Biological substrates underpinning diagnosis of major depression

International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 1893-1909

  Sibille, Etienne ^a,b   French, Beverly ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Corticolimbic; Dimensional; Major depression; Microcircuitry; Post mortem

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; GLUTAMIC ACID; STRESS HORMONE;

ARTICLE; ASTROCYTE; AUTOPSY; BIOLOGY; BRAIN FUNCTION; DENDRITIC CELL; DEPRESSION; DRUG TARGETING; ENDOPHENOTYPE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GENETICS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NERVE; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; NONHUMAN; OLIGODENDROGLIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRAMIDAL NERVE CELL; REMISSION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

BRAIN; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NERVE NET;

EID: 84882932957     PISSN: 14611457     EISSN: 14695111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1461145713000436     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Agid Y, Buzsaki G, Diamond DM, Frackowiak R, Giedd J, Girault JA, Grace A, Lambert JJ, Manji H, Mayberg H, Popoli M, Prochiantz A, Richter-Levin G, Somogyi P, Spedding M, Svenningsson P, Weinberger D (2007) How can drug discovery for psychiatric disorders be improved? Nat Rev Drug Discov 6: 189-201.
2. APA (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR, 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
3. Arango V, Underwood MD, Mann JJ (2002) Serotonin brain circuits involved in major depression and suicide. Prog Brain Res 136: 443-453.
4. Auer DP, Putz B, Kraft E, Lipinski B, Schill J, Holsboer F (2000) Reduced glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex in depression: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol Psychiatry 47: 305-313.
5. Autry AE, Adachi M, Nosyreva E, Na ES, Los MF, Cheng PF, Kavalali ET, Monteggia LM (2011) NMDA receptor blockade at rest triggers rapid behavioural antidepressant responses. Nature 475: 91-95.
6. Banasr M, Duman RS (2008) Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors. Biol Psychiatry 64: 863-870.
7. Banasr M, Chowdhury GM, Terwilliger R, Newton SS, Duman RS, Behar KL, Sanacora G (2010) Glial pathology in an animal model of depression: reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate-modulating drug riluzole. Mol Psychiatry 15: 501-511.
8. Beasley CL, Zhang ZJ, Patten I, Reynolds GP (2002) Selective deficits in prefrontal cortical GABAergic neurons in schizophrenia defined by the presence of calcium-binding proteins. Biol Psychiatry 52: 708-715.
9. Belmaker RH, Agam G (2008) Major depressive disorder. N Engl J Med 358: 55-68.
10. Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, Oren DA, Heninger GR, Charney DS, Krystal JH (2000) Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 47: 351-354.
11. Block W, Traber F, von Widdern O, Metten M, Schild H, Maier W, Zobel A, Jessen F (2009) Proton MR spectroscopy of the hippocampus at 3T in patients with unipolar major depressive disorder: correlates and predictors of treatment response. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12: 415-422.
12. Bowley MP, Drevets WC, Ongur D, Price JL (2002) Low glial numbers in the amygdala in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 52: 404-412.
13. Brambilla P, Perez J, Barale F, Schettini G, Soares JC (2003) GABAergic dysfunction in mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 8: 721-737, 715.
14. Brandon NJ, Sawa A (2011) Linking neurodevelopmental and synaptic theories of mental illness through DISC1. Nat Rev Neurosci 12: 707-722.
15. Brodal P (2010) The central nervous system: structure and function, 4th edn. New York: Oxford University Press
16. Brunner HG, Nelen M, Breakefield XO, Ropers HH, van Oost BA (1993) Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 262: 578-580.
17. Canli T, Lesch KP (2007) Long story short: the serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition. Nat Neurosci 10: 1103-1109.
18. Choudary PV, Molnar M, Evans SJ, Tomita H, Li JZ, Vawter MP, Myers RM, Bunney WE Jr., Akil H, Watson SJ, Jones EG (2005) Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 15653-15658.
19. Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE (2000) Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs. Arch Intern Med 160: 3278-3285.
20. Conde F, Lund JS, Jacobowitz DM, Baimbridge KG, Lewis DA (1994) Local circuit neurons immunoreactive for calretinin, calbindin D-28k or parvalbumin in monkey prefrontal cortex: distribution and morphology. J Comp Neurol 341: 95-116.
21. Cotter D, Mackay D, Landau S, Kerwin R, Everall I (2001) Reduced glial cell density and neuronal size in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58: 545-553.
22. Cotter D, Mackay D, Chana G, Beasley C, Landau S, Everall IP (2002a) Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with major depressive disorder. Cereb Cortex 12: 386-394.
23. Cotter D, Landau S, Beasley C, Stevenson R, Chana G, MacMillan L, Everall I (2002b) The density and spatial distribution of GABAergic neurons, labelled using calcium binding proteins, in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 51: 377-386.
24. Davies P, Katzman R, Terry RD (1980) Reduced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex from cases of Alzheimer disease and Alzheimer senile dementa. Nature 288: 279-280.
25. DeFelipe J (1997) Types of neurons, synaptic connections and chemical characteristics of cells immunoreactive for calbindin-D28K, parvalbumin and calretinin in the neocortex. J Chem Neuroanat 14: 1-19.
26. Duman RS, Malberg J, Nakagawa S, D'Sa C (2000) Neuronal plasticity and survival in mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 48: 732-739.
27. Dwivedi Y (2009) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: role in depression and suicide. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 5: 433-449.
28. Earnheart JC, Schweizer C, Crestani F, Iwasato T, Itohara S, Mohler H, Luscher B (2007) GABAergic control of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in relation to behavior indicative of trait anxiety and depression states. J Neurosci 27: 3845-3854.
29. Edgar N, Sibille E (2012) A putative functional role for oligodendrocytes in mood regulation. Transl Psychiatry 2: e109.
30. Edgar NM, Touma C, Palme R, Sibille E (2011) Resilient emotionality and molecular compensation in mice lacking the oligodendrocyte-specific gene Cnp1. Transl Psychiatry 1: e42.
31. Epelbaum J, Agid F, Agid Y, Beaudet A, Bertrand P, Enjalbert A, Heidet V, Kordon C, Krantic S, Leonard JF, Musset F, Moyse E, Peillon F, Slama A, Videau C (1989) Somatostatin receptors in brain and pituitary. Horm Res 31: 45-50.
32. Epelbaum J, Guillou JL, Gastambide F, Hoyer D, Duron E, Viollet C (2009) Somatostatin, Alzheimer's disease and cognition: an old story coming of age? Prog Neurobiol 89: 153-161.
33. Ernst C, Nagy C, Kim S, Yang JP, Deng X, Hellstrom IC, Choi KH, Gershenfeld H, Meaney MJ, Turecki G (2011) Dysfunction of astrocyte connexins 30 and 43 in dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex of suicide completers. Biol Psychiatry 70: 312-319.
34. Erraji-Benchekroun L, Underwood MD, Arango V, Galfalvy H, Pavlidis P, Smyrniotopoulos P, Mann JJ, Sibille E (2005) Molecular aging in human prefrontal cortex is selective and continuous throughout adult life. Biol Psychiatry 57: 549-558.
35. Fields RD (2008) White matter in learning, cognition and psychiatric disorders. Trends Neurosci 31: 361-370.
36. Fischer BA (2012) A review of American psychiatry through its diagnoses: the history and development of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 200: 1022-1030.
37. Gabbay V, Mao X, Klein RG, Ely BA, Babb JS, Panzer AM, Alonso CM, Shungu DC (2012) Anterior cingulate cortex gamma-aminobutyric acid in depressed adolescents: relationship to anhedonia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69: 139-149.
38. Gaiteri C, Sibille E (2011) Differentially expressed genes in major depression reside on the periphery of resilient gene coexpression networks. Front Neurosci 5: 95.
39. Gaiteri C, Guilloux JP, Lewis DA, Sibille E (2010) Altered gene synchrony suggests a combined hormone-mediated dysregulated state in major depression. PLoS ONE 5: e9970.
40. Gittins RA, Harrison PJ (2011) A morphometric study of glia and neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex in mood disorder. J Affect Disord 133: 328-332.
41. Glantz LA, Lewis DA (2000) Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57: 65-73.
42. Glorioso C, Sabatini M, Unger T, Hashimoto T, Monteggia LM, Lewis DA, Mirnics K (2006) Specificity and timing of neocortical transcriptome changes in response to BDNF gene ablation during embryogenesis or adulthood. Mol Psychiatry 11: 633-648.
43. Glorioso C, Oh S, Douillard GG, Sibille E (2011) Brain molecular aging, promotion of neurological disease and modulation by Sirtuin5 longevity gene polymorphism. Neurobiol Dis 41: 279-290.
44. Gold BI, Bowers MB, Roth RH, Sweeney DW (1980) Gaba levels in Csf of patients with psychiatric-disorders. Am J Psychiatry 137: 362-364.
45. Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003) The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 160: 636-645.
46. Griebel G, Holsboer F (2012) Neuropeptide receptor ligands as drugs for psychiatric diseases: the end of the beginning? Nat Rev Drug Discov 11: 462-478.
47. Guilloux JP, Douillard-Guilloux G, Kota R, Wang X, Gardier AM, Martinowich K, Tseng GC, Lewis DA, Sibille E (2011) Molecular evidence for BDNF- and GABA-related dysfunctions in the amygdala of female subjects with major depression. Mol Psychiatry 17: 1130-1142.
48. Hachem S, Aguirre A, Vives V, Marks A, Gallo V, Legraverend C (2005) Spatial and temporal expression of S100B in cells of oligodendrocyte lineage. Glia 51: 81-97.
49. Hamidi M, Drevets WC, Price JL (2004) Glial reduction in amygdala in major depressive disorder is due to oligodendrocytes. Biol Psychiatry 55: 563-569.
50. Haroutunian V, Katsel P, Dracheva S, Stewart DG, Davis KL (2007) Variations in oligodendrocyte-related gene expression across multiple cortical regions: implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10: 565-573.
51. Hashimoto T, Volk DW, Eggan SM, Mirnics K, Pierri JN, Sun Z, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (2003) Gene expression deficits in a subclass of GABA neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. J Neurosci 23: 6315-6326.
52. Hasler G, Northoff G (2011) Discovering imaging endophenotypes for major depression. Mol Psychiatry 16: 604-619.
53. Hasler G, van der Veen JW, Tumonis T, Meyers N, Shen J, Drevets WC (2007) Reduced prefrontal glutamate/glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in major depression determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64: 193-200.
54. Hayashi Y, Nihonmatsu-Kikuchi N, Yu X, Ishimoto K, Hisanaga SI, Tatebayashi Y (2011) A novel, rapid, quantitative cell-counting method reveals oligodendroglial reduction in the frontopolar cortex in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 16: 1155-1158.
55. Hayes TL, Cameron JL, Fernstrom JD, Lewis DA (1991) A comparative analysis of the distribution of prosomatostatin-derived peptides in human and monkey neocortex. J Comp Neurol 303: 584-599.
56. Hek K et al. (2013) A genome-wide association study of depressive symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 73: 667-678.
57. Hercher C, Canetti L, Turecki G, Mechawar N (2010) Anterior cingulate pyramidal neurons display altered dendritic branching in depressed suicides. J Psychiatr Res 44: 286-293.
58. Hof PR, Haroutunian V, Friedrich VL Jr., Byne W, Buitron C, Perl DP, Davis KL (2003) Loss and altered spatial distribution of oligodendrocytes in the superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 53: 1075-1085.
59. Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS, Quinn K, Sanislow C, Wang P (2010) Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 167: 748-751.
60. Jaglin XH, Hjerling-Leffler J, Fishell G, Batista-Brito R (2012) The origin of neocortical nitric oxide synthase-expressing inhibitory neurons. Front Neural Circuits 6: 44.
61. Kang HJ, Voleti B, Hajszan T, Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA, Licznerski P, Lepack A, Majik MS, Jeong LS, Banasr M, Son H, Duman RS (2012) Decreased expression of synapserelated genes and loss of synapses in major depressive disorder. Nat Med 18: 1413-1417.
62. Katsel P, Byne W, Roussos P, Tan W, Siever L, Haroutunian V (2011) Astrocyte and glutamate markers in the superficial, deep, and white matter layers of the anterior cingulate gyrus in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 36: 1171-1177.
63. Kendler KS (2012) The dappled nature of causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic-functional/hardware-software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism. Mol Psychiatry 17: 377-388.
64. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005a) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 617-627.
65. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005b) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 593-602.
66. Khundakar A, Morris C, Oakley A, McMeekin W, Thomas AJ (2009) Morphometric analysis of neuronal and glial cell pathology in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in late-life depression. Br J Psychiatry 195: 163-169.
67. Khundakar A, Morris C, Oakley A, Thomas AJ (2011) A morphometric examination of neuronal and glial cell pathology in the orbitofrontal cortex in late-life depression. Int Psychogeriatr 23: 132-140.
68. Kim S, Webster MJ (2010) Correlation analysis between genome-wide expression profiles and cytoarchitectural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 15: 326-336.
69. Klempan TA, Sequeira A, Canetti L, Lalovic A, Ernst C, Ffrench-Mullen J, Turecki G (2009) Altered expression of genes involved in ATP biosynthesis and GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral prefrontal cortex of suicides with and without major depression. Mol Psychiatry 14: 175-189.
70. Kolomeets NS, Uranova NA (2008) Pathology of oligodendroglia and myelinated fibers of the hippocampus in schizophrenia (an ultrastructural and morphometric study). Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 108: 52-60.
71. Konradi C, Eaton M, MacDonald ML, Walsh J, Benes FM, Heckers S (2004) Molecular evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 300-308.
72. Konradi C, Zimmerman EI, Yang CK, Lohmann KM, Gresch P, Pantazopoulos H, Berretta S, Heckers S (2010) Hippocampal interneurons in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68: 340-350.
73. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Phillips ML (2012) Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet 379: 1045-1055.
74. Law AJ, Harrison PJ (2003) The distribution and morphology of prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons identified using anti-neurofilament antibodies SMI32, N200 and FNP7. Normative data and a comparison in subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression. J Psychiatr Res 37: 487-499.
75. Lehericy S, Hirsch EC, Cervera-Pierot P, Hersh LB, Bakchine S, Piette F, Duyckaerts C, Hauw JJ, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y (1993) Heterogeneity and selectivity of the degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Comp Neurol 330: 15-31.
76. Levinson AJ, Fitzgerald PB, Favalli G, Blumberger DM, Daigle M, Daskalakis ZJ (2010) Evidence of cortical inhibitory deficits in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 67: 458-464.
77. Li N, Lee B, Liu RJ, Banasr M, Dwyer JM, Iwata M, Li XY, Aghajanian G, Duman RS (2010) mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Science 329: 959-964.
78. Lin LC, Lewis DA, Sibille E (2011) A human-mouse conserved sex bias in amygdala gene expression related to circadian clock and energy metabolism. Mol Brain 4: 18.
79. López-Muñoz F, Álamo González C (2012) Neurobiology of depression. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis
80. Lu B, Martinowich K (2008) Cell biology of BDNF and its relevance to schizophrenia. Novartis Found Symp 289: 119-129, 129-135, 193-115.
81. Luscher B, Shen Q, Sahir N (2011) The GABAergic deficit hypothesis of major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 16: 383-406.
82. Maddock RJ, Buonocore MH (2012) MR spectroscopic studies of the brain in psychiatric disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/7854-2011-197.
83. McGeer PL, McGeer EG, Suzuki J, Dolman CE, Nagai T (1984) Aging, Alzheimer's disease, and the cholinergic system of the basal forebrain. Neurology 34: 741-745.
84. McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski JZ, Woldeyohannes HO, Law CW, Miranda A, Fulgosi D, Kennedy SH (2007) Should depressive syndromes be reclassified as 'metabolic syndrome Type II'? Ann Clin Psychiatry 19: 257-264.
85. Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, McGinnis S, Mahurin RK, Jerabek PA, Silva JA, Tekell JL, Martin CC, Lancaster JL, Fox PT (1999) Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 156: 675-682.
86. Mayberg HS, Brannan SK, Tekell JL, Silva JA, Mahurin RK, McGinnis S, Jerabek PA (2000) Regional metabolic effects of fluoxetine in major depression: serial changes and relationship to clinical response. Biol Psychiatry 48: 830-843.
87. Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, McNeely HE, Seminowicz D, Hamani C, Schwalb JM, Kennedy SH (2005) Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 45: 651-660.
88. MDD GWAS Consortium (2012) A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 18: 497-511.
89. Mesulam M (2012) Cholinergic aspects of aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 71: 760-761.
90. Michael N, Erfurth A, Ohrmann P, Arolt V, Heindel W, Pfleiderer B (2003a) Metabolic changes within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex occurring with electroconvulsive therapy in patients with treatment resistant unipolar depression. Psychol Med 33: 1277-1284.
91. Michael N, Erfurth A, Ohrmann P, Arolt V, Heindel W, Pfleiderer B (2003b) Neurotrophic effects of electroconvulsive therapy: a proton magnetic resonance study of the left amygdalar region in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 28: 720-725.
92. Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Baucom C, Dilley G, Overholser JC, Meltzer HY, Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G (2000) Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 48: 861-873.
93. Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Dubey P, Shao Q, Stockmeier C, Rajkowska G (2005) Unchanged packing density but altered size of neurofilament immunoreactive neurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and major depression. Schizophr Res 76: 159-171.
94. Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Waltzer R, Whittom AA, Austin MC, Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA (2010) Glial and glutamatergic markers in depression, alcoholism, and their comorbidity. J Affect Disord 127: 230-240.
95. Millar JK, Pickard BS, Mackie S, James R, Christie S, Buchanan SR, Malloy MP, Chubb JE, Huston E, Baillie GS, Thomson PA, Hill EV, Brandon NJ, Rain JC, Camargo LM, Whiting PJ, Houslay MD, Blackwood DH, Muir WJ, Porteous DJ (2005) DISC1 and PDE4B are interacting genetic factors in schizophrenia that regulate cAMP signaling. Science 310: 1187-1191.
96. Milne A, MacQueen GM, Yucel K, Soreni N, Hall GB (2009) Hippocampal metabolic abnormalities at first onset and with recurrent episodes of a major depressive disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neuroimage 47: 36-41.
97. Morris HM, Hashimoto T, Lewis DA (2008) Alterations in somatostatin mRNA expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Cereb Cortex 18: 1575-1587.
98. Moylan S, Maes M, Wray NR, Berk M (2012) The neuroprogressive nature of major depressive disorder: pathways to disease evolution and resistance, and therapeutic implications. Mol Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.33.
99. Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff CB (1998) The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 580-592.
100. Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, Eisch AJ, Gold SJ, Monteggia LM (2002) Neurobiology of depression. Neuron 34: 13-25.
101. Nichols NR, Day JR, Laping NJ, Johnson SA, Finch CE (1993) GFAP mRNA increases with age in rat and human brain. Neurobiol Aging 14: 421-429.
102. Northoff G, Walter M, Schulte RF, Beck J, Dydak U, Henning A, Boeker H, Grimm S, Boesiger P (2007) GABA concentrations in the human anterior cingulate cortex predict negative BOLD responses in fMRI. Nat Neurosci 10: 1515-1517.
103. Oh DH, Son H, Hwang S, Kim SH (2012) Neuropathological abnormalities of astrocytes, GABAergic neurons, and pyramidal neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices of patients with major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 22: 330-338.
104. Ongur D, Drevets WC, Price JL (1998) Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 13290-13295.
105. Orthmann-Murphy JL, Abrams CK, Scherer SS (2008) Gap junctions couple astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. J Mol Neurosci 35: 101-116.
106. Ozaki N, Goldman D, Kaye WH, Plotnicov K, Greenberg BD, Lappalainen J, Rudnick G, Murphy DL (2003) Serotonin transporter missense mutation associated with a complex neuropsychiatric phenotype. Mol Psychiatry 8: 933-936.
107. Pariante CM (2009) Understanding depression: a translational approach. London, New York: Oxford University Press
108. Pfleiderer B, Michael N, Erfurth A, Ohrmann P, Hohmann U, Wolgast M, Fiebich M, Arolt V, Heindel W (2003) Effective electroconvulsive therapy reverses glutamate/glutamine deficit in the left anterior cingulum of unipolar depressed patients. Psychiat Res-Neuroim 122: 185-192.
109. Phillips ML, Ladouceur CD, Drevets WC (2008) A neural model of voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: implications for understanding the pathophysiology and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 13: 829, 833-857.
110. Price JL, Drevets WC (2012) Neural circuits underlying the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Trends Cogn Sci 16: 61-71.
111. Price RB, Shungu DC, Mao X, Nestadt P, Kelly C, Collins KA, Murrough JW, Charney DS, Mathew SJ (2009) Amino acid neurotransmitters assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: relationship to treatment resistance in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 65: 792-800.
112. Rajkowska G (2000) Postmortem studies in mood disorders indicate altered numbers of neurons and glial cells. Biol Psychiatry 48: 766-777.
113. Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ (2007) Gliogenesis and glial pathology in depression. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 6: 219-233.
114. Rajkowska G, Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS (1998) Neuronal and glial somal size in the prefrontal cortex: a postmortem morphometric study of schizophrenia and Huntington disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 215-224.
115. Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Wei J, Dilley G, Pittman SD, Meltzer HY, Overholser JC, Roth BL, Stockmeier CA (1999) Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 45: 1085-1098.
116. Rajkowska G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Dubey P, Stockmeier CA, Krishnan KR (2005) Prominent reduction in pyramidal neurons density in the orbitofrontal cortex of elderly depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 58: 297-306.
117. Rajkowska G, O'Dwyer G, Teleki Z, Stockmeier CA, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ (2007) GABAergic neurons immunoreactive for calcium binding proteins are reduced in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 32: 471-482.
118. Rakofsky JJ, Ressler KJ, Dunlop BW (2012) BDNF function as a potential mediator of bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Mol Psychiatry 17: 22-35.
119. Roussos P, Katsel P, Davis KL, Bitsios P, Giakoumaki SG, Jogia J, Rozsnyai K, Collier D, Frangou S, Siever LJ, Haroutunian V (2012) Molecular and genetic evidence for abnormalities in the nodes of Ranvier in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69: 7-15.
120. Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL, Krystal JH (2002) Increased occipital cortex GABA concentrations in depressed patients after therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry 159: 663-665.
121. Sanacora G, Mason GF, Rothman DL, Hyder F, Ciarcia JJ, Ostroff RB, Berman RM, Krystal JH (2003) Increased cortical GABA concentrations in depressed patients receiving ECT. Am J Psychiatry 160: 577-579.
122. Sanacora G, Gueorguieva R, Epperson CN, Wu YT, Appel M, Rothman DL, Krystal JH, Mason GF (2004) Subtype-specific alterations of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in patients with major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 705-713.
123. Sanacora G, Treccani G, Popoli M (2012) Towards a glutamate hypothesis of depression: an emerging frontier of neuropsychopharmacology for mood disorders. Neuropharmacology 62: 63-77.
124. Schroeter ML, Steiner J, Mueller K (2011) Glial pathology is modified by age in mood disorders-a systematic meta-analysis of serum S100B in vivo studies. J Affect Disord 134: 32-38.
125. Schulze TG, Akula N, Breuer R, Steele J, Nalls MA, Singleton AB, Degenhardt FA, Nothen MM, Cichon S, Rietschel M, McMahon FJ (2012) Molecular genetic overlap in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2012.662282.
126. Seminowicz DA, Mayberg HS, McIntosh AR, Goldapple K, Kennedy S, Segal Z, Rafi-Tari S (2004) Limbic-frontal circuitry in major depression: a path modeling metanalysis. Neuroimage 22: 409-418.
127. Si X, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, O'Dwyer G, Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G (2004) Age-dependent reductions in the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 29: 2088-2096.
128. Sibille E, Morris HM, Kota RS, Lewis DA (2011) GABA-related transcripts in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14: 721-734.
129. Sibille E, Wang Y, Joeyen-Waldorf J, Gaiteri C, Surget A, Oh S, Belzung C, Tseng GC, Lewis DA (2009) A molecular signature of depression in the amygdala. Am J Psychiatry 166: 1011-1024.
130. Siegle GJ, Thompson W, Carter CS, Steinhauer SR, Thase ME (2007) Increased amygdala and decreased dorsolateral prefrontal BOLD responses in unipolar depression: related and independent features. Biol Psychiatry 61: 198-209.
131. Steptoe A, Whitehead DL (2005) Depression, stress, and coronary heart disease: the need for more complex models. Heart 91: 419-420.
132. Suslow T, Konrad C, Kugel H, Rumstadt D, Zwitserlood P, Schoning S, Ohrmann P, Bauer J, Pyka M, Kersting A, Arolt V, Heindel W, Dannlowski U (2010) Automatic moodcongruent amygdala responses to masked facial expressions in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 67: 155-160.
133. Timmers HJ, Swaab DF, van de Nes JA, Kremer HP (1996) Somatostatin 1-12 immunoreactivity is decreased in the hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus of Huntington's disease patients. Brain Res 728: 141-148.
134. Torres-Platas SG, Hercher C, Davoli MA, Maussion G, Labonte B, Turecki G, Mechawar N (2011) Astrocytic hypertrophy in anterior cingulate white matter of depressed suicides. Neuropsychopharmacology 36: 2650-2658.
135. Tripp A, Kota RS, Lewis DA, Sibille E (2011) Reduced somatostatin in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in major depression. Neurobiol Dis 42: 116-124.
136. Tripp A, Oh H, Guilloux JP, Martinowich K, lewis DA, Sibille E (2012) BDNF signaling and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 169: 1194-1202.
137. Underwood MD, Kassir SA, Bakalian MJ, Galfalvy H, Mann JJ, Arango V (2012) Neuron density and serotonin receptor binding in prefrontal cortex in suicide. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 15: 435-447.
138. Uranova NA, Vostrikov VM, Orlovskaya DD, Rachmanova VI (2004) Oligodendroglial density in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a study from the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Schizophr Res 67: 269-275.
139. Valentine GW, Sanacora G (2009) Targeting glial physiology and glutamate cycling in the treatment of depression. Biochem Pharmacol 78: 431-439.
140. Van Otterloo E, O'Dwyer G, Stockmeier CA, Steffens DC, Krishnan RR, Rajkowska G (2009) Reductions in neuronal density in elderly depressed are region specific. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 24: 856-864.
141. Viollet C, Lepousez G, Loudes C, Videau C, Simon A, Epelbaum J (2008) Somatostatinergic systems in brain: networks and functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 286: 75-87.
142. Volk DW, Matsubara T, Li S, Sengupta EJ, Georgiev D, Minabe Y, Sampson A, Hashimoto T, Lewis DA (2012) Deficits in transcriptional regulators of cortical parvalbumin neurons in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 169: 1082-1091.
143. Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR (2007) The STAR*D Project results: a comprehensive review of findings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 9: 449-459.
144. Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Herman MM, Kleinman JE (2002) BDNF mRNA expression during postnatal development, maturation and aging of the human prefrontal cortex. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 139: 139-150.
145. Williams MR, Hampton T, Pearce RK, Hirsch SR, Ansorge O, Thom M, Maier M (2012) Astrocyte decrease in the subgenual cingulate and callosal genu in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 263: 41-52.
146. Wong ML, Licinio J (2001) Research and treatment approaches to depression. Nat Rev Neurosci 2: 343-351.
147. Wray NR et al. (2010) Genome-wide association study of major depressive disorder: new results, meta-analysis, and lessons learned. Mol Psychiatry 17: 36-48.
148. Yuksel C, Ongur D (2010) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of glutamate-related abnormalities in mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 68: 785-794.
149. Zarate CA Jr., Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Luckenbaugh DA, Charney DS, Manji HK (2006) A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 856-864.
150. Zhang J, Narr KL, Woods RP, Phillips OR, Alger JR, Espinoza RT (2012) Glutamate normalization with ECT treatment response in major depression. Mol Psychiatry 18: 268-270.