Spontaneous and Experimentally Induced Autoimmune Diseases in Nonhuman Primates

Primate Models of Children's Health and Developmental Disabilities

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 71-107

  Vierboom, Michel ^a   't Hart, Bert A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882528118     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012373743-4.50006-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (138)

1. Aberer E., Brunner C., Suchanek G., et al. Molecular mimicry and Lyme borreliosis: a shared antigenic determinant between Borrelia burgdorferi and human tissue. Ann Neurol 1989, 26:732-737.
2. Andersson Gare B. Juvenile arthritis - who gets it, where and when? A review of current data on incidence and prevalence. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999, 17:367-374.
3. Ansari A.A. Autoimmunity, anergy, lentiviral immunity and disease. Autoimmun Rev 2004, 3:530-540.
4. Ansari A.A., Onlamoon N., Bostik P., Mayne A.E., Gargano L., Pattanapanyasat K., et al. Lessons learnt from studies of the immune characterization of naturally SIV infected sooty mangabeys. Front Biosci 2003, 8:s1030-s1050.
5. Antunes S.G., de Groot N.G., Brok H., et al. The common marmoset: a new world primate species with limited MHC class II variability. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:11745-11750.
6. Bach J.F., Fracchia G.N., Chatenoud L., et al. Safety and ef.cacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in clinical therapy. Immunol Today 1993, 14:421-425.
7. Bakker N.P., van Erck M.G., Zurcher C., et al. Experimental immune mediated arthritis in rhesus monkeys. A model for human rheumatoid arthritis?. Rheumatol Int 1990, 10:21-29.
8. Bakker N.P., van Erck M.G., 't Hart L.A., Jonker M., et al. Acquired resistance to type II collagen-induced arthritis in rhesus monkeys is re.ected by a T cell low-responsiveness to the anti-gen. Clin Exp Immunol 1991, 86:219-223.
9. Bakker N.P., van Erck M.G., Botman C.A., Jonker M., 't Hart B.A., et al. Collagen-induced arthritis in an outbred group of rhesus monkeys comprising responder and nonresponder animals. Relationship between the course of arthritis and collagen-speci.c immunity. Arthritis Rheum 1991, 34:616-624.
10. Bakker N.P., van Erck M.G., Otting N., et al. Resistance to collagen-induced arthritis in a nonhuman primate species maps to the major histocompatibility complex class I region. J Exp Med 1992, 175:933-937.
11. Bakker N.P., Van Besouw N., Groenestein R., Jonker M., 't Hart L.A., et al. The anti-arthritic and immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporin A on collagen-induced arthritis in the rhesus monkey. Clin Exp Immunol 1993, 93:318-322.
12. Barnett A.H., Eff C., Leslie R.D., Pyke D.A., et al. Diabetes in identical twins. A study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia 1981, 20:87-93.
13. Begovich A.B., Carlton V.E., Honigberg L.A., et al. A missense single-nucleotide polymor-phism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet 2004, 75:330-337.
14. Black D., Duncan A., Robins S.P., et al. Quantitative analysis of the pyridinium crosslinks of collagen in urine using ion-paired reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1988, 169:197-203.
15. Blezer E.L.A., Nicolay K., Bauer J., Brok H.P.M., 't Hart B.A., et al. Quantitative MRI-pathology correlations of brain white matter lesions developing in a non-human primate model of multiple sclerosis. NMR Biomed 2007, 20:90-103.
16. Bolz D.D., Weis J.J. Molecular mimicry to Borrelia burgdorferi: pathway to autoimmunity?. Autoimmunity 2004, 37:387-392.
17. Bontrop R.E. Nonhuman primates: essential partners in biomedical research. Immunol Rev 2001, 183:5-9.
18. Boon L., Brok H.P., Bauer J., et al. Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) using a chimeric antagonist monoclonal antibody against human CD40 is associated with altered B cell responses. J Immunol 2001, 167:2942-2949.
19. Bourinbaiar A.S., Abulafia-Lapid R. Autoimmunity, alloimmunization and immunother-apy of AIDS. Autoimmun Rev 2005, 4:403-409.
20. Brack M., Rothe H. Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and wasting disease in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Vet Pathol 1981, 18:45-54.
21. Brok H.P., Uccelli A., Kerlero De Rosbo N., et al. Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets: the encephalitogenic T cell epitope pMOG24-36 is presented by a monomorphic MHC class II molecule. J Immunol 2000, 165:1093-1101.
22. Brok H.P., Bauer J., Jonker M., et al. Nonhuman primate models of multiple sclerosis. Immunol Rev 2001, 183:173-185.
23. Brok H.P., Tekoppele J.M., Hakimi J., et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of a human-ized monoclonal antibody against the IL-2 receptor (DACLIZUMAB) on collagen-induced arthri-tis (CIA) in rhesus monkeys. Clin Exp Immunol 2001, 124:134-141.
24. Brok H.P., Van Meurs M., Blezer E., et al. Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets using an anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibody. J Immunol 2002, 169:6554-6563.
25. Brok H.P.M., Boven L.A., van Meurs M., et al. Mobilisation of CNS-speci.c autoreactive T-cells in primates by a CMV-derived peptide 2006, submitted.
26. Brück W., Porada P., Poser S., et al. Monocyte/macrophage differentiation in early multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol 1995, 38:788-796.
27. Choy E.H., Panayi G.S. Cytokine pathways and joint in.ammation in rheumatoid arthri-tis. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:907-916.
28. Colvin R.B. Chronic allograft nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:2288-2290.
29. Contag P.R. Whole-animal cellular and molecular imaging to accelerate drug development. Drug Discov Today 2002, 7:555-562.
30. Cooper G.S., Stroehla B.C. The epidemiology of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2003, 2:119-125.
31. Darabi K., Karulin A.Y., Boehm B.O., et al. The third signal in T cell-mediated autoimmune disease?. J Immunol 2004, 173:92-99.
32. Davidson A., Diamond B. Autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:340-350.
33. De Baets M., Stassen M.H. The role of antibodies in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 2002, 202:5-11.
34. Delarasse C., Daubas P., Mars L.T., et al. Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-de.cient (MOG-de.cient) mice reveal lack of immune tolerance to MOG in wild-type mice. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:544-553.
35. Denton M.D., Magee C.C., Sayegh M.H., et al. Immunosuppressive strategies in transplanta-tion. Lancet 1999, 353:1083-1091.
36. Doxiadis G.M., van der Wiel M., Brok H.P.M., et al. Reactivation of a conserved HLA-DR3-like pseudogene segment in a New World primate species by exon shuf.ing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:5864-5868.
37. Edwards J.C., Szczepanski L., Szechinski J., et al. Ef.cacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rit-uximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2572-2581.
38. EMBL-EBI Immuno Polymorphism Database, IPD-MHC. Non-Human Primate (NHP) Sequence Alignments May 2007, Accessed. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/mhc/nhp/align.html.
39. Fishman J.A., Rubin R.H. Infection in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:1741-1751.
40. Fournie G.J., Mas M., Cautain B., et al. Induction of autoimmunity through bystander effects. Lessons from immunological disorders induced by heavy metals. J Autoimmun 2001, 16:319-326.
41. Fujinami R.S., von Herrath M.G., Christen U., Whitton J.L., et al. Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: infections and autoimmune disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006, 19:80-94.
42. Genain C.P., Hauser S.L. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the New World monkey Callithrix jacchus. Immunol Rev 2001, 183:159-172.
43. Genain C.P., Nguyen M.H., Letvin N.L., et al. Antibody facilitation of multiple sclerosis-like lesions in a nonhuman primate. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:2966-2974.
44. Genain C.P., Cannella B., Hauser S.L., Raine C.S., et al. Identi.cation of autoantibodies asso-ciated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 1999, 5:170-175.
45. Goossens P.H., Schouten G.J., 't Hart B.A., et al. Feasibility of adenovirus-mediated nonsur-gical synovectomy in collagen-induced arthritis-affected rhesus monkeys. Hum Gene Ther 1999, 10:1139-1149.
46. Gregersen P.K. Pathways to gene identi.cation in rheumatoid arthritis: PTPN22 and beyond. Immunol Rev 2005, 204:74-86.
47. Gregersen P.K., Batliwalla F. PTPN22 and rheumatoid arthritis: gratifying replication. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:1952-1955.
48. Haig D. What is a marmoset?. Am J Primatol 1999, 49:285-296.
49. Herodin F., Thullier P., Garin D., Drouet M., et al. Nonhuman primates are relevant models for research in hematology, immunology and virology. Eur Cytokine Netw 2005, 16:104-116.
50. Jacobson D.L., Gange S.J., Rose N.R., Graham N.M., et al. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1997, 84:223-243.
51. Johns T.G., Bernard C.C. The structure and function of myelin oligodendrocyte glyco-protein. J Neurochem 1999, 72:1-9.
52. Jonker M. The importance of non-human primates for preclinical testing of immunosuppres-sive monoclonal antibodies. Semin Immunol 1990, 2:427-436.
53. Jonker M., Danskine A., Haanstra K., et al. The autoimmune response to vimentin after renal transplantation in nonhuman primates is immunosuppression dependent 2005, 80:385-393.
54. Jun H.S., Yoon J.W. A new look at viruses in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2003, 19:8-31.
55. Kaaja R.J., Greer I.A. Manifestations of chronic disease during pregnancy. JAMA 2005, 294:2751-2757.
56. Kennedy R.C., Shearer M.H., Hildebrand W., et al. Nonhuman primate models to evaluate vaccine safety and immunogenicity. Vaccine 1997, 15:903-908.
57. Kerlero de Rosbo N., Brok H.P., et al. Rhesus monkeys are highly susceptible to experimen-tal autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: characterisa-tion of immunodominant T- and B-cell epitopes. J Neuroimmunol 2000, 110:83-96.
58. King C., Sarvetnick N. Organ-speci.c autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 1997, 9:863-871.
59. Kraan M.C., Versendaal H., Jonker M., et al. Asymptomatic synovitis precedes clinically man-ifest arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:1481-1488.
60. Laman J.D., van Meurs M., et al. Expression of accessory molecules and cytokines in acute EAE in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). J Neuroimmunol 1998, 86:30-45.
61. Lawrence R.C., Helmick C.G., Arnett F.C., et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:778-799.
62. Ludlage E., Mansfield K. Clinical care and diseases of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Comp Med 2003, 53:369-382.
63. Mansfield K. Marmoset models commonly used in biomedical research. Comp Med 2003, 53:383-392.
64. Mansfield K.G., Lin K.C., Xia D., et al. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and ulcerative coli-tis in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). J Infect Dis 2001, 184:803-807.
65. Massacesi L., Genain C.P., Lee-Parritz D., Letvin N.L., Canfield D., Hauser S.L., et al. Active and passively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets: a new model for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995, 37:519-530.
66. McClure H.M., Anderson D.C., Fultz P.N., Ansari A.A., Lockwood E., Brodie A., et al. Spectrum of disease in macaque monkeys chronically infected with SIV/SMM. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1989, 21:13-24.
67. Meinl E., Hoch R.M., Dornmair K., et al. Encephalitogenic potential of myelin basic protein-speci.c T cells isolated from normal rhesus macaques. Am J Pathol 1997, 150:445-453.
68. Muchmore E.A. Chimpanzee models for human disease and immunobiology 2001, 183:86-93.
69. Myers L.K., Higgins G.C., Finkel T.H., et al. Juvenile arthritis and autoimmunity to type II collagen. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 44:1775-1781.
70. Nandy K. Brain-reactive antibodies in sera of aging non-human primates. Mech Ageing Dev 1981, 16:141-147.
71. Nielen M.M., van Schaardenburg D., et al. Increased levels of C-reactive protein in serum from blood donors before the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:2423-2427.
72. Otting N., Heijmans C.M., Noort R.C., et al. Unparalleled complexity of the MHC class I region in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:1626-1631.
73. Ou L.S., See L.C., Wu C.J., Kao C.C., Lin Y.L., Huang J.L., et al. Association between serum in.ammatory cytokines and disease activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2002, 21:52-56.
74. Pachner A.R., Gelderblom H., Cadavid D., et al. The rhesus model of Lyme neuroborreliosis. Immunol Rev 2001, 183:186-204.
75. Parkin J., Cohen B. An overview of the immune system. Lancet 2001, 357:1777-1789.
76. Patel D.D., Zachariah J.P., Whichard L.P., et al. CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Clin Immunol 2001, 98:39-45.
77. Penn I. Post-transplant malignancy: the role of immunosuppression. Drug Saf 2000, 23:101-113.
78. Peterson J.W., Bo L., Mork S., Chang A., Trapp B.D., et al. Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced in.ammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol 2001, 50:389-400.
79. Pettit A.R., Ji H., von Stechow D., Muller R., et al. TRANCE/RANKL knockout mice are protected from bone erosion in a serum transfer model of arthritis. Am J Pathol 2001, 159:1689-1699.
80. Poliani P.L., Brok H., Furlan R., et al. Delivery to the central nervous system of a nonreplica-tive herpes simplex type 1 vector engineered with the interleukin 4 gene protects rhesus monkeys from hyperacute autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Hum Gene Ther 2001, 12:905-920.
81. Pomeroy I.M., Matthews P.M., Frank J.A., Jordan E.K., Esiri M.M., et al. Demyelinated neocortical lesions in marmoset autoimmune encephalomyelitis mimic those in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2005, 128:2713-2721.
82. Price W.S., Mendz G.L., Martenson R.E., et al. Conformation of a heptadecapeptide com-prising the segment encephalitogenic in rhesus monkey. Biochemistry 1988, 27:8990-8999.
83. Quarta L., Corrado A., Melillo N., Cantatore F.P., et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an update on clinical and therapeutic approaches. Ann Ital Med Int 2005, 20:211-217.
84. Raine C.S., Cannella B., Hauser S.L., Genain C.P., et al. Demyelination in primate autoim-mune encephalomyelitis and acute multiple sclerosis lesions: a case for antigen-speci.c antibody mediation. Ann Neurol 1999, 46:144-160.
85. Ravkina L., Harib I., Manovitch Z., Deconenko E., Letchinskaja E., Papilova E., et al. Hyperacute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys as a model of acute necro-tizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis. J Neurol 1979, 221:113-125.
86. Rivers T.M., Schwenkter F.F. Encephalomyelitis accompanied by myelin destruction experimentally produced in monkeys. J Exp Med 1935, 61:698-703.
87. Rivers T.M., Sprunt D.H., Berry G.P., et al. Observations on the attempts to produce acute disseminated allergic encephalomyelitis in primates. J Exp Med 1933, 58:39-53.
88. Rooney M., David J., Symons J., Di Giovine F., Varsani H., Woo P., et al. In.ammatory cytokine responses in juvenile chronic arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1995, 34:454-460.
89. Rose L.M., Richards T., Alvord E.C., et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in nonhuman primates: a model of multiple sclerosis. Lab Anim Sci 1994, 44:508-512.
90. Rose M.L. Endothelial cells as antigen-presenting cells: role in human transplant rejection. Cell Mol Life Sci 1998, 54:965-978.
91. Rose N.R., Bona C. De.ning criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited). Immunol Today 1993, 14:426-430.
92. Roses A.D., Burns D.K., Chissoe S., Middleton L., St Jean P., et al. Disease-speci.c target selection: a critical .rst step down the right road. Drug Discov Today 2005, 10:177-189.
93. Roth G.S., Mattison J.A., Ottinger M.A., Chachich M.E., Lane M.A., Ingram D.K., et al. Aging in rhesus monkeys: relevance to human health interventions. Science 2004, 305:1423-1426.
94. Rothschild B.M. Naturally occurring arthritis in monkeys. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994, 12:347.
95. Rothschild B.M., Woods R.J. Spondyloarthropathy in gorillas. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1989, 18:267-276.
96. Rothschild B.M., Woods R.J. Reactive erosive arthritis in chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 1991, 25:49-56.
97. Sachs D.H. Tolerance: Of mice and men. J Clin Invest 2003, 111:1819-1821.
98. Shadidi K.R., Aarvak T., Henriksen J.E., Natvig J.B., Thompson K.M., et al. The Chemokines CCL5, CCL2 and CXCL12 play signi.cant roles in the migration of Th1 cells into rheumatoid synovial tissue. Scand J Immunol 2003, 57:192-198.
99. Sigal L.H. Cross-reactivity between Borrelia burgdorferi .agellin and a human axonal 64,000 molecular weight protein. J Infect Dis 1993, 167:1372-1378.
100. Sigal L.H., Tatum A.H. Lyme disease patients' serum contains IgM antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi that cross-react with neuronal antigens. Neurology 1988, 38:1439-1442.
101. Slierendregt B.L., Hall M., t Hart B., et al. Identi.cation of an MHC-DPB1 allele involved in susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rhesus macaques. Int Immunol 1995, 7:1671-1679.
102. Sumpter T.L., Wilkes D.S. Role of autoimmunity in organ allograft rejection: a focus on immunity to type V collagen in the pathogenesis of lung transplant rejection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004, 286:L1129-L1139.
103. 't Hart B.A., van Kooyk Y. Yin-Yang regulation of autoimmunity by DCs. Trends Immunol 2004, 25:353-359.
104. 't Hart B.A., Bakker N.P., Jonker M., Bontrop R.E., et al. Resistance to collagen-induced arthritis in rats and rhesus monkeys after immunization with attenuated type II collagen. Eur J Immunol 1993, 23:1588-1594.
105. 't Hart B.A., Bank R.A., De Roos J.A., et al. Collagen-induced arthritis in rhesus monkeys: evaluation of markers for in.ammation and joint degradation. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:314-323.
106. 't Hart B.A., Bauer J., et al. Histopathological characterization of magnetic res-onance imaging-detectable brain white matter lesions in a primate model of multiple sclerosis: a correlative study in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Pathol 1998, 153:649-663.
107. 't Hart B.A., van Meurs M., Brok H.P., et al. A new primate model for multiple sclerosis in the common marmoset. Immunol Today 2000, 21:290-297.
108. 't Hart B.A., Vervoordeldonk M., Heeney J.L., Tak P.P., et al. Gene therapy in nonhuman primate models of human autoimmune disease. Gene Ther 2003, 10:890-901.
109. 't Hart B., Amor S., Jonker M., et al. Evaluating the validity of animal models for research into therapies for immune-based disorders. Drug Discov Today 2004, 9:517-524.
110. 't Hart B.A., Laman J.D., Bauer J., Blezer E.D., van Kooyk Y., Hintzen R.Q., et al. Modelling of multiple sclerosis: lessons learned in a non-human primate. The Lancet Neurol 2004, 3:589-597.
111. 't Hart B.A., Vogels J.T., Bauer J., Brok H.P.M., Blezer E., et al. Non-invasive measure-ment of brain damage in a primate model of multiple sclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2004, 10:85-91.
112. 't Hart B.A., Amor S., Bajramovic J.J., et al. Modeling CNS in.ammatory diseases in pri-mates. Screening Trends Drug Discovery 2005, 206:36-38.
113. 't Hart B.A., Bauer J., Brok H.P., Amor S., et al. Nonhuman primate models of experimen-tal autoimmune encephalomyelitis: variations on a theme. J Neuroimmunol 2005, 168:1-12.
114. 't Hart B.A., Blezer E.L., Brok H.P., et al. Treatment with chimeric anti-human CD40 anti-body suppresses MRI-detectable in.ammation and enlargement of pre-existing brain lesions in common marmosets affected by MOG-induced EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2005, 163:31-39.
115. 't Hart B.A., Brok H.P., Remarque E., et al. Suppression of ongoing disease in a nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis by a human-anti-human IL-12p40 antibody. J Immunol 2005, 175:4761-4768.
116. 't Hart B.A., Losen M., Brok H.P.M., de Baets M.H., Wolfe-Coote S.P., et al. Chronic Diseases. The Laboratory Primate 2005, 417-433. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
117. 't Hart B.A., Smith P., Amor S., Strijkers G.J., Blezer E.L.A., et al. MRI-guided immunother-apy development for multiple sclerosis in a primate. Drug Discov Today 2005, 11:58-66.
118. Tak P.P., Hart B.A., Kraan M.C., Jonker M., Smeets T.J., Breedveld F.C., et al. The effects of interferon beta treatment on arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999, 38:362-369.
119. Terato K., Arai H., Shimozuru Y., et al. Sex-linked differences in susceptibility of cynomolgus monkeys to type II collagen-induced arthritis. Evidence that epitope-speci.c immune suppression is involved in the regulation of type II collagen autoantibody formation. Arthritis Rheum 1989, 32:748-758.
120. Town T., Nikolic V., Tan J., et al. The microglial "activation" continuum: from innate to adap-tive responses. J Neuroin.ammation 2005, 2:24.
121. van Beek J., van Meurs M., 't Hart B.A., et al. Decay-accelerating factor (CD55) is expressed by neurons in response to chronic but not acute autoimmune central nervous system in.ammation associated with complement activation. J Immunol 2005, 174:2353-2365.
122. van den Berg W.B. Impact of NSAID and steroids on cartilage destruction in murine antigen induced arthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl 1991, 27:122-123.
123. van Holten J., Pavelka K., Vencovsky J., et al. A multicentre, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled phase II study of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in the treatment of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005, 64:64-69.
124. Van Lambalgen R., Jonker M. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rhesus monkeys: II. Treatment of EAE with anti-T lymphocyte subset monoclonal antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 1987, 68:305-312.
125. Vierboom M.P., Jonker M., Bontrop R.E., t Hart B., et al. Modeling human arthritic diseases in nonhuman primates. Arthritis Res Ther 2005, 7:145-154.
126. Vierboom M.P., Zavodny P.J., Chou C.C., et al. Inhibition of the development of collagen-induced arthritis in rhesus monkeys by a small molecular weight antagonist of CCR5. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:627-636.
127. Villoslada P., Abel K., Heald N., Goertsches R., Hauser S.L., Genain C.P., et al. Frequency, heterogeneity and encephalitogenicity of T cells speci.c for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in naive outbred primates. Eur J Immunol 2001, 31:2942-2950.
128. Wedderburn L.R., Robinson N., Patel A., Varsani H., Woo P., et al. Selective recruitment of polarized T cells expressing CCR5 and CXCR3 to the in.amed joints of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000, 43:765-774.
129. Whitton J.L., Fujinami R.S. Viruses as triggers of autoimmunity: facts and fantasies. Curr Opin Microbiol 1999, 2:392-397.
130. Wierda D., Smith H.W., Zwickl C.M., et al. Immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals in labo-ratory animals. Toxicology 2001, 158:71-74.
131. Wilkin T. Autoimmunity: attack, or defence? (The case for a primary lesion theory). Autoimmunity 1989, 3:57-73.
132. Wilkin T.J. The primary lesion theory of autoimmunity: a speculative hypothesis. Autoimmunity 1990, 7:225-235.
133. Wollheim F.A. Markers of disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2000, 12:200-204.
134. Wroblewska Z., Gilden D., Devlin M., et al. Cytomegalovirus isolation from a chimpanzee with acute demyelinating disease after inoculation of multiple sclerosis brain cells. Infect Immun 1979, 25:1008-1015.
135. Yoon J.W., Eun H.M., Essani K., Roncari D.A., Bryan L.E., et al. Possible mechanisms in the pathogenesis of virus-induced diabetes mellitus. Clin Invest Med 1987, 10:450-456.
136. Yu D., Kuipers J.G. Role of bacteria and HLA-B27 in the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003, 29:v-vi.
137. Zandman-Goddard G., Shoenfeld Y. HIV and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2002, 1:329-337.
138. Zerhouni E. Progress in autoimmune disease research. Report to Congress NIH 2005, 1-146. NIH, Bethesda.