Mechanisms of Nitrite Reduction in Ischemia in the Cardiovascular System

Nitric Oxide

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 555-586

  Webb, Andrew ^a   Ahluwalia, Amrita ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882537064     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-373866-0.00017-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (181)

1. Abadeh S., Case P.C., Harrison R. Demonstration of xanthine oxidase in human heart. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1992, 20:346S.
2. Abadeh S., Case P.C., Harrison R. Purification of xanthine oxidase from human heart. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1993, 21:99S.
3. Abu-Soud H.M., Ichimori K., Presta A., Stuehr D.J. Electron transfer, oxygen binding, and nitric oxide feedback inhibition in endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:17349-17357.
4. Aktan B., Taysi S., Gumustekin K., Bakan N., Sutbeyaz Y. Evaluation of oxidative stress in erythrocytes of guinea pigs with experimental otitis media and effusion. Ann. Clin. Lab Sci. 2003, 33:232-236.
5. Baker J.E., Su J., Fu X., Hsu A., Gross G.J., Tweddell J.S., Hogg N. Nitrite confers protection against myocardial infarction: Role of xanthine oxidoreductase, NADPH oxidase and KATP channels. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 2007, 43:437-444.
6. Basireddy M., Isbell T.S., Teng X., Patel R.P., Agarwal A. Effects of sodium nitrite on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2006, 290:F779-F786.
7. Basu S., Grubina R., Huang J., Conradie J., Huang Z., Jeffers A., Jiang A., He X., Azarov I., Seibert R., Mehta A., Patel R., King S.B., Hogg N., Ghosh A., Gladwin M.T., Kim-Shapiro D.B. Catalytic generation of N2O3 by the concerted nitrite reductase and anhydrase activity of hemoglobin. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2007, 3:785-794.
8. Beckman J.S., Parks D.A., Pearson J.D., Marshall P.A., Freeman B.A. A sensitive fluorometric assay for measuring xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase in tissues. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1989, 6:607-615.
9. Beier S., Classen H.G., Loeffler K., Schumacher E., Thoni H. Antihypertensive effect of oral nitrite uptake in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Arzneimittelforschung 1995, 45:258-261.
10. Benjamin N., O'Driscoll F., Dougall H., Duncan C., Smith L., Golden M., McKenzie H. Stomach NO synthesis. Nature 1994, 368:502.
11. Beretta M., Sottler A., Schmidt K., Mayer B., Gorren A.C.F. Partially irreversible inactivation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by nitroglycerin. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:30735-30744.
12. Berry C.E., Hare J.M. Xanthine oxidoreductase and cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. J. Physiol. 2004, 555:589-606.
13. Bjelakovic G., Nikolova D., Gluud L.L., Simonetti R.G., Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007, 297:842-857.
14. Bolli R., Becker L., Gross G., Mentzer R., Balshaw D., Lathrop D.A. Myocardial protection at a crossroads: the need for translation into clinical therapy. Circ. Res. 2004, 95:125-134.
15. Brahmajothi M.V., Campbell D.L. Heterogeneous basal expression of nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase isoforms in mammalian heart: implications for mechanisms governing indirect and direct nitric oxide-related effects. Circ. Res. 1999, 85:575-587.
16. Bryan N.S., Calvert J.W., Elrod J.W., Gundewar S., Ji S.Y., Lefer D.J. Dietary nitrite supplementation protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:19144-19149.
17. Bryan N.S., Fernandez B.O., Bauer S.M., Garcia-Saura M.F., Milsom A.B., Rassaf T., Maloney R.E., Bharti A., Rodriguez J., Feelisch M. Nitrite is a signaling molecule and regulator of gene expression in mammalian tissues. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2005, 1:290-297.
18. Bryan N.S., Rassaf T., Maloney R.E., Rodriguez C.M., Saijo F., Rodriguez J.R., Feelisch M. Cellular targets and mechanisms of nitros(yl)ation: an insight into their nature and kinetics in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:4308-4313.
19. Burger I.H., Walters C.L. Interaction of nitrite with mammalian mitochondrial cytochromes. Biochem. J. 1971, 123:9P.
20. Carlsson S., Wiklund N.P., Engstrand L., Weitzberg E., Lundberg J.O.N. Effects of pH, nitrite, and ascorbic acid on nonenzymatic nitric oxide generation and bacterial growth in urine. Nitric Oxide 2001, 5:580-586.
21. Carr G.J., Page M.D., Ferguson S.J. The energy-conserving nitric-oxide-reductase system in Paracoccus denitrificans. Distinction from the nitrite reductase that catalyses synthesis of nitric oxide and evidence from trapping experiments for nitric oxide as a free intermediate during denitrification. Eur. J. Biochem. 1989, 179:683-692.
22. Castello P.R., David P.S., McClure T., Crook Z., Poyton R.O. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase produces nitric oxide under hypoxic conditions: Implications for oxygen sensing and hypoxic signaling in eukaryotes. Cell Metab 2006, 3:277-287.
23. Chen L.Y., Mehta J.L. Evidence for the presence of L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in human red blood cells: relevance in the effects of red blood cells on platelet function. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1998, 32:57-61.
24. Chen Z., Foster M.W., Zhang J., Mao L., Rockman H.A., Kawamoto T., Kitagawa K., Nakayama K.I., Hess D.T., Stamler J.S. An essential role for mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in nitroglycerin bioactivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:12159-12164.
25. Chen Z., Zhang J., Stamler J.S. Identification of the enzymatic mechanism of nitroglycerin bioactivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:8306-8311.
26. Classen H.G., Stein-Hammer C., Thoni H. Hypothesis: the effect of oral nitrite on blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Does dietary nitrate mitigate hypertension after conversion to nitrite?. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 1990, 9:500-502.
27. Correa P., Haenszel W., Cuello C., Tannenbaum S., Archer M. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet 1975, 306:58-60.
28. Cosby K., Partovi K.S., Crawford J.H., Patel R.P., Reiter C.D., Martyr S., Yang B.K., Waclawiw M.A., Zalos G., Xu X., Huang K.T., Shields H., Kim-Shapiro D.B., Schechter A.N., Cannon R.O., Gladwin M.T. Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation. Nat. Med. 2003, 9:1498-1505.
29. Dalsgaard T., Simonsen U., Fago A. Nitrite-dependent vasodilation is facilitated by hypoxia and is independent of known NO-generating nitrite reductase activities. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007, 292:H3072-H3078.
30. DeBari V.A., Frank O., Baker H., Needle M.A. Water soluble vitamins in granulocytes, erythrocytes, and plasma obtained from chronic hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1984, 39:410-415.
31. Dejam A., Hunter C.J., Pelletier M.M., Hsu L.L., Machado R.F., Shiva S., Power G.G., Kelm M., Gladwin M.T., Schechter A.N. Erythrocytes are the major intravascular storage sites of nitrite in human blood. Blood 2005, 106:734-739.
32. Dejam A., Hunter C.J., Tremonti C., Pluta R.M., Hon Y.Y., Grimes G., Partovi K., Pelletier M.M., Oldfield E.H., Cannon R.O., Schechter A.N., Gladwin M.T. Nitrite infusion in humans and nonhuman primates. Endocrine effects, pharmacokinetics, and tolerance formation. Circulation 2007, 116:1821-1831.
33. Deliconstantinos G., Villiotou V., Stavrides J.C., Salemes N., Gogas J. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite production by human erythrocytes: a causative factor of toxic anemia in breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 1995, 15:1435-1446.
34. Dhariwal K.R., Hartzell W.O., Levine M. Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid measurements in human plasma and serum. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991, 54:712-716.
35. DiFabio J., Ji Y., Vasiliou V., Thatcher G.R.J., Bennett B.M. Role of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in nitrate tolerance. Mol. Pharmacol. 2003, 64:1109-1116.
36. Duncan C., Dougall H., Johnston P., Green S., Brogan R., Leifert C., Smith L., Golden M., Benjamin N. Chemical generation of nitric oxide in the mouth from the enterosalivary circulation of dietary nitrate. Nat. Med. 1995, 1:546-551.
37. Durak I., Aytac B., Atmaca Y., Devrim E., Avci A., Erol C., Oral D. Effects of garlic extract consumption on plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters in atherosclerotic patients. Life Sci. 2004, 75:1959-1966.
38. Duranski M.R., Elrod J.W., Calvert J.W., Bryan N.S., Feelisch M., Lefer D.J. Genetic overexpression of eNOS attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006, 291:H2980-H2986.
39. Duranski M.R., Greer J.J., Dejam A., Jaganmohan S., Hogg N., Langston W., Patel R.P., Yet S.F., Wang X., Kevil C.G., Gladwin M.T., Lefer D.J. Cytoprotective effects of nitrite during in vivo ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and liver. J. Clin. Invest. 2005, 115:1232-1240.
40. Duthu G.S., Shertzer H.G. Effect of nitrite on rabbit liver mixed-function oxidase activity. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1979, 7:263-269.
41. Elrod J.W., Calvert J.W., Gundewar S., Bryan N.S., Lefer D.J. Nitric oxide promotes distant organ protection: Evidence for an endocrine role of nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:11430-11435.
42. Enroth C., Eger B.T., Okamoto K., Nishino T., Nishino T., Pai E.F. Crystal structures of bovine milk xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase: structure-based mechanism of conversion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:10723-10728.
43. Feelisch M., Fernandez B.O., Bryan N.S., Garcia-Saura M.F., Bauer S., Whitlock D.R., Ford P.C., Janero D.R., Rodriguez J., Ashrafian H. Tissue processing of nitrite in hypoxia: an intricate interplay of nitric oxide-generating and -scavenging systems. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:33927-33934.
44. Friedl H.P., Smith D.J., Till G.O., Thomson P.D., Louis D.S., Ward P.A. Ischemia-reperfusion in humans. Appearance of xanthine oxidase activity. Am. J. Pathol. 1990, 136:491-495.
45. Furchgott R.F. The pharmacology of vascular smooth muscle. Pharmacol. Rev. 1955, 7:183-265.
46. Furchgott R.F., Bhadrakom S. Reactions of strips of rabbit aorta to epinephrine, isopropylarterenol, sodium nitrite and other drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1953, 108:129-143.
47. Galvan A., Ferníndez E. Eukaryotic nitrate and nitrite transporters. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2001, 58:225-233.
48. Gautier C., van Faassen E., Mikula I., Martasek P., Slama-Schwok A. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase reduces nitrite anions to NO under anoxia. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2006, 341:816-821.
49. Gautier C., Mikula I., Nioche P., Martasek P., Raman C.S., Slama-Schwok A. Dynamics of NO rebinding to the heme domain of NO synthase-like proteins from bacterial pathogens. Nitric Oxide 2006, 15:312-327.
50. Giraldez R.R., Panda A., Xia Y., Sanders S.P., Zweier J.L. Decreased nitric-oxide synthase activity causes impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in the postischemic heart. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:21420-21426.
51. Giustarini D., Milzani A., Colombo R., Dalle-Donne I., Rossi R. Nitric oxide, S-nitrosothiols and hemoglobin: is methodology the key? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2004, 25:311-316.
52. Gladwin M.T., Shelhamer J.H., Schechter A.N., Pease-Fye M.E., Waclawiw M.A., Panza J.A., Ognibene F.P., Cannon R.O. Role of circulating nitrite and S-nitrosohemoglobin in the regulation of regional blood flow in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:11482-11487.
53. Godber B.L., Doel J.J., Sapkota G.P., Blake D.R., Stevens C.R., Eisenthal R., Harrison R. Reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide catalyzed by xanthine oxidoreductase. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:7757-7763.
54. Gokce N., Keaney J.F., Frei B., Holbrook M., Olesiak M., Zachariah B.J., Leeuwenburgh C., Heinecke J.W., Vita J.A. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1999, 99:3234-3240.
55. Gonzalez F.M., Shiva S., Vincent P.S., Ringwood L.A., Hsu L.Y., Hon Y.Y., Aletras A.H., Cannon R.O., Gladwin M.T., Arai A.E. Nitrite anion provides potent cytoprotective and antiapoptotic effects as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2008, 117:2986-2994.
56. Granger D.N., Hollwarth M.E., Parks D.A. Ischemia-reperfusion injury: role of oxygen-derived free radicals. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 1986, 548:47-63.
57. Grau M., Hendgen-Cotta U.B., Brouzos P., Drexhage C., Rassaf T., Lauer T., Dejam A., Kelm M., Kleinbongard P. Recent methodological advances in the analysis of nitrite in the human circulation: nitrite as a biochemical parameter of the L-arginine/NO pathway. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2007, 851:106-123.
58. Grum C.M., Ragsdale R.A., Ketai L.H., Shlafer M. Absence of xanthine oxidase or xanthine dehydrogenase in the rabbit myocardium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1986, 141:1104-1108.
59. Guzik T.J., Sadowski J., Guzik B., Jopek A., Kapelak B., Przybylowski P., Wierzbicki K., Korbut R., Harrison D.G., Channon K.M. Coronary artery superoxide production and nox isoform expression in human coronary artery disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2006, 26:333-339.
60. Haas M., Classen H.G., Thoni H., Classen U.G., Drescher B. Persistent antihypertensive effect of oral nitrite supplied up to one year via the drinking water in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arzneimittelforschung 1999, 49:318-323.
61. Harrison R. Structure and function of xanthine oxidoreductase: where are we now? Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2002, 33:774-797.
62. Hassoun P.M., Yu F.S., Shedd A.L., Zulueta J.J., Thannickal V.J., Lanzillo J.J., Fanburg B.L. Regulation of endothelial cell xanthine dehydrogenase xanthine oxidase gene expression by oxygen tension. Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 266:L163-L171.
63. Hendgen-Cotta U.B., Merx M.W., Shiva S., Schmitz J., Becher S., Klare J.P., Steinhoff H.J., Goedecke A., Schrader J., Gladwin M.T., Kelm M., Rassaf T. Nitrite reductase activity of myoglobin regulates respiration and cellular viability in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:10256-10261.
64. Henry Y., Bessieres P. Denitrification and nitrite reduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrite-reductase. Biochimie 1984, 66:259-289.
65. Hille R., Nishino T. Flavoprotein structure and mechanism. 4. Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase. FASEB J. 1995, 9:995-1003.
66. Ignarro L.J. Nitric oxide: A novel signal transduction mechanism for transcellular communication. Hypertension 1990, 16:477-483.
67. Ignarro L.J., Gruetter C.A. Requirement of thiols for activation of coronary arterial guanylate cyclase by glyceryl trinitrate and sodium nitrite: possible involvement of S-nitrosothiols. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1980, 631:221-231.
68. Ignarro L.J., Lippton H., Edwards J.C., Baricos W.H., Hyman A.L., Kadowitz P.J., Gruetter C.A. Mechanism of vascular smooth muscle relaxation by organic nitrates, nitrites, nitroprusside and nitric oxide: evidence for the involvement of S-nitrosothiols as active intermediates. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1981, 218:739-749.
69. Jansson P.J., Jung H.R., Lindqvist C., Nordstrom T. Oxidative decomposition of vitamin C in drinking water. Free Radic. Res. 2004, 38:855-860.
70. Jarasch E.D., Bruder G., Heid H.W. Significance of xanthine oxidase in capillary endothelial cells. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 1986, 548:39-46.
71. Jarasch E.D., Grund C., Bruder G., Heid H.W., Keenan T.W., Franke W.W. Localization of xanthine oxidase in mammary-gland epithelium and capillary endothelium. Cell 1981, 25:67-82.
72. Jensen F.B. Nitrite transport into pig erythrocytes and its potential biological role. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2005, 184:243-251.
73. Jia L., Bonaventura C., Bonaventura J., Stamler J.S. S-nitroshaemoglobin: a dynamic activity of blood involved in vascular control. Nature 1996, 380:221-226.
74. Jourd'Heuil D., Hallen K., Feelisch M., Grisham M.B. Dynamic state of S-nitrosothiols in human plasma and whole blood. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000, 28:409-417.
75. Jung K.H., Chu K., Ko S.Y., Lee S.T., Sinn D.I., Park D.K., Kim J.M., Song E.C., Kim M., Roh J.K. Early intravenous infusion of sodium nitrite protects brain against in vivo ischemia-reperfusion injury. Stroke 2006, 37:2744-2750.
76. Kaynar H., Meral M., Turhan H., Keles M., Celik G., Akcay F. Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activities, total glutathione, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes of patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 2005, 227:133-139.
77. Kayyali U.S., Donaldson C., Huang H., Abdelnour R., Hassoun P.M. Phosphorylation of xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase in hypoxia. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:14359-14365.
78. Kelley E.E., Hock T., Khoo N.K.H., Richardson G.R., Johnson K.K., Powell P.C., Giles G.I., Agarwal A., Lancaster J., Tarpey M.M. Moderate hypoxia induces xanthine oxidoreductase activity in arterial endothelial cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2006, 40:952-959.
79. Kleinbongard P., Dejam A., Lauer T., Rassaf T., Schindler A., Picker O., Scheeren T., Godecke A., Schrader J., Schulz R., Heusch G., Schaub G.A., Bryan N.S., Feelisch M., Kelm M. Plasma nitrite reflects constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity in mammals. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2003, 35:790-796.
80. Kleinbongard P., Schulz R., Rassaf T., Lauer T., Dejam A., Jax T., Kumara I., Gharini P., Kabanova S., Ozuyaman B., Schnurch H.G., Godecke A., Weber A.A., Robenek M., Robenek H., Bloch W., Rosen P., Kelm M. Red blood cells express a functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Blood 2006, 107:2943-2951.
81. Klocke R., Mani A.R., Moore K.P., Blake D.R., Mapp P.I. Inactivation of xanthine oxidoreductase is associated with increased joint swelling and nitrotyrosine formation in acute antigen-induced arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2005, 23:345-350.
82. Kollau A., Beretta M., Gorren A.C.F., Russwurm M., Koesling D., Schmidt K., Mayer B. Bioactivation of nitroglycerin by ascorbate. Mol. Pharmacol. 2007, 72:191-196.
83. Kollau A., Hofer A., Russwurm M., Koesling D., Keung W.M., Schmidt K., Brunner F., Mayer B. Contribution of aldehyde dehydrogenase to mitochondrial bioactivation of nitroglycerin: evidence for the activation of purified soluble guanylate cyclase through direct formation of nitric oxide. Biochem. J. 2005, 385:769-777.
84. Kooij A., Schijns M., Frederiks W.M., Van Noorden C.J., James J. Distribution of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in human tissues-a histochemical and biochemical study. Virchows Arch., B, Cell Pathol. 1992, 63:17-23.
85. Kooij A., Schiller H.J., Schijns M., Van Noorden C.J., Frederiks W.M. Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase into xanthine oxidase in rat liver and plasma at the onset of reperfusion after ischemia. Hepatology 1994, 19:1488-1495.
86. Kopacz M., Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E., Beresewicz A. Reperfusion arrhythmias and purine wash-out in isolated rat and rabbit heart. Effect of allopurinol, dimethylthiourea and calcium reduction. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 1993, 25:859-874.
87. Kozlov A.V., Staniek K., Nohl H. Nitrite reductase activity is a novel function of mammalian mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 1999, 454:127-130.
88. Lang J.D., Teng X., Chumley P., Crawford J.H., Isbell T.S., Chacko B.K., Liu Y., Jhala N., Crowe D.R., Smith A.B., Cross R.C., Frenette L., Kelley E.E., Wilhite D.W., Hall C.R., Page G.P., Fallon M.B., Bynon J.S., Eckhoff D.E., Patel R.P. Inhaled NO accelerates restoration of liver function in adults following orthotopic liver transplantation. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117:2583-2591.
89. Lanzillo J.J., Yu F.S., Stevens J., Hassoun P.M. Determination of xanthine dehydrogenase mRNA by a reverse transcription-coupled competitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay: regulation in rat endothelial cells by hypoxia and hyperoxia. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1996, 335:377-380.
90. Larsen F.J., Ekblom B., Sahlin K., Lundberg J.O., Weitzberg E. Effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure in healthy volunteers. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355:2792-2793.
91. Lauer T., Preik M., Rassaf T., Strauer B.E., Deussen A., Feelisch M., Kelm M. Plasma nitrite rather than nitrate reflects regional endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity but lacks intrinsic vasodilator action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:12814-12819.
92. Li H., Cui H., Kundu T.K., Alzawahra W., Zweier J.L. Nitric oxide production from nitrite occurs primarily in tissues not in the blood: critical role of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:17855-17863.
93. Li H., Liu X., Cui H., Chen Y.R., Cardounel A.J., Zweier J.L. Characterization of the mechanism of cytochrome P450 reductase-cytochrome P450-mediated nitric oxide and nitrosothiol generation from organic nitrates. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:12546-12554.
94. Li H., Samouilov A., Liu X., Zweier J.L. Characterization of the magnitude and kinetics of xanthine oxidase-catalyzed nitrite reduction. Evaluation of its role in nitric oxide generation in anoxic tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:24482-24489.
95. Li H., Samouilov A., Liu X., Zweier J.L. Characterization of the effects of oxygen on xanthine oxidase-mediated nitric oxide formation. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:16939-16946.
96. Liao J.C., Hein W., Vaughn M.W., Huang K.T., Kuo L. Intravascular flow decreases erythrocyte consumption of nitric oxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:8757-8761.
97. Linder N., Rapola J., Raivio K.O. Cellular expression of xanthine oxidoreductase protein in normal human tissues. Lab. Invest. 1999, 79:967-974.
98. Liu X., Yan Q., Baskerville K.L., Zweier J.L. Estimation of nitric oxide concentration in blood for different rates of generation. Evidence that intravascular nitric oxide levels are too low to exert physiological effects. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:8831-8836.
99. Lundberg J.O., Govoni M. Inorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2004, 37:395-400.
100. Lundberg J.O., Weitzberg E., Lundberg J.M., Alving K. Intragastric nitric oxide production in humans: measurements in expelled air. Gut 1994, 35:1543-1546.
101. Mackenzie I.S., Maki-Petaja K.M., McEniery C.M., Bao Y.P., Wallace S.M., Cheriyan J., Monteith S., Brown M.J., Wilkinson I.B. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 plays a role in the bioactivation of nitroglycerin in humans. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2005, 25:1891-1895.
102. Maher A.R., Milsom A.B., Gunaruwan P., Abozguia K., Ahmed I., Weaver R.A., Thomas P., Ashrafian H., Born G.V., James P.E., Frenneaux M.P. Hypoxic modulation of exogenous nitrite-induced vasodilation in humans. Circulation 2008, 117:670-677.
103. May J.M. How does ascorbic acid prevent endothelial dysfunction? Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000, 28:1421-1429.
104. May J.M., Qu Z.C., Xia L., Cobb C.E. Nitrite uptake and metabolism and oxidant stress in human erythrocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2000, 279:C1946-C1954.
105. McMahon T.J., Moon R.E., Luschinger B.P., Carraway M.S., Stone A.E., Stolp B.W., Gow A.J., Pawloski J.R., Watke P., Singel D.J., Piantadosi C.A., Stamler J.S. Nitric oxide in the human respiratory cycle. Nat. Med. 2002, 8:711-717.
106. McNulty P.H., Scott S., Kehoe V., Kozak M., Sinoway L.I., Li J. Nitrite consumption in ischemic rat heart catalyzed by distinct blood-borne and tissue factors. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2008, 295:H2143-H2148.
107. Meyer D.J. Interaction of cytochrome oxidases aa3 and d with nitrite. Nat. New Biol. 1973, 245:276-277.
108. Meyer D.J. Enzymatic/non-enzymatic formation of nitric oxide. Nat. Med. 1995, 1:1103-1104.
109. Mikula, I., Durocher, S., Martasek, P., Mutus, B., Slama-Schwok, A., 2008. Isoform-specific differences in the nitrite reductase activity of nitric oxide synthases under hypoxia. Biochem. J.
110. Millar T.M., Stevens C.R., Benjamin N., Eisenthal R., Harrison R., Blake D.R. Xanthine oxidoreductase catalyses the reduction of nitrates and nitrite to nitric oxide under hypoxic conditions. FEBS Lett. 1998, 427:225-228.
111. Modin A., Bjorne H., Herulf M., Alving K., Weitzberg E., Lundberg J.O. Nitrite-derived nitric oxide: a possible mediator of 'acidic-metabolic' vasodilation. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2001, 171:9-16.
112. Moshage H., Kok B., Huizenga J.R., Jansen P.L. Nitrite and nitrate determinations in plasma: a critical evaluation. Clin. Chem. 1995, 41:892-896.
113. Nagasaka Y., Fernandez B.O., Garcia-Saura M.F., Petersen B., Ichinose F., Bloch K.D., Feelisch M., Zapol W.M. Brief periods of nitric oxide inhalation protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Anesthesiology 2008, 109:675-682.
114. Nakayama H., Akiyama S., Inagaki M., Gotoh Y., Oguchi K. Dehydroascorbic acid and oxidative stress in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2001, 16:574-579.
115. Nielsen V.G., Weinbroum A., Tan S., Samuelson P.N., Gelman S., Parks D.A. Xanthine oxidoreductase release after descending thoracic aorta occlusion and reperfusion in rabbits. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1994, 107:1222-1227.
116. Nohl H., Staniek K., Sobhian B., Bahrami S., Redl H., Kozlov A.V. Mitochondria recycle nitrite back to the bioregulator nitric monoxide. Acta Biochim. Pol. 2000, 47:913-921.
117. Okamoto K., Nishino T. Mechanism of inhibition of xanthine oxidase with a new tight binding inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:7816-7821.
118. Pannala A.S., Mani A.R., Spencer J.P., Skinner V., Bruckdorfer K.R., Moore K.P., Rice-Evans C.A. The effect of dietary nitrate on salivary, plasma, and urinary nitrate metabolism in humans. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2003, 34:576-584.
119. Parks D.A., Williams T.K., Beckman J.S. Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in ischemic rat intestine: a reevaluation. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 1988, 254:G768-G774.
120. Pawloski J.R., Hess D.T., Stamler J.S. Export by red blood cells of nitric oxide bioactivity. Nature 2001, 409:622-626.
121. Pelletier M.M., Kleinbongard P., Ringwood L., Hito R., Hunter C.J., Schechter A.N., Gladwin M.T., Dejam A. The measurement of blood and plasma nitrite by chemiluminescence: Pitfalls and solutions. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2006, 41:541-548.
122. Petersen A., Stoltze S. Nitrate and nitrite in vegetables on the Danish market: content and intake. Food Addit. Contam 1999, 16:291-299.
123. Pfeffer K.D., Huecksteadt T.P., Hoidal J.R. Xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase activity and gene expression in renal epithelial cells. Cytokine and steroid regulation. J. Immunol. 1994, 153:1789-1797.
124. Raikhman L.M., Annaev B.B. [Nature of the free-radical states in microsomes]. Biofizika 1971, 16:1135-1137.
125. Ramirez R.J.J., Hubel C.A., Novak J., DiCianno J.R., Kagan V.E., Gandley R.E. Moderate ascorbate deficiency increases myogenic tone of arteries from pregnant but not virgin ascorbate-dependent rats. Hypertension 2006, 47:454-460.
126. Rassaf T., Bryan N.S., Maloney R.E., Specian V., Kelm M., Kalyanaraman B., Rodriguez J., Feelisch M. NO adducts in mammalian red blood cells: too much or too little?. Nat Med 2003, 9:481-482.
127. Rassaf T., Preik M., Kleinbongard P., Lauer T., Heiss C., Strauer B.E., Feelisch M., Kelm M. Evidence for in vivo transport of bioactive nitric oxide in human plasma. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, 109:1241-1248.
128. Robinson J.M., Lancaster J.R. Hemoglobin-mediated, hypoxia-induced vasodilation via nitric oxide: mechanism(s) and physiologic versus pathophysiologic relevance. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 2005, 32:257-261.
129. Rocks S.A., Davies C.A., Hicks S.L., Webb A.J., Klocke R., Timmins G.S., Johnston A., Jawad A.S., Blake D.R., Benjamin N., Winyard P.G. Measurement of S-nitrosothiols in extracellular fluids from healthy human volunteers and rheumatoid arthritis patients, using electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2005, 39:937-948.
130. Rodriguez J., Maloney R.E., Rassaf T., Bryan N.S., Feelisch M. Chemical nature of nitric oxide storage forms in rat vascular tissue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:336-341.
131. Rouquette M., Page S., Bryant R., Benboubetra M., Stevens C.R., Blake D.R., Whish W.D., Harrison R., Tosh D. Xanthine oxidoreductase is asymmetrically localized on the outer surface of human endothelial and epithelial cells in culture. FEBS Lett. 1998, 426:397-401.
132. Saito T., Nishino T. Differences in redox and kinetic properties between NAD-dependent and O2-dependent types of rat liver xanthine dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264:10015-10022.
133. Santolini J., Adak S., Curran C.M., Stuehr D.J. A kinetic simulation model that describes catalysis and regulation in nitric-oxide synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:1233-1243.
134. Sarnesto A., Linder N., Raivio K.O. Organ distribution and molecular forms of human xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase protein. Lab. Invest. 1996, 74:48-56.
135. Saskela M., Lapatto R., Raivio K.O. Xanthine oxidoreductase gene expression and enzyme activity in developing human tissues. Biol. Neonate 1998, 74:274-280.
136. Schorah C.J., Downing C., Piripitsi A., Gallivan L., Al Hazaa A.H., Sanderson M.J., Bodenham A. Total vitamin C, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid concentrations in plasma of critically ill patients. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996, 63:760-765.
137. Shamma'a M.H., Nasrallah S.M., al Khalidi U.A. Serum xanthine oxidase. An experience with 2000 patients. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 1973, 18:15-22.
138. Shingles R., Roh M.H., McCarty R.E. Direct measurement of nitrite transport across erythrocyte membrane vesicles using the fluorescent probe, 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl) quinolinium. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 1997, 29:611-616.
139. Shiva S., Sack M.N., Greer J.J., Duranski M., Ringwood L.A., Burwell L., Wang X., MacArthur P.H., Shoja A., Raghavachari N., Calvert J.W., Brookes P.S., Lefer D.J., Gladwin M.T. Nitrite augments tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury via the modulation of mitochondrial electron transfer. J. Exp. Med. 2007, 204:2089-2102.
140. Sibmooh N., Piknova B., Rizzatti F., Schechter A.N. Oxidation of iron-nitrosyl-hemoglobin by dehydroascorbic acid releases nitric oxide to form nitrite in human erythrocytes. Biochemistry 2008, 47:2989-2996.
141. Sinha S.S., Shiva S., Gladwin M.T. Myocardial protection by nitrite: evidence that this reperfusion therapeutic will not be lost in translation. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2008, 18:163-172.
142. Slama-Schwok A., Negrerie M., Berka V., Lambry J.C., Tsai A.L., Vos M.H., Martin J.L. Nitric oxide (NO) traffic in endothelial NO synthase. evidence for a new NO binding site dependent on tetrahydrobiopterin?. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:7581-7586.
143. Spiegelhalder B., Eisenbrand G., Preussmann R. Influence of dietary nitrate on nitrite content of human saliva: possible relevance to in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1976, 14:545-548.
144. Spiekermann S., Landmesser U., Dikalov S., Bredt M., Gamez G., Tatge H., Reepschlager N., Hornig B., Drexler H., Harrison D.G. Electron spin resonance characterization of vascular xanthine and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in patients with coronary artery disease: relation to endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Circulation 2003, 107:1383-1389.
145. Stamler J.S., Jaraki O., Osborne J., Simon D.I., Keaney J., Vita J., Singel D., Valeri C.R., Loscalzo J. Nitric oxide circulates in mammalian plasma primarily as an S-nitroso adduct of serum albumin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:7674-7677.
146. Stamler J.S., Jia L., Eu J.P., McMahon T.J., Demchenko I.T., Bonaventura J., Gernert K., Piantadosi C.A. Blood flow regulation by S-nitrosohemoglobin in the physiological oxygen gradient. Science 1997, 276:2034-2037.
147. Stuehr D.J., Santolini J., Wang Z.Q., Wei C.C., Adak S. Update on mechanism and catalytic regulation in the NO synthases. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:36167-36170.
148. Sureda A., Batle J.M., Tauler P., Ferrer M.D., Tur J.A., Pons A. Vitamin C supplementation influences the antioxidant response and nitric oxide handling of erythrocytes and lymphocytes to diving apnea. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 60:838-846.
149. Sydow K., Daiber A., Oelze M., Chen Z., August M., Wendt M., Ullrich V., Mulsch A., Schulz E., Keaney J.F., Stamler J.S., Munzel T. Central role of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and reactive oxygen species in nitroglycerin tolerance and cross-tolerance. J. Clin. Invest. 2004, 113:482-489.
150. Takimoto Y., Aoyama T., Keyamura R., Shinoda E., Hattori R., Yui Y., Sasayama S. Differential expression of three types of nitric oxide synthase in both infarcted and non-infarcted left ventricles after myocardial infarction in the rat. Int. J. Cardiol. 2000, 76:135-145.
151. Tan S., Gelman S., Wheat J.K., Parks D.A. Circulating xanthine oxidase in human ischemia reperfusion. South. Med. J. 1995, 88:479-482.
152. Terada L.S., Dormish J.J., Shanley P.F., Leff J.A., Anderson B.O., Repine J.E. Circulating xanthine oxidase mediates lung neutrophil sequestration after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Am. J. Physiol. 1992, 263:L394-L401.
153. Terao M., Kurosaki M., Demontis S., Zanotta S., Garattini E. Isolation and characterization of the human aldehyde oxidase gene: conservation of intron/exon boundaries with the xanthine oxidoreductase gene indicates a
154. Terao M., Kurosaki M., Zanotta S., Garattini E. The xanthine oxidoreductase gene: structure and regulation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1997, 25:791-796.
155. Timkovich R., Dhesi R., Martinkus K.J., Robinson M.K., Rea T.M. Isolation of Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome cd1: Comparative kinetics with other nitrite reductases. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1982, 215:47-58.
156. Tiravanti E., Samouilov A., Zweier J.L. Nitrosyl-heme complexes are formed in the ischemic heart: evidence of nitrite-derived nitric oxide formation, storage, and signaling in post-ischemic tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:11065-11073.
157. Trepanier L.A., Yoder A.R., Bajad S., Beckwith M.D., Bellehumeur J.L., Graziano F.M. Plasma ascorbate deficiency is associated with impaired reduction of sulfamethoxazole-nitroso in HIV infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2004, 36:1041-1050.
158. Tripatara P., Patel N.S., Webb A., Rathod K., Lecomte F.M., Mazzon E., Cuzzocrea S., Yaqoob M.M., Ahluwalia A., Thiemermann C. Nitrite-derived nitric oxide protects the rat kidney against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo: role for xanthine oxidoreductase. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007, 18:570-580.
159. Tsikas D. Analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids by assays based on the Griess reaction: appraisal of the Griess reaction in the L-arginine/nitric oxide area of research. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2007, 851:51-70.
160. Vanin A.F., Bevers L.M., Slama-Schwok A., van Faassen E.E. Nitric oxide synthase reduces nitrite to NO under anoxia. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2007, 64:96-103.
161. Venturini C.M., Palmer R.M.J., Moncada S. Vascular smooth muscle contains a depletable store of a vasodilator which is light-activated and restored by donors of nitric oxide. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1993, 266:1497-1500.
162. Walters C.L., Taylor A.M. Nitrite metabolism by muscle in vitro. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1964, 86:448-458.
163. Walters C.L., Taylor A.M. The reduction of nitrite by skeletal-muscle mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1965, 96:522-524.
164. Wann J.G., Lin C.S., Chang L.C., Hsu Y.H., Chien C.T., Tai D.W., Chen J.S., Yang C.C., Yeung L.K., Chen C.F. Enhanced expression of glucose transporter 1 on erythrocyte membrane in hemodialysis patients: the possible role in erythrocyte ascorbate recycling. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2006, 47:1055-1063.
165. Wasser I.M., de Vries S., Moenne-Loccoz P., Schroder I., Karlin K.D. Nitric oxide in biological denitrification: Fe/Cu metalloenzyme and metal complex NO(x) redox chemistry. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102:1201-1234.
166. Webb A., Bond R., McLean P., Uppal R., Benjamin N., Ahluwalia A. Reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide during ischemia protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101:13683-13688.
167. Webb A.J., Milsom A.B., Rathod K.S., Chu W.L., Qureshi S., Lovell M.J., Lecomte F.M., Perrett D., Raimondo C., Khoshbin E., Ahmed Z., Uppal R., Benjamin N., Hobbs A.J., Ahluwalia A. Mechanisms underlying erythrocyte and endothelial nitrite reduction to nitric oxide in hypoxia: role for xanthine oxidoreductase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circ. Res. 2008, 103:957-964.
168. Webb A.J., Patel N., Loukogeorgakis S., Okorie M., Aboud Z., Misra S., Rashid R., Miall P., Deanfield J., Benjamin N., MacAllister R., Hobbs A.J., Ahluwalia A. Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite. Hypertension 2008, 51:784-790.
169. White C.R., Darley-Usmar V., Berrington W.R., McAdams M., Gore J.Z., Thompson J.A., Parks D.A., Tarpey M.M., Freeman B.A. Circulating plasma xanthine oxidase contributes to vascular dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:8745-8749.
170. Wilson J.X. Regulation of vitamin C transport. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2005, 25:105-125.
171. Xia Y., Zweier J.L. Substrate control of free radical generation from xanthine oxidase in the postischemic heart. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:18797-18803.
172. Xu P., Huecksteadt T.P., Hoidal J.R. Molecular cloning and characterization of the human xanthine dehydrogenase gene (XDH). Genomics 1996, 34:173-180.
173. Yamamoto T., Moriwaki Y., Takahashi S., Tsutsumi Z., Yamakita J., Nasako Y., Hiroishi K., Higashino K. Determination of human plasma xanthine oxidase activity by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Appl. 1996, 681:395-400.
174. Yokoyama Y., Beckman J.S., Beckman T.K., Wheat J.K., Cash T.G., Freeman B.A., Parks D.A. Circulating xanthine oxidase: potential mediator of ischemic injury. Am. J. Physiol. 1990, 258:G564-G570.
175. Zavodnik I.B., Lapshina E.A., Rekawiecka K., Zavodnik L.B., Bartosz G., Bryszewska M. Membrane effects of nitrite-induced oxidation of human red blood cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1999, 1421:306-316.
176. Zhang Z., Blake D.R., Stevens C.R., Kanczler J.M., Winyard P.G., Symons M.C., Benboubetra M., Harrison R. A reappraisal of xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase in hypoxic reperfusion injury: the role of NADH as an electron donor. Free Radic. Res. 1998, 28:151-164.
177. Zhang Z., Naughton D., Winyard P.G., Benjamin N., Blake D.R., Symons M.C. Generation of nitric oxide by a nitrite reductase activity of xanthine oxidase: a potential pathway for nitric oxide formation in the absence of nitric oxide synthase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998, 249:767-772.
178. Zhang J., Chen Z., Cobb F.R., Stamler J.S. Role of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation of coronary and systemic vessels: an intact canine model. Circulation 2004, 110:750-755.
179. Zoroglu S.S., Armutcu F., Ozen S., Gurel A., Sivasli E., Yetkin O., Meram I. Increased oxidative stress and altered activities of erythrocyte free radical scavenging enzymes in autism. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2004, 254:143-147.
180. Zweier J.L., Wang P., Kuppusamy P. Direct measurement of nitric oxide generation in the ischemic heart using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:304-307.
181. Zweier J.L., Wang P., Samouilov A., Kuppusamy P. Enzyme-independent formation of nitric oxide in biological tissues. Nat. Med. 1995, 1:804-809.