-301
    • Francis, D.A.1    Bain, P.2    Swan, A.V.3    Hughes, R.A.4
  • 48
    • 0025314243 scopus 로고
    • Interrater variability with the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and functional systems (FS) in a multiple sclerosis clinical trial
    • Noseworthy, J. H., Vandervoort, M. K., Wong, C. J. & Ebers, G. C. Interrater variability with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Functional Systems (FS) in a multiple sclerosis clinical trial. The Canadian Cooperation MS Study Group. Neurology 40, 971-975 (1990). (Pubitemid 20201827)
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , Issue.6 , pp. 971-975
    • Noseworthy, J.H.1    Vandervoort, M.K.2    Wong, C.J.3    Ebers, G.C.4
  • 49
    • 0025728367 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study. 4. applications to planning and interpretation of clinical therapeutic trials
    • Weinshenker, B. G. et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 4. Applications to planning and interpretation of clinical therapeutic trials. Brain 114, 1057-1067 (1991).
    • (1991) Brain , vol.114 , pp. 1057-1067
    • Weinshenker, B.G.1
  • 50
    • 0037056364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefit of interferon β-1a on msfc progression in secondary progressive ms
    • Cohen, J. A. et al. Benefit of interferon β-1a on MSFC progression in secondary progressive MS. Neurology 59, 679-687 (2002).
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 679-687
    • Cohen, J.A.1
  • 52
    • 77953476309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lamotrigine for neuroprotection in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial
    • Kapoor, R. et al. Lamotrigine for neuroprotection in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Lancet Neurol. 9, 681-688 (2010).
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 681-688
    • Kapoor, R.1
  • 54
    • 0346707263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The patient's perception of a (reliable) change in the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite
    • DOI 10.1191/1352458504ms972oa
    • Hoogervorst, E. L., Kalkers, N. F., Cutter, G. R., Uitdehaag, B. M. & Polman, C. H. The patient's perception of a (reliable) change in the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite. Mult. Scler. 10, 55-60 (2004). (Pubitemid 38100527)
    • (2004) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-60
    • Hoogervorst, E.L.J.1    Kalkers, N.F.2    Cutter, G.R.3    Uitdehaag, B.M.J.4    Polman, C.H.5
  • 55
    • 0033824616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of the multiple sclerosis functional composite: Relationship to patient-reported quality of life
    • Miller, D. M., Rudick, R. A., Cutter, G., Baier, M. & Fischer, J. S. Clinical significance of the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite: relationship to patient-reported quality of life. Arch. Neurol. 57, 1319-1324 (2000).
    • (2000) Arch. Neurol , vol.57 , pp. 1319-1324
    • Miller, D.M.1    Rudick, R.A.2    Cutter, G.3    Baier, M.4    Fischer, J.S.5
  • 56
    • 10644294592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multiple sclerosis functional composite: Different practice effects in the three test components
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jns.2004.09.033, PII S0022510X04003570
    • Solari, A., Radice, D., Manneschi, L., Motti, L. & Montanari, E. The Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite: different practice effects in the three test components. J. Neurol. Sci. 228, 71-74 (2005). (Pubitemid 39656497)
    • (2005) Journal of the Neurological Sciences , vol.228 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-74
    • Solari, A.1    Radice, D.2    Manneschi, L.3    Motti, L.4    Montanari, E.5
  • 57
    • 0037161254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative functional measures in MS: What is a reliable change?
    • Schwid, S. R., Goodman, A. D., McDermott, M. P., Bever, C. F. & Cook, S. D. Quantitative functional measures in MS: what is a reliable change? Neurology 58, 1294-1296 (2002). (Pubitemid 34411881)
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , Issue.8 , pp. 1294-1296
    • Schwid, S.R.1    Goodman, A.D.2    McDermott, M.P.3    Bever, C.F.4    Cook, S.D.5
  • 58
    • 77955041173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression on the multiple sclerosis functional composite in multiple sclerosis: What is the optimal cut-off for the three components?
    • Bosma, L. V. et al. Progression on the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite in multiple sclerosis: what is the optimal cut-off for the three components? Mult. Scler. 16, 862-867 (2010).
    • (2010) Mult. Scler , vol.16 , pp. 862-867
    • Bosma, L.V.1
  • 59
    • 34250660553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical impact of 20% worsening on Timed 25-foot Walk and 9-hole Peg Test in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1177/1352458506070768
    • Kragt, J. J., van der Linden, F. A., Nielsen, J. M., Uitdehaag, B. M. & Polman, C. H. Clinical impact of 20% worsening on Timed 25-foot Walk and 9-hole Peg Test in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 12, 594-598 (2006). (Pubitemid 46940633)
    • (2006) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.12 , Issue.5 , pp. 594-598
    • Kragt, J.J.1    Van Der Linden, F.2    Nielsen, J.M.3    Uitdehaag, B.M.J.4    Polman, C.H.5
  • 60
    • 77951677636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multiple sclerosis functional composite: A clinically meaningful measure of disability
    • Polman, C. H. & Rudick, R. A. The multiple sclerosis functional composite: a clinically meaningful measure of disability. Neurology 74 (Suppl. 3), S8-S15 (2010).
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Polman, C.H.1    Rudick, R.A.2
  • 61
    • 29144523871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive review of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)
    • DOI 10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.006, PII S0887617705001320
    • Tombaugh, T. N. A comprehensive review of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 21, 53-76 (2006). (Pubitemid 41802927)
    • (2006) Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-76
    • Tombaugh, T.N.1
  • 62
    • 34248584875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive screening in multiple sclerosis
    • Scherer, P. Cognitive screening in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 254 (Suppl. 2), II26-II29 (2007).
    • (2007) J. Neurol , vol.254 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Scherer, P.1
  • 63
    • 33846555710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test
    • DOI 10.1177/1352458506070750
    • Parmenter, B. A., Weinstock-Guttman, B., Garg, N., Munschauer, F. & Benedict, R. H. Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Mult. Scler. 13, 52-57 (2007). (Pubitemid 46152761)
    • (2007) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 52-57
    • Parmenter, B.A.1    Weinstock-Guttman, B.2    Garg, N.3    Munschauer, F.4    Benedict, R.H.B.5
  • 64
    • 77957913088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting loss of employment over three years in multiple sclerosis: Clinically meaningful cognitive decline
    • Morrow, S. A. et al. Predicting loss of employment over three years in multiple sclerosis: clinically meaningful cognitive decline. Clin. Neuropsychol. 24, 1131-1145 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Neuropsychol , vol.24 , pp. 1131-1145
    • Morrow, S.A.1
  • 65
    • 77951689597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating loss of visual function in multiple sclerosis as measured by low-contrast letter acuity
    • Balcer, L. J. & Frohman, E. M. Evaluating loss of visual function in multiple sclerosis as measured by low-contrast letter acuity. Neurology 74 (Suppl. 3), S16-S23 (2010).
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Balcer, L.J.1    Frohman, E.M.2
  • 67
    • 67650492773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vision related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with new measures of low and high contrast letter acuity
    • Mowry, E. M. et al. Vision related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: correlation with new measures of low and high contrast letter acuity. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 80, 767-772 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry , vol.80 , pp. 767-772
    • Mowry, E.M.1
  • 70
    • 84869098364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement and clinical effect of grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis
    • Geurts, J. J., Calabrese, M., Fisher, E. & Rudick, R. A. Measurement and clinical effect of grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 11, 1082-1092 (2012).
    • (2012) Lancet Neurol , vol.11 , pp. 1082-1092
    • Geurts, J.J.1    Calabrese, M.2    Fisher, E.3    Rudick, R.A.4
  • 71
    • 61849095259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sample sizes for brain atrophy outcomes in trials for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Altmann, D. R. et al. Sample sizes for brain atrophy outcomes in trials for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 72, 595-601 (2009).
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 595-601
    • Altmann, D.R.1
  • 72
    • 84859813422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disability outcome measures in multiple sclerosis clinical trials: Current status and future prospects
    • Cohen, J. A., Reingold, S. C., Polman, C. H. & Wolinsky, J. S. Disability outcome measures in multiple sclerosis clinical trials: current status and future prospects. Lancet Neurol. 11, 467-476 (2012).
    • (2012) Lancet Neurol , vol.11 , pp. 467-476
    • Cohen, J.A.1    Reingold, S.C.2    Polman, C.H.3    Wolinsky, J.S.4
  • 73
    • 60049089535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of natalizumab on clinical and radiological disease activity in multiple sclerosis: A retrospective analysis of the natalizumab safety and efficacy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (affirm) study
    • Havrdova, E. et al. Effect of natalizumab on clinical and radiological disease activity in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of the Natalizumab Safety and Efficacy in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (AFFIRM) study. Lancet Neurol. 8, 254-260 (2009).
    • (2009) Lancet Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 254-260
    • Havrdova, E.1
  • 74
    • 79952735730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained disease-activity-free status in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with cladribine tablets in the clarity study: A post-hoc and subgroup analysis
    • Giovannoni, G. et al. Sustained disease-activity-free status in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with cladribine tablets in the CLARITY study: a post-hoc and subgroup analysis. Lancet Neurol. 10, 329-337 (2011).
    • (2011) Lancet Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 329-337
    • Giovannoni, G.1
  • 75
    • 0032946328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study. 5. The clinical features and natural history of primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/122.4.625
    • Cottrell, D. A. et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. 5. The clinical features and natural history of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 122, 625-639 (1999). (Pubitemid 29158771)
    • (1999) Brain , vol.122 , Issue.4 , pp. 625-639
    • Cottrell, D.A.1    Kremenchutzky, M.2    Rice, G.P.A.3    Koopman, W.J.4    Hader, W.5    Baskerville, J.6    Ebers, G.C.7
  • 76
    • 0034676548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis
    • Confavreux, C., Vukusic, S., Moreau, T. & Adeleine, P. Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 1430-1438 (2000).
    • (2000) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.343 , pp. 1430-1438
    • Confavreux, C.1    Vukusic, S.2    Moreau, T.3    Adeleine, P.4
  • 77
    • 73349133703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Koch, M., Kingwell, E., Rieckmann, P. & Tremlett, H. The natural history of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 73, 1996-2002 (2009).
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.73 , pp. 1996-2002
    • Koch, M.1    Kingwell, E.2    Rieckmann, P.3    Tremlett, H.4
  • 78
    • 33644887189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disability progression in multiple sclerosis is slower than previously reported
    • DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000194259.90286.fe, PII 0000611420060124000007
    • Tremlett, H., Paty, D. & Devonshire, V. Disability progression in multiple sclerosis is slower than previously reported. Neurology 66, 172-177 (2006). (Pubitemid 43970148)
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , Issue.2 , pp. 172-177
    • Tremlett, H.1    Paty, D.2    Devonshire, V.3
  • 79
    • 84883740388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720 in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • US National Institutes of Health. [online]
    • US National Institutes of Health. FTY720 in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. ClinicalTrials.gov [online], http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00731692.
    • ClinicalTrials.Gov
  • 81
    • 0036791912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnancy hormone estriol
    • Sicotte, N. L. et al. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnancy hormone estriol. Ann. Neurol. 52, 421-428 (2002).
    • (2002) Ann. Neurol , vol.52 , pp. 421-428
    • Sicotte, N.L.1
  • 82
    • 67651114103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effects of progesterone administration on axonal pathology in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Garay, L. et al. Protective effects of progesterone administration on axonal pathology in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res. 1283, 177-185 (2009).
    • (2009) Brain Res , vol.1283 , pp. 177-185
    • Garay, L.1
  • 83
    • 0034747862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pirfenidone for chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1191/135245801681138004
    • Walker, J. E. & Margolin, S. B. Pirfenidone for chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 7, 305-312 (2001). (Pubitemid 33028867)
    • (2001) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. 305-312
    • Walker, J.E.1    Margolin, S.B.2
  • 84
    • 15544387329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of oral pirfenidone for treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1191/1352458505ms1134oa
    • Walker, J. E., Giri, S. N. & Margolin, S. B. A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of oral pirfenidone for treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 11, 149-158 (2005). (Pubitemid 40403252)
    • (2005) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 149-158
    • Walker, J.E.1    Giri, S.N.2    Margolin, S.B.3
  • 85
    • 78650993786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel adaptive design strategy increases the efficiency of clinical trials in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Chataway, J. et al. A novel adaptive design strategy increases the efficiency of clinical trials in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 17, 81-88 (2011).
    • (2011) Mult. Scler , vol.17 , pp. 81-88
    • Chataway, J.1
  • 86
    • 79956063286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing a seamless phase ii/iii clinical trial using early outcomes for treatment selection: An application in multiple sclerosis
    • Friede, T. et al. Designing a seamless phase II/III clinical trial using early outcomes for treatment selection: an application in multiple sclerosis. Stat. Med. 30, 1528-1540 (2011).
    • (2011) Stat. Med , vol.30 , pp. 1528-1540
    • Friede, T.1
  • 87
    • 0024536437 scopus 로고
    • Optimal two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials
    • DOI 10.1016/0197-2456(89)90015-9
    • Simon, R. Optimal two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials. Control. Clin. Trials. 10, 1-10 (1989). (Pubitemid 19099520)
    • (1989) Controlled Clinical Trials , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-10
    • Simon, R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.