Arsenic

Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 367-406

  Fowler, Bruce A ^a   Chou, Selene J ^a   Jones, Robert L ^b   Chen, C J ^c  

^a AGENCY FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND DISEASE REGISTRY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^c ACADEMIA SINICA   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882817826     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012369413-3/50074-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (565)

1. C.O. Abernathy, W. Marcus, C. Chen and al et (1989) Report on arsenic (As) workgroup meetings U.S. EPA: Memo to Peter Cook and Peter Preuss 2/23/89
2. B.M. Adair, E.E. Hudgens, M.T. Schmitt, et al. (2006) Environ. Res. 101(2), 204-213.
3. M.V. Aguilar and M.C. Martinez-Para (1997) Ann. Nutr. Metab. 41 189-195.
4. H. Ahsan, Y. Chen, F. Parvez, et al. (2006) Am. J. Epidemiol. 163(12), 1138-1148.
5. M.O. Andreae (1978) Deep Sea Res. 25 391-402.
6. H.V. Aposhian, A. Arroyo, M.E. Cebrian, et al. (1997) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282 180-192.
7. H.V. Aposhian, E.S. Gurzau, X.C. Le, et al. (2000) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13 693-697.
8. H.V. Aposhian, B. Zheng, M.M. Aposhian, et al. (2000) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165 74-83.
9. P. Apostoli, D. Bartoli, L. Alessio, et al. (1999) Occup. Environ. Med. 56 825-853.
10. L.L. Arnold, M. Eldan, M. van Gemert, et al. (2003) Toxicology 190 197-219.
11. A. Aschengrau, S. Zierler and A. Cohen (1989) Arch. Environ. Health 44 283-290.
12. ATSDR (2005) Toxicological Profile for Arsenic. Draft for public comment Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 29-182.
13. O. Axelson, E. Dahlgren, C.D. Jansson, et al. (1978) Br. J. Ind. Med. 55 8-15.
14. F. Ayala-Fierro and D.E. Carter (2000) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 60(1), 67-79.
15. H. Babich, N. Martin-Alguacil and E. Borenfreund (1989) Toxicol. Lett. 45 157-164.
16. P. Bagla and J. Kaiser (1996) Science 274 174-175.
17. E.L. Baker, C.G. Hayes, P.J. Landrigan, et al. (1977) Am. J. Epide-miol. 106 261-273.
18. J.A. Barnes, B.W. Collins, D.J. Dix, et al. (2002) Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40(4), 236-242.
19. M.N. Bates, O.A. Rey, M.L. Biggs, et al. (2004) Am. J. Epidemiol. 159(4), 381-389.
20. M.N. Bates, A.H. Smith and K.P. Cantor (1995) Am. J. Epidemiol. 141 525-530.
21. M.N. Bates, A.H. Smith and C. Hopenhayn-Rich (1992) Am. J. Epidemiol. 135 462-476.
22. D. Beauchemin, K.W.M. Siu, J.W. McLaren, et al. (1989) J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 4 285-289.
23. A.R. Beaudoin (1974) Teratology 10 153-158.
24. G. Beckman, L. Beckman and I. Nordenson (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 145-146.
25. V. Bencko and K. Symon (1969) J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immu-nol. 13 248-253.
26. V. Bencko and K. Symon (1970) Atmos. Environ. 4 157-161.
27. V. Bencko and K. Symon (1977) Environ. Res. 13 378-385.
28. V. Bencko, A. Dobisova and M. Macaj (1971) Atmos. Environ. 5 275-279.
29. V. Bencko, B. Benes and M. andCikrt (1976) Arch. Toxicol. 36 159-162.
30. V. Bencko, K. Symon, V. Chladek, et al. (1977) Environ. Res. 13 386-395.
31. L. Benramdane, M. Accominotti, L. Fanton, et al. (1999) Clin. Chem. 45 301-306.
32. M. Berg, H.C. Tran, T.C. Nguyen, et al. (2001) Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 2621-2626.
33. R.M. Bergoglio (1964) Prensa Med. Argent. 51 994-998.
34. F.R. Bettley and J.A. O'Shea (1975) Br. J. Dermatol. 92 563-568.
35. C. B'Hymer and J.A. Caruso (2004) J. Chromatogr. A 1045 1-13.
36. B.K. Biswas, R.K. Dhar, G. Samanta, et al. (1998) Curr. Sci. 74 134-145.
37. S. Biswas, G. Talukder and A. Sharma (1999) Mutat. Res. 441 155-160.
38. P.C. Blair, M.B. Thompson, M. Bechtold, et al. (1990) Toxicology 63(1), 25-34.
39. P.C. Blair, M.B. Thompson, R.E. Morrissey, et al. (1990) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14(4), 776-787.
40. H.P. Blejer and W. Wager (1976) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 271 179-186.
41. J.M. Borgono and R. Greiber (1972) D.D. Hemphill (Eds) Trace Substances in Environmental Health-V Columbia: University of Missouri Press 13-24.
42. J.M. Borgono, P. Vicent, H. Venturino, et al. (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 103-105.
43. M. Borzsonyi, A. Bereczky, P. Rudnai, et al. (1992) Arch. Toxicol. 66 77-78.
44. R.S. Braman (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 1-4.
45. R.S. Braman (1983) B.A. Fowler (Eds) Biological and Environmental Effects of Arsenic Vol. 6 Amsterdam: Elsevier 141-154.
46. R.S. Braman and C.C. Foreback (1973) Science 182 1247-1249.
47. W. Braun (1958) Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 83 870-872.
48. W.E Brooks (2003) U.S. Geological Survey minerals yearbook. USGS 7.1-7.4. tables 1-3
49. W.E. Brooks (2005) U.S. Geological Survey minerals yearbook. USGS 24-25.
50. C.C. Brown and K.C. Chu (1983) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 70 455-463.
51. D. Brune, G. Nordberg and P.O. Wester (1980) Sci. Total Environ. 16(1), 13-35.
52. D. Brune, K. Samsahl and P.O. Wester (1966) Clin. Chim. Acta 13 285-291.
53. J-P. Buchet, J.F. Heilier, A. Bernard, et al. (2003) Int. Arch. Occup. Env. Med. 76 111-120.
54. J.P. Buchet and R. Lauwerys (1985) Arch. Toxicol. 57 125-129.
55. J.P. Buchet and R. Lauwerys (1988) Biochem. Pharmacol. 37 3149-3153.
56. J.P. Buchet, R. Lauwerys and H. Roels (1980) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 46 11-29.
57. J.P. Buchet, R. Lauwerys and H. Roels (1981) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 48 71-79.
58. J.P. Buchet, R. Lauwerys and H. Roels (1981) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 48 111-118.
59. S. Budavari, M.J. O'Neil, A., Smith, et al. (Eds) (2001) The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals 13 th ed. Merck & Co., Inc. 440.
60. S. Budavari, M.J. O'Neil, A., Smith, et al. (Eds) (2001) The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals 13 th ed. Merck & Co., Inc. 462.
61. F.M.R. Bulmer, H.E. Rothwell, S.S. Polack, et al. (1940) Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 22 111-124.
62. J. Bustamente, L. Dock, M. Vahter, et al. (1997) Toxicology 118 129-136.
63. R.L. Calderon, E. Hudgens, C.X. Le, et al. (1999) Environ. Health Perspect. 107 663-667.
64. R.J. Cannon, J.S. Edmonds, K.A. Francesconi, et al. (1981) Aust. J. Chem. 34 787-798.
65. S.C. Carapella (1992) J.I. Kroschwitz, M. Howe-Grant (Eds) Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology New York, NY: John Wiley and Son 3.
66. S.C. Carapella (1992) J.I. Kroschwitz, M. Howe-Grant (Eds) Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology New York, NY: John Wiley and Son 624-633.
67. D.E. Carter, H.V. Aposhian and A.J. Gandolfi (2003) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 193(3), 309-334.
68. M.E. Cebrian, A. Albores, M. Aguilar, et al. (1983) Hum. Toxicol. 2 121-133.
69. F. Challenger (1945) Chem. Rev. 36 315-361.
70. F. Challenger (1951) Adv. Enzymol. 12 429-491.
71. W.C. Chang, S.H. Chen, H.L. Wu, et al. (1991) Toxicology 69(1), 101-110.
72. S.M. Charbonneau, K. Spencer, F. Bryce, et al. (1978) Bull. Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 20 470-477.
73. S.M. Charbonneau, G.K.H. Tarn, F. Bryce, et al. (1979) Toxicol. Lett. 3 107-113.
74. B. Chen, C.T. Burt, P.L. Goering, et al. (1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 139 228-234.
75. C.-J. Chen, C.W. Chen, M.-M. Wu, et al. (1992) Br. J. Cancer 66 888-892.
76. C.-J. Chen, H.-Y. Chiou, M.-H. Chiang, et al. (1996) Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16 504-510.
77. C.J. Chen, H.Y. Chiou, W.I. Huang, et al. (1997) C. O, Abernathy, R.L. Calderon, W.R. Chappell (Eds) Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects London: Chapman & Hall 124-134.
78. C.-J. Chen, Y.-C. Chuang, T.-M. Lin, et al. (1985) Cancer Res. 45 5895-5899.
79. C.-J. Chen, Y.-C. Chuang, S.L. You, et al. (1986) B. J. Cancer 53 399-405.
80. C.J. Chen, Y.M. Hsueh, H.Y. Chiou, et al. (1997) C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon, W.R. Chappell (Eds) Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects London: Chapman & Hall 232-242.
81. C.J. Chen, Y.M. Hsueh, M.S. Lai, et al. (1995) Hypertension 25 53-60.
82. C.-J. Chen, T.-L. Kuo and M.-M. Wu (1988) Lancet 414-415. (February 20
83. C.-J. Chen and C.-J. Wang (1990) Cancer Res. 50 5470-5474.
84. C.-J. Chen, M.-M. Wu, S.-S. Lee, et al. (1988) Arteriosclerosis 8 452-460.
85. C.L. Chen, L.I. Hsu, H.Y. Chiou, et al. (2004) JAMA 292 2984-2990.
86. Y.C. Chen, H.J. Su, Y.L. Guo, et al. (2003) Cancer Cause Control 14 303-331.
87. D.C. Chilvers and P.J. Peterson (1987) T.C. Hutchinson, K.M. Meema (Eds) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons 279-301.
88. H.Y. Chiou, S.T. Chiou, Y.H. Hsu, et al. (2001) Am. J. Epidemiol. 153 411-418.
89. H.-Y. Chiou, Y.-M. Hsueh, K.-F. Liaw, et al. (1995) Cancer Res. 55 1296-1300.
90. H.-Y. Chiou, W.-I. Huang, C.-L. Su, et al. (1997) Stroke 28 1717-1723.
91. J.S. Chung, D.A. Kalman, L.E. Moore, et al. (2002) Environ. Health Perspect. 110 729-733.
92. M. Cikrt, A. Mravcová, L Malátová, et al. (1988) J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 32 17-29.
93. G. Concha, B. Nermell and M. Vahter (1998) Environ. Health Per-spect. 106 355.
94. G.F. Concha, G. Vogler, B. Nermell, et al. (1998) Int. Arch. Occup Environ. Health 71 42-46.
95. G. Concha, G. Vogler, B. Nermell, et al. (2002) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 75 576-580.
96. E.A. Conner, H. Yamauchi, B.A. Fowler, et al. (1993) J. Exposure Analysis and Environ. Epidemiol. 3 431-440.
97. E.A. Conner, H. Yamauchi and B.A. Fowler (1995) Chem. Biol. Interact. 96 273-285.
98. R.V. Cooney, R.O. Mumma and A.A. Benson (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 4262-4264.
99. E.A. Crecelius (1977) Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18 227-230.
100. E.A. Crecelius (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 147-150.
101. I. Csanaky, B. Nemeit and Z. Gregus (2003) Toxicology 183(1–3), 77-91.
102. X. Cui, Y. Kobayashi, T. Hayakawa, et al. (2004) Toxicol. Sci. 82(2), 478-487.
103. X. Cui, T. Wakai, Y. Shirai, et al. (2006) Hum. Pathol. 37(3), 298-311.
104. W.R. Cullen (1998) J.F. Brunnett, M. Milolajczyk (Eds) Arsenic in the Environment The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers 123-12 4.
105. J. Cuzick, P. Sasieni and S. Evans (1992) Am. J. Epidemiol. 136 417-421.
106. R.L. Davison, D.F.S. Natusch, J.R. Wallace, et al. (1974) Environ. Sci. Technol. 8 1107-1113.
107. C. Demesmay, M. Olle, M. Porthault, et al. (1994) Anal. Chem. 348 205-210.
108. A. Diaz-Villasenor, M.C. Sanchez-Soto, M.E. Cebrian, et al. (2006) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 214(1), 30-34.
109. Z. Dong (2002) Environ. Health Perspect. 110 Suppl. 5 757-759.
110. Z. Drobna, S.B. Waters, V. Devesa, et al. (2005) Toxicol. Appl. Phar-macol. 207(2), 147-159.
111. W.H. Durum, J.D. Hem and S.G. Heidel (1971) Geological survey circular. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Interior 643.
112. J.S. Edmonds and K.A. Francesconi (1981) Mar. Pollut. Bull 12 92-94.
113. J.S. Edmonds and K.A. Francesconi (1981) Chemosphere 10 1041-1044.
114. J.S. Edmonds, K.A. Francesconi, J.T. Cannon, et al. (1977) Tetrahe-dron Lett. 18 1543-1546.
115. J.S. Edmonds, K.A. Francesconi, P.C. Healy, et al. (1982) Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 2989-2993.
116. T. Eichler, W. Ma, C. Kelly, et al. (2006) Toxicol. Sci. 90(2), 392-399.
117. T.E. Eichler, R.F. Randsom and W.E. Smoyer (2005) Toxicol. Sci. 84(1), 120-128.
118. H.B. Elkins (1959) The Chemistry of Industrial Toxicology. 2nd ed New York: John Wiley and Sons
119. M.J. Ellenhorn (1997) Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology. Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins 1538-1542.
120. R.E. Engel, C. Hopenhayn-Rich, O. Receveur, et al. (1994) Epide-miol. Rev. 16 184-209.
121. R.R. Engel and A.H. Smith (1994) Arch. Environ. Health 49 418-427.
122. P. Enterline and G. Marsh (1982) Am. J. Epidemiol. 116 895-911.
123. P.E. Enterline, V.L. Henderson and G.M. Marsh (1987) Am. J. Epidemiol. 125 929-938.
124. EPA. (1982). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. PB85221711. EPA440485005. 1.1-4.68
125. EPA (2001) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Fed. Regist. 66 6976-7066.
126. EPA (2005) Integrated Risk Information System. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0278.htm
127. EPA (2005) STORET data warehouse. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/storet/dwhome.html
128. EPA (2005) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technology Transfer Network National Air Toxics Assessment. Pollutant Specific Data Tables http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata/tablemis.html
129. B.V. Erry, M.R. Macnair, A.A. Meharg, et al. (1999) Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 63 567-574.
130. H. Falk, G.G. Caldwell, K.G. Ishak, et al. (1981) Am. J. Ind. Med. 2 43-50.
131. H. Falk, J.T. Herbert, L. Edmonds, et al. (1981) Cancer 47 382-391.
132. P. Farzaneh, A. Allameh, S. Pratt, et al. (2005) Altern. Lab. Anim. 33(2), 105-110.
133. K. Felix, S.K. Manna, K. Wise, et al. (2005) J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 19(2), 67-77.
134. J.F. Ferguson and J. Gavis (1972) Water Res. 6 1259-1274.
135. V.H. Ferm (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 215-217.
136. C. Ferreccio, C. Gonzalez, V. Milosavjlevic, et al. (1998) Cad. Saude. Publica. 14 193-198.
137. C. Ferreccio, C. Gonzalez, V. Milosavjlevic, et al. (2000) Epidemiol-ogy 11 673-679.
138. U. Fierz (1965) Dermatologica 131 41-58.
139. S.J. Flora, S. Bhadauria, S.C. Pant, et al. (2005) Life Sci. 77(18), 2324-2337.
140. S.J.S. Flora, S.N. Dube, R. Vijayaraghavan, et al. (1997) Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 58 197-208.
141. S.J.S. Flora, S.C. Pant, P.R. Malhotra, et al. (1997) Alcohol 14 563-568.
142. M.J. Focazio, A.H. Welch, S.A. Watkins, et al. (2000) Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4279 Reston, VA: USGS
143. K. Fong, F. Lee and R. Bockrath (1980) Mutat. Res. 70 151-156.
144. B.A. Fowler (Eds) (1983) Biological and Environmental Effects of Arsenic Vol. 6 Amsterdam: Elsevier 1-281.
145. B.A. Fowler, E.A. Conner and H. Yamauchi (2005) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 206 121-130.
146. B.A. Fowler, R.C. Fay, R.L. Walter, et al. (1975) Environ. Health Perspect. 12 71-76.
147. B.A. Fowler and K.R. Mahaffey (1978) Environ. Health Perspect. 25 87-90.
148. B.A. Fowler, M.P. Moorman, B. Adkins Jr., et al. (1989) Hazard Assessment and Control Technology in Semiconductor Manufacturing. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers 85-89.
149. B.A. Fowler and J.B. Weissberg (1974) N. Engl. J. Med. 291 1171-1174.
150. B.A. Fowler, M.H. Whittaker, M. Lipsky, et al. (2004) Biometals 17(5), 567-568.
151. B.A. Fowler and J.S. Woods (1979) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 50 177-187.
152. B.A. Fowler, J.S. Woods and C.M. Schiller (1979) Lab. Invest. 41 313-320.
153. M. Franklin, W.S. Bean and R.C. Harden (1950) Am. J. Med. Sci. 219 589-596.
154. A. Franzblau and R. Lilis (1989) Arch. Environ. Health 44 385-390.
155. Y. Fujino, X. Guo, J. Liu, et al. (2005) J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epide-miol. 15(2), 147-152.
156. S. Fulisawa, R. Ohno, K. Shigeno, et al. (2006) Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. (Aug 26 1806, Epub ahead of print)
157. S. Gabor and V. Coldea (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 107-108.
158. R.E. Gallagher (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. 339 1389-1391.
159. L.G. Garb and C.H. Hine (1977) J. Occup. Med. 19(8), 567-568.
160. J.R. Garbarino, A.J. Bednar, D.W. Rutherford, et al. (2003) Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 1509-1514.
161. G.G. Garcia-Vargas, R.L.M. Del Razo L.M., M.E. Cebrian, et al. (1994) Human Exp. Toxicol. 13 839-847.
162. G.G. Garcia-Vargas and A. Hernandez-Zavala (1996) Biomed. Chromatogr. 10 278-284.
163. R.E. Gerhard, E.A. Crecelius and J.B. Hudson (1980) Arch. Intern. Med. 140 211-213.
164. L. Gerhardsson, E. Dahlgren, A. Eriksson, et al. (1988) Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 14(2), 130-133.
165. T. Ghafghazi, J.W. Ridlington and B.A. Fowler (1980) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55 126-130.
166. O. Goldbaum and C. Richter-Landsberg (2001) J. Neurochem. 78(6), 1233-1242.
167. R.L. Goldfrank, N.E. Flomenbaum, N.A. Lewin, et al. (Eds) (1998) Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies 6 th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange 1261-1273.
168. Z. Gong, X. Lu, M. Ma, et al. (2002) Talanta 58 77-96.
169. M.E. Gonsebatt, L. Vega, R. Montero, et al. (1994) Mutat. Res. 313 293-299.
170. M.S. Gorby (1994) J.O. Nriagu (Eds) Advance in Environmental Science and Technology New York: John Wiley 1-16.
171. E. Gottschalg, N.E. Moore, A.K. Ryan, et al. (2006) Chem. Biol. Interact. 161(3), 251-261.
172. D.A. Grantham and J.F. Jones (1977) J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 69 653-657.
173. M.D.N. Guha Mazumder D.N. (1996) J. Indian Med. Assoc. 94 41-42.
174. M.D.N. Guha Mazumder D.N., A.K. Chakraborty, A. Ghose, et al. (1988) Bull. WHO 66 499-506.
175. M.D.N. Guha Mazumder D.N., U.C. Ghoshal, J. Saha, et al. (1998) Clin. Toxicol. 36 643-690.
176. M.D.N. Guha Mazumder D.N., R. Haque, N. Ghosh, et al. (1998) Int. J. Epidemiol. 27 871-877.
177. M.D.N. Guha Mazumder D.N., C. Steinmaus, P. Bhattacharya, et al. (2005) Epidemiology 16(6), 760-765.
178. H.R. Guo (2000) Environ. Geochem. Health 22 83-91.
179. H.R. Guo (2004) Cancer Causes Control 15 171-177.
180. X. Guo, Y. Fujino, S. Kaneko, et al. (2001) Mol. Cell Biochem. 222(1–2), 137-140.
181. X. Guo, Y. Fujino, X. Ye, et al. (2006) Int.J. Environ. Res. Public Health 3(3), 262-267.
182. L.M. Haddad and J.F. Winchester (1990) Clinical Management of Poisoning And Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA.: W.B. Saunders Company 1024-1028.
183. E. Hamamoto (1955) Nihon Iji Shinpo 1649 3-12. (In Japanese)
184. D.I. Hammer, J.F. Finklea, R.H. Hendrickson, et al. (1971) Am. J. Epidemiol. 93 84-92.
185. S.G. Han, V. Castranova and V. Vallyathan (2005) Mol. Cell. Bio-chem. 1–2 153-164.
186. J.M. Harrington, J.P. Middaugh, D.L. Morse, et al. (1978) Am. J. Epidemiol. 108 377-385.
187. R. Haque, D.N. Mazumder, S. Samanta, et al. (2003) Epidemiology 14 174-182.
188. K.M. Hatlelid, C. Brailsford and D.E. Carter (1996) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 9(47), 2.
189. K.M. Hatlelid, C. Brailsford and D.E. Carter (1996) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 9(47), 145-157.
190. K.M. Hatlelid and D.E. Carter (1997) J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 50(5), 463-474.
191. T. Hayakawa, Y. Kobayashi and X. Cui (2005) Arch. Toxicol. 79(4), 183-191.
192. H. Hayashi, M. Kanisawa, K. Yamanaka, et al. (1998) Cancer Lett. 125 82-88.
193. S.M. Healy, E.A. Casarez, F. Ayala-Fierro, et al. (1998) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 148 65-70.
194. Y. Henderson and H.W. Haggard (1943) Noxious Gases. New York: Reinholdt
195. K. Heydorn (1970) Clin. Chim. Acta 28 349-357.
196. A. Heyman, J.B. Pfeiffer Jr., R.W. Willett, et al. (1956) N. Engl. J. Med. 254 401-409.
197. I. Higgins, K. Welch, M. Oh, et al. (1981) Am. J. Ind. Med. 2 33-41.
198. A.B. Hill and E.L. Faning (1948) Br. J. Ind. Med. 5 1-6.
199. J.T. Hindmarsh (2002) Clin. Biochem. 35 1-11.
200. J.T. Hindmarsh, O.R. McLetchie, L.P.M. Heffernan, et al. (1977) J. Anal. Toxicol. 1 270-276.
201. S. Hirano, Y. Kobayashi, X. Cui, et al. (2004) Toxicol. Appl. Pharma-col. 198(3), 458-467.
202. A. Hisanaga (1982) Fukuoka Acta Med. 73 46-63.
203. R.B. Hogan and H. Eagle (1944) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 80 93-113.
204. W. Holak (1969) Anal. Chem. 41 1712-1713.
205. R.H. Holland, R.H. Wilson, A.R. Acevedo, et al. (1959) Acta Union Int. Contra Cancrum 15 608-611.
206. J.W. Hollard (1904) F. Peterson, W.S. Haines (Eds) A Textbook of Legal Medicine and Toxicology Phildelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company 207-247.
207. J.G. Hollins, S.M. Charbonneau, F. Bryce, et al. (1979) Toxicol. Lett. 4 7-13.
208. R.E. Holmberg and V.H. Ferm (1969) Arch. Environ. Health 18 873-877.
209. J.F. Holson, D.G. Stump, K.J. Clevidence, et al. (2000) Food Chem. Toxicol. 38 459-466.
210. J.F. Holson, D.G. Stump, C.E. Ulrich, et al. (1999) Toxicol. Sci. 51 87-97.
211. H.L. Hong, B.A. Fowler and G.A. Boorman (1989) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 97(1), 173-182.
212. R.D. Hood and S.L. Bishop (1972) Arch Environ. Health 24 62-65.
213. R.D. Hood, G.T. Thacker and B.L. Patterson (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 219-222.
214. C. Hopenhayn, B. Huang, J. Christian, et al. (2003) Environ. Health Perspect. 111 1888-1891.
215. C. Hopenhayn-Rich, M.L. Biggs, A. Fuchs, et al. (1996) Epidemiol-ogy 7 117-124.
216. C. Hopenhayn-Rich, M.L. Biggs and A.H. Smith (1998) Int. J. Epidemiol. 27 561-569.
217. N. Hotta (1989) Jpn. J. Constit. Med. 53 49-70.
218. T.C. Hour, Y.S. Pu, C.C. Lin, et al. (2006) Anticancer Res. 26(1A), 375-378.
219. Y.H. Hsu, S.Y. Li, H.Y. Chiou, et al. (1997) Mutat. Res. 386 241-251.
220. Y.M. Hsueh, G.S. Cheng, M.M. Wu, et al. (1995) Br. J. Cancer 71 109-114.
221. Y.-M. Hsueh, H.-Y. Chiou, Y.-L. Huang, et al. (1997) Cancer Epide-miol. Biomarkers Prev. 6 589-596.
222. Y.M. Hsueh, W. W.L. Huang Wu, et al. (1998) Atherosclerosis 141 249-257.
223. D.M. Hueber and J.D. Winefordner (1995) Anal. Chem. Acta 316 129-144.
224. M.F. Hughes, V. Devesa, B.M. Adair, et al. (2005) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2 186-197.
225. M.F. Hughes, E.M. Kenyon, B.C. Edwards, et al. (2003) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 191 202-210.
226. D.Q. Hung, O. Nekrassova and R.G. Compton (2004) Talanta 64 269-277.
227. F.T. Hunter, A.F. Kip and J.W. Irvine (1942) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 76 207-220.
228. IARC Monographs (1980) Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Some Metals and Metallic Compounds Vol. 23 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 438 pp
229. IARC Monographs , Supplement 4 (1982) Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Chemicals. Industrial Processes and Industries Associated with Cancer in Humans International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 292 pp.
230. IARC Monographs (2004) Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants, including Arsenic Vol. 84 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 512 pp
231. IARC Monographs (2006) Evaluation of the Carinogenic Risks to Humans: Cobalt in Hard Metals and Cobalt Sulfate, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide and Vanadium Pentoxide Vol. 86 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 330 pp
232. M.M. Ihrig, S.L. Shalat and C. Baynes (1998) Epidemiology 9 290-294.
233. T. Inamasu (1983) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 71 142-152.
234. T. Inamasu, A. Hisanaga and N. Ishinishi (1982) Toxicol. Lett. 12 1-5.
235. K.J. Irgolic, E.A. Woolson, R.A. Stockton, et al. (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 61-66.
236. N. Ishinishi, Y. Kodama, K. Nobutomo, et al. (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 121-125.
237. N. Ishinishi, A. Yamamoto, A. Hisanaga, et al. (1983) Cancer Lett. 21 141-147.
238. H. Ito, K. Okamoto and K. Kato (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1397(2), 223-230.
239. D. Jacobson-Kram and D. Montalbano (1985) Environ. Mutagen. 7 787-804.
240. L. Järup and G. Pershagen (1991) Am. J. Epidemiol. 134 545-551.
241. L. Järup, G. Pershagen and S. Wall (1989) Am. J. Ind. Med. 15 31-41.
242. C.F. Jelinek and P.E. Corneliussen (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 83-87.
243. G.E. Jensen and M.L. Hansen (1998) Analyst 123 77-80.
244. M.J. Jou, T.I. Peng, R.J. Reiter, et al. (2004) J. Pineal Res. 37(1), 55-70.
245. E. Jung (1971) Z. Haul. Geschlechtskr. 46 35-36.
246. E. Jung, B. Trachsel and H. Immich (1969) Ger. Med. Man. 14 614-616.
247. S.V. Kala, G. Kala and C.I. Prater (2004) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17(2), 243-249.
248. S. Karthiheyan and S. Hirata (2003) Anal. Lett. 36 2355-2366.
249. K. Kato, H. Ito and K. Okamoto (1997) Cell Stress Chaperones 2(3), 199-209.
250. K. Katsura (1958) Shikoku Igaku Zasshi 12 706-720.
251. Y. Kawakami (1967) Onsen Kagaku 17 58-82. (In Japanese)
252. G.L. Kedderis, A.R. Elmore, E.A. Crecelius, et al. (2006) Chem. Biol. Interact. 161(2), 139-145.
253. E.M. Kenyon, R.L.M. Del Razo L.M., M.F. Hughes, et al. (2005) Toxicol. Sci. 85(1), 468-475.
254. S. Khalil, J. Luciano, W. Chen, et al. (2006) J. Cell Physiol. 207(2), 562-569.
255. K.H. Kilburn (1997) C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon, W.R. Chappell (Eds) Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects London: Chapman & Hall 159-175.
256. M.D. Kipling and R. Fothergill (1964) Br. J. Ind. Med. 21 74-77.
257. Y. Kobayashi, X. Cui and S. Hirano (2005) Toxicology 211(1–2), 115-123.
258. Y. Kodama, N. Ishinishi, E. Kunitake, et al. (1976) G.F. Nordberg (Eds) Effects and Dose-Response Relationships of Toxic Metals Amsterdam: Elsevier 464-470.
259. T. Kraus, G. Quidenus and K.H. Schaller (2000) Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38 116-121.
260. K. Kreiss, M.M. Zack, P.J. Landrigan, et al. (1983) Arch. Environ. Health 38(2), 116-121.
261. H. Kreppel, F.X. Reichl, A. Kleine, et al. (1995) Fundam. Appl. Toxi-col. 26 245-293.
262. R. Kubota, T. Kunito, T. Agusa, et al. (2006) Environ. Monit. 8(2), 293-299.
263. T. Kuo (1968) Rep. Inst. Pathol. Natl Taiwan Univ. 20 7-13.
264. T.T. Kuo, S. Hu, S.K. Lo, et al. (1997) Hum. Pathol. 28(7), 786-790.
265. S. Kurosawa, K. Yasuda, M. Taguchi, et al. (1980) Agric. Biol. Chem. 44 1993-1994.
266. P. Kurttio, E. Pukkala, H. Kahelin, et al. (1999) Environ. Health Per-spect. 107 705-710.
267. B. Lagerkvist, H. Linderhold and G.F. Nordberg (1986) Environ. Res. 39 465-474.
268. B.J. Lagerkvist and B. Zetterlund (1994) Am.J. Ind. Med. 25 477-488.
269. M.S. Lai, Y.M. Hsueh, C.J. Chen, et al. (1994) Am. J. Epidemiol. 139 484-492.
270. H.K. Lam, K. Li, K.W. Chik, et al. (2005) Int. J. Oncol. 27(2), 537-545.
271. S. Landsberger and D. Wu (1995) Sci. Total Environ. 173 323-337.
272. T. Laskey, W. Sun, A. Kadry, et al. (2004) Environ. Health Perspect. 112 18-21.
273. A.T. Lau, Q-Y. He and J-F. Chiu (2004) Biochem. J. 382 641-650.
274. X.C. Le, X. Lu and S.-F. Li (2004) Anal. Chem. 76 27A-33A.
275. C. Lee, Y.M. Lee and R.H. Rice (2005) Chem. Biol. Interact. 155(1–2), 43-54.
276. A. Lee-Feldstein (1983) J. Natl Cancer Inst. 70 601-610.
277. A. Lee-Feldstein (1986) J. Occup. Med. 28 296-302.
278. Q.P.M. Le Quesne P.M. and J.G. McLeod (1977) J. Neurol. Sci. 32 437-451.
279. S. Lerman and T.W. Clarkson (1983) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 3 309-314.
280. S. Lerman, T.W. Clarkson and R.J. Gerson (1983) Chem. Biol. Interact. 45 401-406.
281. O.A. Levander (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 159-164.
282. C.Y. Li, J.S. Lee, Y.G. Ko, et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275(33), 25666-25671.
283. J. Li, S.B. Waters, Z. Drobna, et al. (2005) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 204(2), 164-169.
284. M. Li, J.F. Cai and J.F. Chiu (2002) J. Cell Biochem. 87(1), 29-38.
285. K. Liebscher and H. Smith (1968) Arch. Environ. Health 17 881-890.
286. C.J. Lin, M.H. Wu, Y.M. Hsueh, et al. (2005) Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 55(2), 170-178.
287. A. Lindgren, B.R.G. Danielsson, L. Demcker, et al. (1984) Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 54 311-320.
288. A. Lindgren, M. Vahter and L. Dencker (1982) Acta Pharmacol. Toxi-col. 51 253-265.
289. J. Liu, M.B. Kadiiska, Y. Liu, et al. (2001) Toxicol. Sci. 61 314-320.
290. L. Liu, J.R. Trimarchi, P. Navarro, et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278(34), 1804-1998.
291. S.X. Liu, M.M. Davidson, X. Tang, et al. (2005) Cancer Res. 65(8), 3236-3242.
292. C.A. Loffredo, H.V. Aposhian, M.E. Cebrian, et al. (2003) Environ. Res. 92 85-91.
293. G. Lofroth and B.N. Ames (1978) Mutat. Res. 53 65-66.
294. J.H. Lubin, L.M. Pottern, B.J. Stone, et al. (2000) Am. J. Epidemiol. 151 554-565.
295. H. Lüchtrath (1983) J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 105 173-182.
296. G. Lugo, G. Cassady and P. Palmisano (1969) Am. J. Dis. Child. 117 328-330.
297. G. Lunde (1973) Acta Chem. Scand. 27 1586-1594.
298. G. Lunde (1975) J. Sci. Food Agric. 26 1247-1255.
299. K.D. Lundgren (1954) Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. 3 66-82.
300. J.B. Luten, G. Riekwal-Booy and A. Rauchbaar (1982) Environ. Health Perspect. 45 165-167.
301. S. Lynn, J.R. Gurr, H.T. Lai, et al. (2000) Circ. Res. 86 514-519.
302. E.F. Madden, M. Akkerman and B.A. Fowler (2002) J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 16(1), 24-32.
303. E.F. Madden and B.A. Fowler (2000) Drug Chem. Toxicol. 23 1-12.
304. K.R. Mahaffey, S.G. Capar, B.C. Gladen, et al. (1981) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 98 463-481.
305. K.R. Mahaffey and B.A. Fowler (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 165-171.
306. P. Mahieu, J.P. Buchet, H.A. Roels, et al. (1981) Clin. Toxicol. 18(9), 1067-1975.
307. S. Maiti and A.K. Chatterjee (2001) Arch. Toxicol. 75(9), 531-537.
308. B.K. Mandal and K.T. Suzuki (2002) Talanta 58 201-235.
309. B.K. Mandal, Y. Ogra, K Anzai, et al. (2004) Toxicol. Appl. Pharma-col. 198 307-318.
310. B.K. Mandal, Y. Ogra and K.T. Suzuki (2001) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14 371-378.
311. B.K. Mandal, Y. Ogra and K.T. Suzki (2003) Toxicol. Appl. Phar-macol. 189 73-83.
312. R. Mappes (1977) Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 40 267-272.
313. E. Marafante, J. Rade and E. Sabbioni (1981) Clin. Toxicol. 18(11), 1335-1341.
314. E. Marafante, F. Bertolero, J. Edel, et al. (1982) Sci. Total Environ. 24 27-39.
315. E. Marafante and M. Vahter (1984) Chem. Biol. Interact. 50 49-57.
316. E. Marafante and M. Vahter (1987) Environ. Res. 42 72-82.
317. E. Marafante, M. Vahter and L. Dencker (1984) Sci. Total Environ. 34 223-240.
318. E. Marafante, M. Vahter, H. Norin, et al. (1987) J. Appl. Toxicol. 7 111-117.
319. W. Martindale (1977) A. Wade, J.E.F. Reynolds (Eds) The Extra Pharmacopoeia 27th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press 1721-1723.
320. Y. Maruyama, K. Komiya and T. Manri (1970) Radioisotopes 19 44-46.
321. M.J. Mass, A. Tennant, B.C. Roop, et al. (2001) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14(4), 355-361.
322. M. Matsui, C. Nishigori, S. Toyokuni, et al. (1999) J. Invest. Derma-tol. 113(1), 26-31.
323. B.C. McBride, H. Merilees, W.R. Cullen, et al. (1978) F.E. Brinckman, J. M., Bellama (Eds) Organometals and Organometalloids ACS Symposium Series 82 Washington, DC: American Chemical Society 94-115.
324. L.J. McCabe, J.M. Symons, R.D. Lee, et al. (1970) J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 62 670-687.
325. T.L. McFall, S. Richards and G. Mathews (1998) J. Spinal Cord Med. 21 142-147.
326. D.B. Menzel, M. Ross, S.V. Oddo, et al. (1994) Environ. Geochem. Health 16 209-218.
327. I. Merwin, P.T. Pruyne, J.G. Ebel, et al. (1994) Chemosphere 29 1361-1367.
328. A.H. Milton, W. Smith, B. Rahman, et al. (2005) Epidemiology 16(1), 82-86.
329. R.A. Mitchell, B.F. Chang, C.H. Huang, et al. (1971) Biochemistry 10(11), 2049-2054.
330. M. Mizoi, F. Takabayashi, M. Nakano, et al. (2005) Toxicol. Lett. 158(2), 87-94.
331. N. Mizuta, M. Mizuta, F. Ito, et al. (1956) Bull. Yamaguchi Med. Sch. 4 131-150.
332. L. Molin and P.O. Wester (1976) Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 36 679-682.
333. J.C. Moreira (1996) Sci. Total Environ. 188 S61-S71.
334. R.E. Morrissey, B.A. Fowler, M.W. Harris, et al. (1990) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 15(2), 350-356.
335. K.M. Morse and A.N. Setterlind (1950) Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 2 148-169.
336. W.E. Morton and G.A. Carson (1989) Am. J. Ind. Med. 15 1-5.
337. W.E. Morton and D.A. Dunnette (1994) J.O. Nriagu (Eds) Advances in Environmental Science and Technology New York: John Wiley 27.
338. W.E. Morton and D.A. Dunnette (1994) J.O. Nriagu (Eds) Advances in Environmental Science and Technology New York: John Wiley 17-34.
339. D.D. Mosser, A.W. Caron, L. Bourget, et al. (2000) Mol. Cell Biol. 20(19), 7146-7159.
340. R.C. Muehrcke and C.L. Pirani (1968) Ann. Intern. Med. 68 853-866.
341. S.C. Mukherjee, K.C. Saha, S. Pati, et al. (2005) Clin. Toxicol. 43(7), 835-848.
342. E. Munoz and S. Palmero (2005) Talanta 65 613-620.
343. I.C. Munro (1976) Clin. Toxicol. 9 647-663.
344. D.E. Muscarella and S.E. Bloom (2002) Toxicol. Sci. 68(1), 82-92.
345. D.J. Myers and J. Osteryoung (1973) Anal. Chem. 45 267-271.
346. H. Nakadaira, K. Endoh, M. Katagiri, et al. (2002) J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44 199-291.
347. T. Nakazato, H. Tao, T. Taniguchi, et al. (2002) Talanta 58 121-132.
348. U. Namgung and Z. Xia (2000) J. Neurosci. 20(17), 6442-6451.
349. M.D. Nemec, J.F. Holson, C.H. Farr, et al. (1998) Reprod. Toxicol. 12 647-658.
350. B. Nemeti and Z. Gregus (2005) Toxicol. Sci. 85(2), 847-858.
351. J.C. Ng, C.M. Qi and M.R. Moore (2002) Cell. Mol. Biol. 48 111-123.
352. J.C. Ng, J.P. Wang, B. Zheng, et al. (2005) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 206 176-184.
353. NIOSH. (1806a). website: www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7440382.html
354. NIOSH. (1806b). website: www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0222.html
355. H. Nishioka (1975) Mutat. Res. 31 185-189.
356. D.E. Nixon, K.R. Neubauer, S.J. Eckdahl, et al. (2004) Spectro-chimica Acta Part B 59 1377-1387.
357. I. Nordenson, A. Sweins and L. Beckman (1981) Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 7 277-281.
358. S. Nordstrom, L. Beckman and I. Nordenson (1979) Hereditas 90 291-296.
359. S. Nordstrom, L. Beckman and I. Nordenson (1979) Hereditas 90 297-302.
360. H. Norin and A. Christakopoulos (1982) Chemosphere 11 287-298.
361. H. Norin and M. Vahter (1981) Scand.J. Work Environ. Health 7 38-44.
362. S. Novakava (1969) Gig. Sanit. 34 81-85.
363. NRC (1999) Arsenic in Drinking Water. National Research Council Washington , DC: National Academy Press 310 pp.
364. NRC (2001) Arsenic in Drinking Water 1801 Update. National Research Council Washington, DC: National Academy Press 244 pp
365. U.O. Nriagu and T.-S. Lin (1995) Sci. Total Environ. 172 223-228.
366. NTP (1980) National Toxicology Program—technical report series no. 345 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. NTP-TR-345 1-198. NIH Pub no. 89-2800
367. O. Nygren, C.-A. Nilsson and R. Lindahl (1992) Ann. Occup. Hyg. 36 509-517.
368. J.A. Offergelt, H. Roels, J.P. Buchet, et al. (1992) Br. J. Ind. Med. 49 387-393.
369. M.G. Ott, B.B. Holder and H.L. Gordon (1974) Arch. Environ. Health 29 250-255.
370. J.M. Pacyna (1987) T.C. Hutchinson, K.M. Meema (Eds) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons 297-298.
371. A.D. Papaconstantinou, K.M. Brown, B.T. Noren, et al. (2003) Birth Defects Res. B. Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. 68(6), 456-464.
372. F.A. Patty (1962) Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, John Wiley and Sons
373. E.D. Pellizzari and C.A. Clayton (2006) Environ. Health Perspect. 114 220-227.
374. W.R. Penrose, H.B.S. Conacher, R. Black, et al. (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 53-59.
375. G. Pershagen (1978) Proceedings of an International Symposium on the Control of Air Pollution in the Working Environment. Stockholm Geneva: International Labour Office 370-387. 6–8 September 1977
376. G. Pershagen (1985) Am. J. Epidemiol. 22 684-694.
377. G. Pershagen and N.-E. Bjorklund (1985) Cancer Lett. 21 99-104.
378. G. Pershagen, C.G. Elinder and A.M. Bolinder (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 133-137.
379. G. Pershagen, B. Lind and N.E. Bjorklund (1982) Environ. Res. 29 425-434.
380. G. Pershagen, G. Nordberg and N.E. Bjorklund (1984) Environ. Res. 34 227-241.
381. G. Pershagen, S. Wall, A. Taube, et al. (1981) Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 7 302-309.
382. H.A. Peters, W.A. Crost, E.A. Woolson, et al. (1984) JAMA 251 2393-2396.
383. R.A. Peters (1955) Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 97 1-20.
384. R.G. Peterson and B.H. Rumack (1977) J. Pediatr. 9 661-666.
385. J. Petres, D. Baron and M. Hagedorn (1977) Environ. Health Per-spect. 19 223-227.
386. J. Pi, Y. He, C. Bortner, et al. (2005) Int. J. Cancer 116(1), 20-26.
387. S.S. Pinto, P.E. Enterline, V. Henderson, et al. (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 127-130.
388. S.S. Pinto, V. Henderson and P.E. Enterline (1978) Arch. Environ. Health 33 325-331.
389. S.S. Pinto and C.M. McGill (1953) Ind. Med. Surg. 22 281-287.
390. S.S. Pinto, M.O. Varner, K.W. Nelson, et al. (1976) J. Occup. Med. 18 677-680.
391. L. Polissar, K. Lowry-Coble, D.A. Kalman, et al. (1990) Environ. Res. 53 29-47.
392. C. Pomroy, S.M. Charbonneau, R.S. McCullough, et al. (1980) Toxi-col. Appl. Pharmacol. 53(3), 550-556.
393. R.F. Prier, P.O. Nees and P.H. Derse (1963) Toxicol. Appl. Pharma-col. 5 526-542.
394. A. Raab and J. Feldmann (2005) Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381 332-338.
395. L.T. Rael, F. Ayala-Fierro and D.E. Carter (2000) Toxicol. Sci. 55(2), 468-477.
396. M. Rahman and O. Axelson (1995) Occup. Environ. Med. 52 773-774.
397. M. Rahman, M. Tondel, S.A. Ahmad, et al. (1998) Am. J. Epidemiol. 148 198-203.
398. M. Rahman, M. Tondel, S.A. Ahmad, et al. (1999) Hypertension 33 74-78.
399. M. Rahman, M. Tondel, I.A. Chowdhury, et al. (1999) Occup. Envi-ron. Med. 56 277-281.
400. M. Rahman, G. Wingren and O. Axelson (1996) Scand. J. Work En-viron. Health 22 146-149.
401. K. Ramanathan, M. Anusuyadevi, S. Shila, et al. (2005) Toxicol. Lett. 156(2), 297-306.
402. O. Ramos, L. Carrizales, L. Yanez, et al. (1995) Environ. Health Per-spect. 103 suppl 85-88.
403. R.N. Ratnaike (2003) Postgrad. Med. J. 79 391-396.
404. P.P. Reay and C.J. Asher (1977) Anal. Biochem. 78 557-560.
405. D.J. Reed (2001) Curr. Protocols. Toxicol. 6 601-608.
406. F.N. Robertson (1989) Environ. Geochem. Health 11 171-185.
407. M. Rose, M. Knaggs, L. Owen, et al. (2001) J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16 1101-1106.
408. G.J. Rosenthal, M.M. Fort, D.R. Germolec, et al. (1989) Toxicology 1 113-127.
409. M.R. Rossi, S. Somji, S.H. Garrett, et al. (2002) Environ. Health Perspect. 110 1225-1232.
410. T.G. Rossman, M.S. Meyn and W. Troll (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 229-233.
411. T.G. Rossman, D. Stone, M. Molina, et al. (1980) Environ. Mutagen. 2 371-379.
412. P. Rossner, B. Binkova Jr. and R.J. Sram (2003) Mutat. Res. 542(1–2), 105-116.
413. I.R. Rowland and M.J. Davies (1982) J. Appl. Toxicol. 2 294-299.
414. G. Sagner (1973) Schriftenr. Ver. Wasser Boden Lufthyg. 40 189-208.
415. E.B. Sandell (1959) Colorimetric Determination of Trace Metals. 3rd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers 1032 pp
416. J.G. Sanders, G.F. Riedel and R.W. Osman (1994) J.O. Nriagu (Eds) Arsenic in the Environment. Part I New York: John Wiley and Sons 289-308.
417. H.S. Satterlee (1956) N. Engl. J. Med. 254 1149-1154.
418. C.M. Schiller, R. Walden and B.A. Fowler (1981) Biochem. Phar-macol. 30 168-170.
419. R.A. Schoof, J. Eickhoff, L.J. Yost, et al. (1999) Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects. W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderaon (Eds) Elsevier Science 81-88.
420. R.A. Schoof, L.J. Yost, K. Crecelius, et al. (1998) Hum. Ecol. Risk. Assess. 4 117-135.
421. R.A. Schoof, L.J. Yost, J. Eickhoff, et al. (1999) Food Chem.Toxicol. 37 839-846.
422. H.H. Schrenk and L. Schreibeis Jr. (1958) Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 19 225-228.
423. L.C. See (2000) Doctoral Thesis Taipei, Taiwan.: National Taiwan University
424. B. Sen, A. Wang, S.D. Hester, et al. (2005) Toxicology 215(3), 214-226.
425. J.W. Sheehy and J.H. Jones (1993) Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 54 61-69.
426. J. Shen, H. Wanibuchi, E.I. Salim, et al. (2003) Toxicol. Appl. Phar-macol. 193 335-345.
427. J. Shen, H. Wanibuchi, M.P. Waalkes, et al. (2006) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 210(3), 171-180.
428. M.C. Shen, W.P. Tseng and C.S. Chen (1983) J. Formosan Med. Assoc. 82 816-821.
429. Z.X. Shen, G.Q. Chen, J.H. Ni, et al. (1997) Blood 89 3354-3360.
430. B.S. Sheppard, J.A. Caruso, D.T. Heitkemper, et al. (1992) Analyst 117 971-975.
431. M. Shimizu, J.F. Hochadel, B.A. Fulmer, et al. (1998) Toxicol. Sci. 45(2), 204-211.
432. K. Shinjo, A. Takeshita, N. Sahara, et al. (2005) Intern. Med. 44(8), 818-824.
433. U. Siripitayakunkit, P. Visudhiphan, M. Pradipasen, et al. (1999) W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy, R.L. Calderon (Eds) Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects Amsterdam: Elsevier Science 141-149.
434. A.H. Smith, M. Goycolea, R. Haque, et al. (1998) Am. J. Epidemiol. 147 660-669.
435. A.H. Smith, G. Marshall, Y. Yuan, et al. (2006) Environ. Health Per-spect. 114 1293-1296.
436. C.J. Smith, S.D. Livingston and D.J. Doolittle (1997) Food Chem. Toxicol. 35 1107-1130.
437. R.S. Smith, R.B. Alexander and M.G. Wolman (1987) Science 235 1607-1615.
438. T.J. Smith, E.A. Crecelius and J.C. Reading (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 89-93.
439. A. Somogyi and H. Beck (1993) Environ. Health Perspect. 101 45-52.
440. Southwick, J. W., Western, A. E., Beck, M. M., et al (1981). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Research Laboratory, EPA600181064. PB82108374.
441. J.W. Southwick, A.E. Western and M.M. Beck (1983) W. Lederer, R. Fensternheim (Eds) Arsenic: Industrial, Biomedical, Environmental Perspectives New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 210-225.
442. A. Stanhill, V. Levin, A. Hendel, et al. (2006) Oncogene 25(10), 1485-1495.
443. C. Steinmaus, M.N. Bates, Y. Yuan, et al. (2006) J. Occup. Environ. Med. 48(5), 478-488.
444. C. Steinmaus, K. Carrigan, D. Kalman, et al. (2005) Environ. Health Perspect. 113(9), 1153-1159.
445. C. Steinmaus, Y. Yuan, D. Kalman, et al. (2005) Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14(4), 919-924.
446. J.R. Stevens, L.L. Hall, J.D. Farmer, et al. (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 151-157.
447. D.G. Stump, J.F. Holson, T.L. Fleeman, et al. (1999) Teratology 60 283-291.
448. M. Styblo and D.J. Thomas (1995) Biochem. Pharma. 49(7), 971-977.
449. M. Styblo and D.J. Thomas (2001) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 172 52-61.
450. K. Sumino, K. Hayakawa, T. Shibata, et al. (1975) Arch. Environ. Health 30 487-494.
451. K.T. Suzuki, B.K. Mandal and Y. Ogra (2002) Talanta 58 111-119.
452. K.T. Suzuki, T. Tomita, Y. Ogra, et al. (2001) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14(12), 1604-1611.
453. Tabacova, S., Baird, D. D., Balabaeva, L., et al (1994). 15(8), 873-881.
454. K. Takahashi (1974) Investigation of Chronic Arsenic Poisoning. Japan Public Health Association (In Japanese)
455. K. Takahashi, H. Yamauchi, N. Yamato, et al. (1988) Appl. Orga-nomet. Chem. 2 309-314.
456. G.K. Tam, S.M. Charbonneau, F. Bryce, et al. (1978) Anal. Biochem. 86 505-511.
457. G.K. Tam, S.M. Charbonneau, F. Bryce, et al. (1979) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 50 319-322.
458. G.K. Tam, S.M. Charbonneau, F. Bryce, et al. (1982) Bull. Environ. Cotam. Toxicol. 28 669-673.
459. S.D. Tanner, V.I. Baranov and U. Volkopf (2000) J. Anal. At. Spec-trom. 15 1261-1269.
460. A. Taylor, S. Branch, T.J. Halls, et al. (2004) J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19 505-556.
461. D.C. Thomas and A.S. Whittemore (1988) Am. J. Ind. Med. 13 131-147.
462. X. Tian, X. Ma, D. Qiao, et al. (2005) Mol. Cell Biochem. 277(1–2), 33-42.
463. J.E. Tintinalli, E. Ruiz and R.L. Krone (Eds) (1996) Emergency Medicine. A Comprehensive Study New York, NY.: American College of Emergency Physicians. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
464. M. Tondel, M. Rahman, A. Magnuson, et al. (1999) Environ. Health Perspect. 107 727-729.
465. A.T. Townsend (1999) Fresenius J. Analytical Chem. 364 521-526.
466. S.M. Tsai, T.N. Wang and Y.C. Ko (1999) Arch. Environ. Health 54 186-193.
467. C.H. Tseng (2004) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 197(2), 67-83.
468. C.H. Tseng, C.C. Chong, C.J. Chen, et al. (1995) Atherosclerosis 120 125-133.
469. C.H. Tseng, C.K. Chong and C.J. Chen (1995) Int. J. Microcirc. 15 21-27.
470. C.H. Tseng, T.Y. Tai, C.K. Chong, et al. (2000) Environ. Health Perspect. 108 847-885.
471. C.H. Tseng, C.P. Tseng and H.Y. Chiou (2002) Toxicol. Lett. 133(1), 69-76.
472. M.P. Tseng (1999) Master's Thesis Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University
473. W.P. Tseng (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 109-119.
474. W.P. Tseng, W.Y. Chen, J.L. Sung, et al. (1961) Memoirs College Med. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 7 1-17.
475. W.P. Tseng, H.M. Chu, S.W. How, et al. (1968) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 40 453-463.
476. T.C. Tsou, F.Y. Tsai, Y.W. Hsieh, et al. (2005) Toxicol. Appl. Pharma-col. 208(3), 277-284.
477. T. Tsuda, A. Babazono, E. Yamamoto, et al. (1995) Am. J. Epidemiol. 141 198-209.
478. T. Uchino, T. Roychowdhury, M. Ando, et al. (2006) Food Chem. Toxicol. 44 455-461.
479. M. Vahter (1981) Environ. Res. 25 286-293.
480. M. Vahter (1994) Arsenic Exposure and Health. W.R. Chappell, C.O. Abernathy, C.R. Calderon (Eds) Northwood: Science and Technology Letters 171-180.
481. M. Vahter, G. Concha, B. Nemell, et al. (1995) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 293 455-462.
482. M. Vahter and J. Envall (1983) Environ. Res. 32 14-24.
483. M. Vahter, L. Friberg, B. Rahnster, et al. (1986) Int. Arch. Occup. En-viron. Health 57 79-91.
484. M. Vahter and E. Marafante (1983) Chem. Biol. Interact. 47 29-44.
485. M. Vahter and E. Marafante (1985) Arch. Toxicol. 57 119-124.
486. M. Vahter, E. Marafante and L. Dencker (1983) Sci. Total Environ. 30 197-211.
487. M. Vahter, E. Marafante and L. Dencker (1984) Arch. Environ. Con-tam. Toxicol. 13 259-264.
488. M. Vahter, E. Marafante, A. Lindgren, et al. (1982) Arch. Toxicol. 51 65-77.
489. M. Vahter and H. Norin (1980) Environ. Res. 21 446-457.
490. J.L. Valentine, L.S. Reisbord, H.K. Kang, et al. (1985) Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals. Slough, UK: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux 289-294.
491. O.L. Valenzuela, V.H. Borja-Aburto, G.G. Garcia-Vargas, et al. (2005) Environ. Health Perspect. 113(3), 250-254.
492. B.L. Vallee, D.D. Uliner and W.E.C. Wacker (1960) AMA Arch. Ind. Health 21 132-151.
493. B. Vantroyen, J.F. Heilier, A. Meulemans, et al. (2004) J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 42 889-895.
494. V. Vasak and V. Sedivec (1952) Chem. Listy 46 341-344.
495. V. Vondracek (1963) Cesk. Hyg. 8 333-339.
496. O.S. vonEhrenstein, M.D.N. Guha Mazumder D.N., Y. Yuan, et al. (2005) Am. J. Epidemiol. 162 533-541.
497. M.P. Waalkes, J. Liu, J.M. Ward, et al. (2004) Toxicology 198(1–2), 31-38.
498. L.M. Walsh, M.E. Sumner and D.R. Keeney (1977) Environ. Health Perspect. 19 67-71.
499. R.L. Walter, R.D. Willis, W.F. Gutknecht, et al. (1974) Anal. Chem. 46 843-855.
500. F.S. Walton, S.B. Waters, S.L. Jolley, et al. (2003) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16 261-265.
501. C.H. Wang (2003) Doctoral thesis Taipei, Taiwan.: National Taiwan University
502. C.H. Wang, J.S. Jeng, P.K. Yip, et al. (2002) Circulation 105 1804-1809.
503. J.D. Wang, H.L. Yang and H.Y. Wu (1985) Blackfoot Dis. Res. Re-port 23 30-46.
504. L.F. Wang and J.Z. Huang (1994) Advance in Environmental Science and Technology. J.O. Nriagu (Eds) John Wiley 159-172.
505. S.L. Wang, J.M. Chiou, C.J. Chen, et al. (2003) Environ. Health Perspect. 111 155-159.
506. Z.Y. Wang (2001) Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 48 S72-S76.
507. G.A. Wasserman, F. Parvez, H. Ahsan, et al. (2004) Environ. Health Perspect. 112 1329-1333.
508. S.B. Waters, V. Devesa, M.W. Fricke, et al. (2004) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17(12), 1621-1629.
509. R.M. Watrous and M.B. McCaughey (1945) Ind. Med. 14 639-646.
510. D.R. Webb, I.G. Sipes and D.E. Carter (1984) Toxicol. Appl. Phar-macol. 76 96-104.
511. J.L. Webb (1966) Enzyme and Metabolic Inhibitors. New York: Academic Press 595-793.
512. K.H. Wedepohl (1991) E. Merian (Eds) Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment New York, NY: VCH 3-17.
513. M. Wei, H. Wanibuchi, K. Morimura, et al. (2002) Carcinogenesis 23 1387-1397.
514. M. Wei, H. Wanibuchi, S. Yamamoto, et al. (1999) Carcinogenesis 20 1873-1876.
515. A.H. Welch, M.S. Lico and J.L. Hughes (1988) Ground Water 26 333-347.
516. K. Welch, I. Higgins, M. Oh, et al. (1982) Arch. Environ. Health 37 325-335.
517. W. Wen, T. Lieu, H. Chang, et al. (1981) Hum. Genet. 59 201-203.
518. P.H. Wendt, D.R.F. Van Dolah R.F., M.Y. Bobo, et al. (1996) Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 24-37.
519. R.C. Wester, H.I. Maibach, L. Sedik, et al. (1993) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 20 336-340.
520. D.D. Westhoff, R.J. Samaha and A. Barnes Jr. (1975) Blood 45 241-246.
521. ^ WHO (1981) Environmental Health Criteria, Arsenic. Geneva: World Health Organization 1-174.
522. WHO (2001) Environmental Health Criteria, 224, Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds. 2 nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization 385-392.
523. G. Wickstrom (1972) Work Environ. Health 9 2-8.
524. J.B. Wijeweera, A.J. Gandolfi, A. Parrish, et al. (2001) Toxicol. Sci. 61(2), 283-294.
525. W.O. Winkler (1962) J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 45 80-91.
526. S.L. Winski, D.S. Barber, L.T. Rael, et al. (1997) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 38(2), 123-128.
527. T.C. Wood, O.E. Salavaggione, B. Mukherjee, et al. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281(11), 7364-7373.
528. J.S. Woods and B.A. Fowler (1978) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 43 361-371.
529. M.M. Wu, T.L. Kuo, Y.H. Hwang, et al. (1989) Am. J. Epidemiol. 130 1123-1132.
530. W. Wu, L.M. Graves, I. Jaspers, et al. (1999) Am. J. Physiol. 277 L924-L931.
531. W. Wu, I. Jaspers, W. Zhang, et al. (2002) Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 282(5), L1040-L1048.
532. C.J. Wyatt, C. Fimbres, L. Romo, et al. (1998) Environ. Res. 76 114-119.
533. C.J. Wyatt, Q.V. Lopez Quiroga V., R.T. Acosta, et al. (1998) Environ Res. 78 19-24.
534. J.A. Yaglom, D. Ekhterae, V.L. Gabai, et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278(50), 50483-950486.
535. N. Yamashita, M. Doi, M. Nishio, et al. (1972) Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 27 364-399. (EPA translation No. TR108-74)
536. H. Yamauchi, T. Kaise, K. Takahashi, et al. (1990) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14(2), 399-407.
537. H. Yamauchi, K. Takahashi and Y. Yamamura (1986) Toxicoogy 240 237-246.
538. H. Yamauchi, K. Takahashi and Y. Yamamura (1989) Toxicol. Envi-ron. Chem. 22 69-76.
539. H. Yamauchi, K. Takahashi, Y. Yamamura, et al. (1992) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 116 240-247.
540. H. Yamauchi and Y. Yamamura (1979) Ind. Health 17 79-83.
541. H. Yamauchi and Y. Yamamura (1979) Jpn. J. Ind. Health 21 47-54.
542. H. Yamauchi and Y. Yamamura (1984) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 74(1), 134-140.
543. H. Yamauchi and Y. Yamamura (1985) Toxicology 34 113-121.
544. H. Yamauchi, N. Yamato and Y. Yamamura (1988) Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 40 280-286.
545. H. Yamauchi, T. Yoshida, H. Aikawa, et al. (1998) The Toxicologist 42 321.
546. S. Yeh (1963) Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 10 81-107.
547. S. Yeh and S.W. How (1963) Rep. Inst. Pathol. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 14 25-73.
548. K. Yoshida, K. Kuroda, Y. Inoue, et al. (2001) Appl. Organomet. Chem. 15 539-547.
549. H.S. Yu, W.T. Liao and C.Y. Chai (2006) J. Biomed. Sci. (Epub).
550. R.C. Yu, K.H. Hsu, C.J. Chen, et al. (2000) Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9 1259-1262.
551. M. Yukawa, M. Suzaki-Yasumoto, K. Amaho, et al. (1980) Arch. Environ. Health 35 36-44.
552. R.A. Zakharyan, G. Tsaprailis, U.K. Chowdhury, et al. (2005) Chem.Res. Toxicol. 18(8), 1287-1295.
553. R.A. Zakharyan, E. Wildfang and H.V. Aposhian (1996) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 140 77-84.
554. R. Zaldívar (1974) Beitr. Pathol. 151 384-400.
555. R. Zaldivar (1977) Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Hyg. 164 481-484.
556. R. Zaldivar (1980) Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. I, Orig. Reihe B 170 44-56.
557. R. Zaldivar, L. Prunes and G.L. Ghai (1981) Arch. Toxicol. 47 145-154.
558. T.C. Zhang, M.T. Schmitt and J.L. Mumford (2003) Carcinogenesis 24(11), 1811-1817.
559. Y. Zhang, E.H. Cao, X.Q. Liang, et al. (2003) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 474(2–3), 141-147.
560. P.Z. Zheng, K.K. Wang, Q.Y. Zhang, et al. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 7653-7658. 21
561. Y. Zheng, J. Wu, J.C. Ng, et al. (2002) Toxicol. Lett. 133 77-82.
562. Y. Zheng, H. Yamaguchi, C. Tian, et al. (2005) Oncogene 24(20), 3339-3347.
563. S. Zierler, M. Theodore and A. Cohen (1988) Int. J. Epidemiol. 17 589-594.
564. K.M. Zierold, L. Knobeloch and H. Anderson (2004) Am. J. Public Health 94 1936-1937.
565. B.C.J. Zoeteman and F.J.J. Brinkmann (1976) W. Amavis, W.J. Hunter, J.G.P.M. Smeets (Eds) Hardness of Drinking Water and Public Health Oxford: Pergamon Press 173-202.