메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 123, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 627-638

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Part of the MS disease spectrum or separate disease entity?

Author keywords

Disease course; Imaging; Multiple sclerosis; Pathology

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOPYRIDINE; BETA INTERFERON; CLADRIBINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; GLATIRAMER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LAMOTRIGINE; METHOTREXATE; MITOXANTRONE; RILUZOLE; RITUXIMAB;

EID: 84862693197     PISSN: 00016322     EISSN: 14320533     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-0953-0     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (162)

References (95)
  • 1
  • 3
    • 33947547648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensive cortical remyelination in patients with chronic multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00043.x
    • Albert M, Antel J, Bruck W et al (2007) Extensive cortical remyelination in patients with chronic multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 17:129-138 (Pubitemid 46466131)
    • (2007) Brain Pathology , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-138
    • Albert, M.1    Antel, J.2    Bruck, W.3    Stadelmann, C.4
  • 4
    • 56749098072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variation in the KIF1B locus influences susceptibility to multiple sclerosis
    • Aulchenko YS, Hoppenbrouwers IA, Ramagopalan SV et al (2008) Genetic variation in the KIF1B locus influences susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Nat Genet 40:1402-1403
    • (2008) Nat Genet , vol.40 , pp. 1402-1403
    • Aulchenko, Y.S.1    Hoppenbrouwers, I.A.2    Ramagopalan, S.V.3
  • 7
    • 0035833965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal loss in normal-appearing white matter in a patient with acute MS
    • Bjartmar C, Kinkel PR, Kidd G et al (2001) Axonal loss in normal-appearing white matter in a patient with acute MS. Neurology 57:1248-1252 (Pubitemid 32947384)
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , Issue.7 , pp. 1248-1252
    • Bjartmar, C.1    Kinkel, R.P.2    Kidd, G.3    Rudick, R.A.4    Trapp, B.D.5
  • 8
    • 77952804851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of support for association between the KIF1B rs10492972[C] variant and multiple sclerosis
    • Booth DR, Heard RN, Stewart GJ et al (2010) Lack of support for association between the KIF1B rs10492972[C] variant and multiple sclerosis. Nat Genet 42:469-470
    • (2010) Nat Genet , vol.42 , pp. 469-470
    • Booth, D.R.1    Heard, R.N.2    Stewart, G.J.3
  • 9
    • 77957677989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demyelination versus remyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Bramow S, Frischer JM, Lassmann H et al (2010) Demyelination versus remyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 133:2983-2998
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 2983-2998
    • Bramow, S.1    Frischer, J.M.2    Lassmann, H.3
  • 11
    • 77958194104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging distribution and frequency of cortical lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis
    • Calabrese M, Battaglini M, Giorgio A et al (2010) Imaging distribution and frequency of cortical lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 75:1234-1240
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.75 , pp. 1234-1240
    • Calabrese, M.1    Battaglini, M.2    Giorgio, A.3
  • 13
    • 27644594658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H-MRS quantification of tNA and tCr in patients with multiple sclerosis: A meta-analytic review
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awh640
    • Caramanos Z, Narayanan S, Arnold DL (2005) 1H-MRS quantification of tNA and tCr in patients with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analytic review. Brain 128:2483-2506 (Pubitemid 41552936)
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , Issue.11 , pp. 2483-2506
    • Caramanos, Z.1    Narayanan, S.2    Arnold, D.L.3
  • 14
    • 45849104594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A voxel-based morphometry study of grey matter loss in MS patients with different clinical phenotypes
    • Ceccarelli A, Rocca MA, Pagani E et al (2008) A voxel-based morphometry study of grey matter loss in MS patients with different clinical phenotypes. Neuroimage 42:315-322
    • (2008) Neuroimage , vol.42 , pp. 315-322
    • Ceccarelli, A.1    Rocca, M.A.2    Pagani, E.3
  • 15
    • 69249103797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multiparametric evaluation of regional brain damage in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Ceccarelli A, Rocca MA, Valsasina P et al (2009) A multiparametric evaluation of regional brain damage in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Hum Brain Mapp 30:3009-3019
    • (2009) Hum Brain Mapp , vol.30 , pp. 3009-3019
    • Ceccarelli, A.1    Rocca, M.A.2    Valsasina, P.3
  • 19
    • 34347254584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voxel-based analysis of the evolution of magnetization transfer ratio to quantify remyelination and demyelination with histopathological validation in a multiple sclerosis lesion
    • DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.073, PII S1053811907002212
    • Chen JT, Kuhlmann T, Jansen GH et al (2007) Voxel-based analysis of the evolution of magnetization transfer ratio to quantify remyelination and demyelination with histopathological validation in a multiple sclerosis lesion. Neuroimage 36:1152-1158 (Pubitemid 47001724)
    • (2007) NeuroImage , vol.36 , Issue.4 , pp. 1152-1158
    • Chen, J.T.1    Kuhlmann, T.2    Jansen, G.H.3    Collins, D.L.4    Atkins, H.L.5    Freedman, M.S.6    O'Connor, P.W.7    Arnold, D.L.8
  • 20
    • 33244469927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age at disability milestones in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awh714
    • Confavreux C, Vukusic S (2006) Age at disability milestones in multiple sclerosis. Brain 129:595-605 (Pubitemid 43278222)
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , Issue.3 , pp. 595-605
    • Confavreux, C.1    Vukusic, S.2
  • 21
    • 0031852514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/121.8.1469
    • De Stefano N, Matthews PM, Fu L et al (1998) Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain 121:1469-1477 (Pubitemid 28349900)
    • (1998) Brain , vol.121 , Issue.8 , pp. 1469-1477
    • De Stefano, N.1    Matthews, P.M.2    Fu, L.3    Narayanan, S.4    Stanley, J.5    Francis, G.S.6    Antel, J.P.7    Arnold, D.L.8
  • 23
    • 39049158789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voxel-based assessment of differences in damage and distribution of white matter lesions between patients with primary progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1001/archneurol.2007.51
    • Di PC, Battaglini M, Stromillo ML et al (2008) Voxel-based assessment of differences in damage and distribution of white matter lesions between patients with primary progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 65:236-243 (Pubitemid 351240787)
    • (2008) Archives of Neurology , vol.65 , Issue.2 , pp. 236-243
    • Di Perri, C.1    Battaglini, M.2    Stromillo, M.L.3    Bartolozzi, M.L.4    Guidi, L.5    Federico, A.6    De Stefano, N.7
  • 24
    • 79953274047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demyelination causes synaptic alterations in hippocampi from multiple sclerosis patients
    • Dutta R, Chang A, Doud MK et al (2011) Demyelination causes synaptic alterations in hippocampi from multiple sclerosis patients. Ann Neurol 69:445-454
    • (2011) Ann Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 445-454
    • Dutta, R.1    Chang, A.2    Doud, M.K.3
  • 26
    • 66549130329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains
    • Frischer JM, Bramow S, Dal-Bianco A et al (2009) The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains. Brain 132:1175-1189
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1175-1189
    • Frischer, J.M.1    Bramow, S.2    Dal-Bianco, A.3
  • 27
    • 0033372792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: A post-mortem study
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2990.1999.00205.x
    • Ganter P, Prince C, Esiri MM (1999) Spinal cord axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: a post-mortem study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 25:459-467 (Pubitemid 30045420)
    • (1999) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 459-467
    • Ganter, P.1    Prince, C.2    Esiri, M.M.3
  • 28
    • 0034105546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Longitudinal quantitative analysis
    • Ge Y, Grossman RI, Udupa JK et al (2000) Brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: longitudinal quantitative analysis. Radiology 214:665-670 (Pubitemid 30115361)
    • (2000) Radiology , vol.214 , Issue.3 , pp. 665-670
    • Ge, Y.1    Grossman, R.I.2    Udupa, J.K.3    Wei, L.4    Mannon, L.J.5    Polansky, M.6    Kolson, D.L.7
  • 30
    • 60249099507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variations in the extent and pattern of grey matter demyelination in multiple sclerosis: A comparison between the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, deep grey matter nuclei and the spinal cord
    • Gilmore CP, Donaldson I, Bo L et al (2009) Regional variations in the extent and pattern of grey matter demyelination in multiple sclerosis: a comparison between the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, deep grey matter nuclei and the spinal cord. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80:182-187
    • (2009) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.80 , pp. 182-187
    • Gilmore, C.P.1    Donaldson, I.2    Bo, L.3
  • 31
    • 67650079567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination capacity of the MS brain decreases with disease chronicity
    • Goldschmidt T, Antel J, Konig FB et al (2009) Remyelination capacity of the MS brain decreases with disease chronicity. Neurology 72:1914-1921
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 1914-1921
    • Goldschmidt, T.1    Antel, J.2    Konig, F.B.3
  • 32
    • 78149478174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase 3 trial of extended release oral dalfampridine in multiple sclerosis
    • Goodman AD, Brown TR, Edwards KR et al (2010) A phase 3 trial of extended release oral dalfampridine in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 68:494-502
    • (2010) Ann Neurol , vol.68 , pp. 494-502
    • Goodman, A.D.1    Brown, T.R.2    Edwards, K.R.3
  • 33
    • 79952832422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive multiple sclerosis: Characteristics and management
    • Hawker K (2011) Progressive multiple sclerosis: characteristics and management. Neurol Clin 29:423-434
    • (2011) Neurol Clin , vol.29 , pp. 423-434
    • Hawker, K.1
  • 34
    • 70449418132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial
    • Hawker K, O'Connor P, Freedman MS et al (2009) Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol 66:460-471
    • (2009) Ann Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 460-471
    • Hawker, K.1    O'Connor, P.2    Freedman, M.S.3
  • 36
    • 3042646129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunologic factors in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Hohlfeld R (2004) Immunologic factors in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 10(Suppl 1):S16-S21
    • (2004) Mult Scler , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Hohlfeld, R.1
  • 37
    • 0142153157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A 5-year clinical and MR study
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awg261
    • Ingle GT, Stevenson VL, Miller DH et al (2003) Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a 5-year clinical and MR study. Brain 126:2528-2536 (Pubitemid 37314440)
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , Issue.11 , pp. 2528-2536
    • Ingle, G.T.1    Stevenson, V.L.2    Miller, D.H.3    Thompson, A.J.4
  • 38
    • 0036126863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irreversible disability and tissue loss in multiple sclerosis: A conventional and magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging study of the optic nerves
    • Inglese M, Ghezzi A, Bianchi S et al (2002) Irreversible disability and tissue loss in multiple sclerosis. A conventional and magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging study of the optic nerves. Arch Neurol 59:250-255 (Pubitemid 34240941)
    • (2002) Archives of Neurology , vol.59 , Issue.2 , pp. 250-255
    • Inglese, M.1    Ghezzi, A.2    Bianchi, S.3    Gerevini, S.4    Sormani, M.P.5    Martinelli, V.6    Comi, G.7    Filippi, M.8
  • 40
    • 77953476309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lamotrigine for neuroprotection in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial
    • Kapoor R, Furby J, Hayton T et al (2010) Lamotrigine for neuroprotection in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. Lancet Neurol 9:681-688
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 681-688
    • Kapoor, R.1    Furby, J.2    Hayton, T.3
  • 41
    • 34447553658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localized grey matter damage in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis contributes to disability
    • DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.04.056, PII S1053811907003849
    • Khaleeli Z, Cercignani M, Audoin B et al (2007) Localized grey matter damage in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis contributes to disability. Neuroimage 37:253-261 (Pubitemid 47068988)
    • (2007) NeuroImage , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 253-261
    • Khaleeli, Z.1    Cercignani, M.2    Audoin, B.3    Ciccarelli, O.4    Miller, D.H.5    Thompson, A.J.6
  • 44
    • 33244486947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study 9: Observations on the progressive phase of the disease
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awh721
    • Kremenchutzky M, Rice GP, Baskerville J et al (2006) The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 9: observations on the progressive phase of the disease. Brain 129:584-594 (Pubitemid 43278221)
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , Issue.3 , pp. 584-594
    • Kremenchutzky, M.1    Rice, G.P.A.2    Baskerville, J.3    Wingerchuk, D.M.4    Ebers, G.C.5
  • 45
    • 0036788406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time
    • Kuhlmann T, Lingfeld G, Bitsch A et al (2002) Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time. Brain 125:2202-2212
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 2202-2212
    • Kuhlmann, T.1    Lingfeld, G.2    Bitsch, A.3
  • 46
    • 33847227721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widespread demyelination in the cerebellar cortex in multiple sclerosis
    • Kutzelnigg A, Faber-Rod JC, Bauer J et al (2007) Widespread demyelination in the cerebellar cortex in multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 17:38-44
    • (2007) Brain Pathol , vol.17 , pp. 38-44
    • Kutzelnigg, A.1    Faber-Rod, J.C.2    Bauer, J.3
  • 48
    • 54949147938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathologic substrate of magnetic resonance alterations in multiple sclerosis
    • (ix)
    • Lassmann H (2008) The pathologic substrate of magnetic resonance alterations in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 18:563-576 (ix)
    • (2008) Neuroimaging Clin N Am , vol.18 , pp. 563-576
    • Lassmann, H.1
  • 49
    • 77953783446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-year study of cervical cord volume and myelin water in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Laule C, Vavasour IM, Zhao Y et al (2010) Two-year study of cervical cord volume and myelin water in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 16:670-677
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.16 , pp. 670-677
    • Laule, C.1    Vavasour, I.M.2    Zhao, Y.3
  • 50
    • 0032585691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of normal-appearing white matter in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Leary SM, Davie CA, Parker GJM et al (1999) 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of normal-appearing white matter in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 246:1023-1026
    • (1999) J Neurol , vol.246 , pp. 1023-1026
    • Leary, S.M.1    Davie, C.A.2    Parker, G.J.M.3
  • 51
    • 0029913882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an international survey
    • Lublin FD, Reingold SC (1996) Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. Neurology 46:907-911 (Pubitemid 26134623)
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 907-911
    • Lublin, F.D.1    Reingold, S.C.2
  • 52
    • 34249700046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awm038
    • Magliozzi R, Howell O, Vora A et al (2007) Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology. Brain 130:1089-1104 (Pubitemid 47355604)
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , Issue.4 , pp. 1089-1104
    • Magliozzi, R.1    Howell, O.2    Vora, A.3    Serafini, B.4    Nicholas, R.5    Puopolo, M.6    Reynolds, R.7    Aloisi, F.8
  • 53
    • 78249280011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A gradient of neuronal loss and meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis
    • Magliozzi R, Howell OW, Reeves C et al (2010) A gradient of neuronal loss and meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 68:477-493
    • (2010) Ann Neurol , vol.68 , pp. 477-493
    • Magliozzi, R.1    Howell, O.W.2    Reeves, C.3
  • 54
    • 0011819189 scopus 로고
    • Spastic paraplegia of middle age; A clinicopathological study
    • Marshall J (1955) Spastic paraplegia of middle age; a clinicopathological study. Lancet 268:643-646
    • (1955) Lancet , vol.268 , pp. 643-646
    • Marshall, J.1
  • 55
    • 77952239855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: Current status and future prospects
    • Martino G, Franklin RJ, Van Evercooren AB et al (2010) Stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: current status and future prospects. Nat Rev Neurol 6:247-255
    • (2010) Nat Rev Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 247-255
    • Martino, G.1    Franklin, R.J.2    Van Evercooren, A.B.3
  • 56
    • 0004194963 scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: A reappraisal
    • McAlpine D, Lumsden CE, Acheson ED (eds), 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
    • McAlpine D (1972) Multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal. In: McAlpine D, Lumsden CE, Acheson ED (eds) Diagnosis and classification of multiple sclerosis, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
    • (1972) Diagnosis and Classification of Multiple Sclerosis
    • McAlpine, D.1
  • 57
    • 0017599647 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and classification of multiple sclerosis
    • McDonald WI, Halliday AM (1977) Diagnosis and classification of multiple sclerosis. Br Med Bull 33:4-9
    • (1977) Br Med Bull , vol.33 , pp. 4-9
    • McDonald, W.I.1    Halliday, A.M.2
  • 58
    • 34548133584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: A complicated picture of autoimmunity
    • DOI 10.1038/ni1507, PII NI1507
    • McFarland HF, Martin R (2007) Multiple sclerosis: a complicated picture of autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 8:913-919 (Pubitemid 47300005)
    • (2007) Nature Immunology , vol.8 , Issue.9 , pp. 913-919
    • McFarland, H.F.1    Martin, R.2
  • 59
    • 0031957657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligodendrocyte and axon pathology in clinically silent multiple sclerosis lesions
    • Mews I, Bergmann M, Bunkowski S et al (1998) Oligodendrocyte and axon pathology in clinically silent multiple sclerosis lesions. Mult Scler 4:55-62 (Pubitemid 28197347)
    • (1998) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 55-62
    • Mews, I.1    Bergmann, M.2    Bunkowski, S.3    Gullotta, F.4    Bruck, W.5
  • 62
    • 3142746904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corpus callosum axonal injury in multiple sclerosis measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
    • DOI 10.1001/archneur.61.7.1081
    • Oh J, Pelletier D, Nelson SJ (2004) Corpus callosum axonal injury in multiple sclerosis measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Arch Neurol 61:1081-1086 (Pubitemid 38915950)
    • (2004) Archives of Neurology , vol.61 , Issue.7 , pp. 1081-1086
    • Oh, J.1    Pelletier, D.2    Nelson, S.J.3
  • 63
    • 34247862406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00805.x
    • Patani R, Balaratnam M, Vora A et al (2007) Remyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 33:277-287 (Pubitemid 46701044)
    • (2007) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 277-287
    • Patani, R.1    Balaratnam, M.2    Vora, A.3    Reynolds, R.4
  • 65
    • 77149151578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early imaging predicts later cognitive impairment in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Penny S, Khaleeli Z, Cipolotti L et al (2010) Early imaging predicts later cognitive impairment in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 74:545-552
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , pp. 545-552
    • Penny, S.1    Khaleeli, Z.2    Cipolotti, L.3
  • 66
    • 79952501096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria
    • Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B et al (2011) Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol 69:292-302
    • (2011) Ann Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 292-302
    • Polman, C.H.1    Reingold, S.C.2    Banwell, B.3
  • 67
    • 0018410045 scopus 로고
    • Remyelination in multiple sclerosis
    • Prineas JW, Connell F (1979) Remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 5:22-31 (Pubitemid 9083248)
    • (1979) Annals of Neurology , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-31
    • Prineas, J.W.1    Connell, F.2
  • 68
    • 57749094962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigen microarrays identify unique serum autoantibody signatures in clinical and pathologic subtypes of multiple sclerosis
    • Quintana FJ, Farez MF, Viglietta V et al (2008) Antigen microarrays identify unique serum autoantibody signatures in clinical and pathologic subtypes of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:18889-18894
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.105 , pp. 18889-18894
    • Quintana, F.J.1    Farez, M.F.2    Viglietta, V.3
  • 70
    • 0028132773 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the pathology of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Revesz T, Kidd D, Thompson AJ et al (1994) A comparison of the pathology of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain 117:759-765 (Pubitemid 24281838)
    • (1994) Brain , vol.117 , Issue.4 , pp. 759-765
    • Revesz, T.1    Kidd, D.2    Thompson, A.J.3    Barnard, R.O.4    McDonald, W.I.5
  • 75
    • 1942489086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grey and white matter atrophy in early clinical stages of primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.02.008, PII S1053811904001016
    • Sastre-Garriga J, Ingle GT, Chard DT et al (2004) Grey and white matter atrophy in early clinical stages of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 22:353-359 (Pubitemid 38515842)
    • (2004) NeuroImage , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 353-359
    • Sastre-Garriga, J.1    Ingle, G.T.2    Chard, D.T.3    Ramio-Torrenta, L.4    Miller, D.H.5    Thompson, A.J.6
  • 77
    • 80051684615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis
    • Sawcer S, Hellenthal G, Pirinen M et al (2011) Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature 476:214-219
    • (2011) Nature , vol.476 , pp. 214-219
    • Sawcer, S.1    Hellenthal, G.2    Pirinen, M.3
  • 78
    • 33747187744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional gray matter atrophy in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis: A voxel-based morphometry study
    • DOI 10.1001/archneur.63.8.1175
    • Sepulcre J, Sastre-Garriga J, Cercignani M et al (2006) Regional gray matter atrophy in early primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a voxel-based morphometry study. Arch Neurol 63:1175-1180 (Pubitemid 44232328)
    • (2006) Archives of Neurology , vol.63 , Issue.8 , pp. 1175-1180
    • Sepulcre, J.1    Sastre-Garriga, J.2    Cercignani, M.3    Ingle, G.T.4    Miller, D.H.5    Thompson, A.J.6
  • 79
    • 2442708947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Magliozzi R et al (2004) Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 14:164-174 (Pubitemid 38656388)
    • (2004) Brain Pathology , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 164-174
    • Serafini, B.1    Rosicarelli, B.2    Magliozzi, R.3    Stigliano, E.4    Aloisi, F.5
  • 80
    • 0028245841 scopus 로고
    • Conduction properties of central demyelinated and remyelinated axons, and their relation to symptom production in demyelinating disorders
    • Smith KJ (1994) Conduction properties of central demyelinated and remyelinated axons, and their relation to symptom production in demyelinating disorders. Eye 8:224-237 (Pubitemid 24189832)
    • (1994) Eye , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 224-237
    • Smith, K.J.1
  • 83
    • 66549110162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Greater loss of axons in primary progressive multiple sclerosis plaques compared to secondary progressive disease
    • Tallantyre EC, Bo L, Al-Rawashdeh O et al (2009) Greater loss of axons in primary progressive multiple sclerosis plaques compared to secondary progressive disease. Brain 132:1190-1199
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1190-1199
    • Tallantyre, E.C.1    Bo, L.2    Al-Rawashdeh, O.3
  • 84
    • 77954686670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinicopathological evidence that axonal loss underlies disability in progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Tallantyre EC, Bo L, Al-Rawashdeh O et al (2010) Clinicopathological evidence that axonal loss underlies disability in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 16:406-411
    • (2010) Mult Scler , vol.16 , pp. 406-411
    • Tallantyre, E.C.1    Bo, L.2    Al-Rawashdeh, O.3
  • 86
    • 0026100007 scopus 로고
    • Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Thompson AJ, Kermode AG, Wicks D et al (1991) Major differences in the dynamics of primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 29:53-62
    • (1991) Ann Neurol , vol.29 , pp. 53-62
    • Thompson, A.J.1    Kermode, A.G.2    Wicks, D.3
  • 88
    • 80655144769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grey matter damage and overall cognitive impairment in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Tur C, Penny S, Khaleeli Z et al (2011) Grey matter damage and overall cognitive impairment in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 17(11):1324-1332
    • (2011) Mult Scler , vol.17 , Issue.11 , pp. 1324-1332
    • Tur, C.1    Penny, S.2    Khaleeli, Z.3
  • 89
    • 79958829029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases
    • Uccelli A, Laroni A, Freedman MS (2011) Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Lancet Neurol 10:649-656
    • (2011) Lancet Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 649-656
    • Uccelli, A.1    Laroni, A.2    Freedman, M.S.3
  • 90
    • 0347595377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volumetric quantitation by MRI in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Volumes of plaques and atrophy correlated with neurological disability
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00617.x
    • Ukkonen M, Dastidar P, Heinonen T et al (2003) Volumetric quantitation by MRI in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: volumes of plaques and atrophy correlated with neurological disability. Eur J Neurol 10:663-669 (Pubitemid 38030876)
    • (2003) European Journal of Neurology , vol.10 , Issue.6 , pp. 663-669
    • Ukkonen, M.1    Dastidar, P.2    Heinonen, T.3    Laasonen, E.4    Elovaara, I.5
  • 92
    • 33947210015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gray and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis: An MRI perspective
    • DOI 10.1586/14737175.7.3.271
    • Vrenken H, Geurts JJ (2007) Gray and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis: an MRI perspective. Expert Rev Neurother 7:271-279 (Pubitemid 46434175)
    • (2007) Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 271-279
    • Vrenken, H.1    Geurts, J.J.G.2
  • 93
    • 33748997359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neocortical neuronal, synaptic, and glial loss in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000237551.26858.39, PII 0000611420060926000012
    • Wegner C, Esiri MM, Chance SA et al (2006) Neocortical neuronal, synaptic, and glial loss in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 67:960-967 (Pubitemid 44454585)
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , Issue.6 , pp. 960-967
    • Wegner, C.1    Esiri, M.M.2    Chance, S.A.3    Palace, J.4    Matthews, P.M.5
  • 95
    • 3042601982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The PROMiSe trial: Baseline data review and progress report
    • Wolinsky JS (2004) The PROMiSe trial: baseline data review and progress report. Mult Scler 10(Suppl 1):S65-S71
    • (2004) Mult Scler , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Wolinsky, J.S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.