Viruses as triggers of autoimmunity: Facts and fantasies

Current Opinion in Microbiology

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 392-397

  Whitton, J Lindsay ^a   Fujinami, Robert S ^b  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYOCARDITIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW;

EID: 0033179015     PISSN: 13695274     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1369-5274(99)80069-1     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Lopez-Larrea C, Gonzalez S, Martinez-Borra J: The role of HLA-B27 polymorphism and molecular mimicry in spondyloarthropathy. Mol Med Today 1998, 4:540-549.
2. Fujinami RS, Oldstone MBA: Amino acid homology between the encephalitogenic site of myelin basic protein and virus: Mechanism for autoimmunity. Science 1985, 230:1043-1045.
3. Oldstone MBA: Molecular mimicry and immune-mediated diseases. FASEB J 1998, 12:1255-1265. A balanced review of the state of the art in molecular mimicry, in animal models and human disease.
4. Barnett LA, Whitton JL, Wada Y, Fujinami RS: Enhancement of autoimmune disease using recombinant vaccinia virus encoding myelin proteolipid protein. J Neuroimmunol 1993, 44:15-25.
5. Tsunoda I, Kuang LQ, Tolley ND, Whitton JL, Fujinami RS: Enhancement of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by DNA immunization with myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) plasmid DNA. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998, 57:758-767.
6. Barnett LA, Whitton JL, Wang LY, Fujinami RS: Virus encoding an encephalitogenic peptide protects mice from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 1996, 64:163-173.
7. Ohashi PS, Oehen S, Buerki K, Pircher H, Ohashi CT, Odermatt B, Malissen B, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H: Ablation of tolerance and Induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice. Cell 1991, 65:305-318.
8. Oldstone MBA, Nerenberg M, Southern PJ, Price J, Lewicki H: Virus infection triggers insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a transgenic model: Role of anti-self (virus) immune response. Cell 1991, 65:319-331.
9. von Herrath MG, Dockter J, Oldstone MBA: How virus induces a rapid or slow onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a transgenic model. Immunity 1994, 1:231-242.
10. von Herrath MG, Guerder S, Lewicki H, Flavell RA, Oldstone MB: Coexpression of B7-1 and viral ('self') transgenes in pancreatic beta cells can break peripheral ignorance and lead to spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Immunity 1995, 3:727-738.
11. Morgan DJ, Liblau R, Scott B, Fleck S, McDevitt HO, Sarvetnick N, Lo D, Sherman LA: CD8(+) T cell-mediated spontaneous diabetes in neonatal mice. J Immunol 1996, 157:978-983.
12. Kagi D, Odermatt B, Ohashi PS, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H: Development of insulitis without diabetes in transgenic mice lacking perforin-dependent cytotoxicity. J Exp Med 1996, 183:2143-2152.
13. von Herrath MG, Oldstone MB: Interferon-gamma is essential for destruction of beta cells and development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Exp Med 1997, 185:531-539.
14. Zhao ZS, Granucci F, Yeh L, Schaffer PA, Cantor H: Molecular mimicry by herpes simplex virus-type 1: Autoimmune disease after viral infection. Science 1998, 279:1344-1347.
15. Bachmaier K, Neu N, de la Maza LM, Pal S, Hessel A, Penninger JM: Chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry. Science 1999, 283:1335-1339. This paper shows convincingly that a synthetic peptide representing chlamydial sequences can cause myocarditis - but data showing that the microbial infection results in disease is absent.
16. Horwitz MS, Bradley LM, Harbertson J, Krahl T, Lee J, Sarvetnick N: Diabetes induced by Coxsackie virus: Initiation by bystander damage and not molecular mimicry. Nat Med 1998, 4:781-785. The authors demonstrate that coxsackievirus infection of TcR transgenic mice results in bystander damage and resultant diabetes. The precise mechanism (cytokine milieu, antigen release etc.) remains to be determined.
17. Miller SD, Vanderlugt CL, Begolka WS, Pao W, Yauch RL, Neville KL, Katz-Levy Y, Carrizosa A, Kim: Persistent infection with Theiler's virus leads to CNS autoimmunity via epitope spreading. Nat Med 1997, 3:1133-1136.
18. Elson CJ, Barker RN, Thompson SJ, Williams NA: Immunologically ignorant autoreactive T cells, epitope spreading and repertoire limitation. Immunol Today 1995, 16:71-76.
19. James JA, Harley JB: B-cell epitope spreading in autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 1998, 164:185-200.
20. Fujinami RS, Zurbriggen A: Is Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of mice an autoimmune disease? Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1989, 97:1-8.
21. Rosenthal A, Fujinami RS, Lampert PW: Mechanism of Theiler's virus-induced demyelination in nude mice. Lab Invest 1986, 54:515-522.
22. Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS: Two models for multiple sclerosis: Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1996, 55:673-686.
23. O'Connell JB: The role of myocarditis in end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy. Tex Heart Inst J 1987, 14:268-275.
24. Sole MJ, Liu P: Viral myocarditis: A paradigm for understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:99A-105A.
25. Goodwin JF: Cardiomyopathies and specific heart muscle diseases. Definitions, terminology, classifications and new and old approaches. Postgrad Med J 1992, 68(suppl 1):S3-6.
26. Wolfgram LJ, Beisel KW, Rose NR: Heart-specific autoantibodies following murine coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis. J Exp Med 1985, 161:1112-1121.
27. Neu N, Ploier B, Ofner C: Cardiac myosin-induced myocarditis. Heart autoantibodies are not involved in the induction of the disease. J Immunol 1990, 145:4094-4100.
28. Huber SA, Lodge PA: Coxsackievirus B-3 myocarditis in Balb/c mice. Evidence for autoimmunity to myocyte antigens. Am J Pathol 1984, 116:21-29.
29. Heim A, Canu A, Kirschner P, Simon T, Mall G, Hofschneider PH, Kandolf R: Synergistic interaction of interferon-beta and interferon-gamma in coxsackievirus b3-infected carrier cultures of human myocardial fibroblasts. J Infect Dis 1992, 166:958-965.
30. Kandolf R, Canu A, Hofschneider PH: Coxsackie B3 virus can replicate in cultured human foetal heart cells and is inhibited by interferon. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985, 17:167-181.
31. Herzum M, Ruppert V, Kuytz B, Jomaa H, Nakamura I, Maisch B: Coxsackievirus B3 infection leads to cell death of cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1994, 26:907-913.
32. Archard LC, Khan MA, Soteriou BA, Zhang H, Why HJ, Robinson NM, Richardson PJ: Characterization of coxsackie B virus RNA in myocardium from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy by nucleotide sequencing of reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction products. Hum Pathol 1998, 29:578-584.
33. Schnurr DP, Cao Y, Schmidt NJ: Coxsackievirus B3 persistence and myocarditis in N:NIH(S) II nu/nu and +/nu mice. J Gen Virol 1984, 65:1197-1201.
34. Chow LH, Beisel KW, McManus BM: Enteroviral infection of mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Evidence for direct viral pathogenesis of myocardial injury. Lab Invest 1992, 66:24-31.
35. Mena I, Perry CM, Harkins S, Rodriguez F, Gebhard JR, Whitton JL: The role of B lymphocytes in coxsackievirus B3 infection. Am J Pathol 1999, in press.
36. Klingel K, Hohenadl C, Canu A, Albrecht M, Seemann M, Mall G, Kandolf R: Ongoing enterovirus-induced myocarditis is associated with persistent heart muscle infection: Quantitative analysis of virus replication, tissue damage, and inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:314-318.
37. Klingel K, Stephan S, Sauter M, Zell R, McManus BM, Bultmann B, Kandolf R: Pathogenesis of murine enterovirus myocarditis: Virus dissemination and immune cell targets. J Virol 1996, 70:8888-8895.
38. Wessely R, Klingel K, Santana LF, Dalton N, Hongo M, Jonathan LW, Kandolf R, Knowlton KU: Transgenic expression of replication-restricted enteroviral genomes in heart muscle induces defective excitation-contraction coupling and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 1998, 102:1444-1453.
39. Badorff C, Lee G-H, Lamphear BJ, Martone ME, Campbell KP, Rhoads RE, Knowlton KU: Enteroviral protease 2A cleaves dystrophin: Evidence of cytoskeletal disruption in an acquired cardiomyopathy. Nat Med 1999, 5:320-326. Many researchers in the coxsackievirus type B (CVB) field believe that long term myocardial damage is immunopathological (either autoimmune or direct antiviral responses). This paper provides an intriguing non-immunological alternative: dystrophin cleavage by CVB protease 2A. A provocative study that raises many questions.
40. Yoon JW, Ihm SH, Kim KW: Viruses as a triggering factor of type 1 diabetes and genetic markers related to the susceptibility to the virus-associated diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1989, 7(suppl 1):S47-S58
41. Numazaki K, Goldman H, Wong I, Wainberg MA: Infection of cultured human fetal pancreatic islet cells by rubella virus. Am J Clin Pathol 1989, 91:446-451.
42. Menser MA, Forrest JM, Bransby RD: Rubella infection and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1978, 1:57-60.
43. Clements GB, Galbraith DN, Taylor KW: Coxsackie B virus infection and onset of childhood diabetes. Lancet 1995, 346:221-223.
44. Yoon JW, Onodera T, Notkins AL: Virus-induced diabetes mellitus. XV. Beta cell damage and insulin-dependent hyperglycemia in mice infected with coxsackie virus B4. J Exp Med 1978, 148:1068-1080.
45. Berger MM, See DM, Aymard M, Lina B: Demonstration of persistent enterovirus in the pancreas of diabetic mice by in situ polymerase chain reaction. Clin Diagn Virol 1998, 9:141-143.
46. ter Meulen V, Liebert UG: Measles virus-induced autoimmune reactions against brain antigen. Intervirology 1993, 35:86-94.
47. Monteyne P, Bureau JF, Brahic M: Viruses and multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 1998, 11:287-291.
48. Soldan SS, Berti R, Salem N, Secchiero P, Flamand L, Calabresi PA, Brennan MB, Maloni HW, McFarland HF, Lin HC et al.: Association of human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) with multiple sclerosis: Increased IgM response to HHV-6 early antigen and detection of serum HHV-6 DNA. War Med 1997, 3:1394-1397.
49. Jacobson S: Association of human herpesvirus-6 and multiple sclerosis: Here we go again? J Neurovirol 1998, 4:471 -473.
50. Evans CF, Horwitz MS, Hobbs MV, Oldstone MBA: Viral infection of transgenic mice expressing a viral protein in oligodendrocytes leads to chronic central nervous system autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 1996, 184:2371-2384.
51. Nishioka K, Nakajima T, Hasunuma T, Sato K: Rheumatic manifestation of human leukemia virus infection. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1993, 19:489-503.
52. Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meche FG, Herbrink P, Schmitz PI, de Klerk MA, van Doom PA: The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barre syndrome: A case-control study. Neurology 1998, 51:1110-1115.
53. Mazza G, el Idrissi ME, Coutelier JP, Corato A, Elson CJ, Pfau CJ, Day MJ: Infection of C3HeB/FeJ mice with the docile strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus induces autoantibodies specific for erythrocyte band 3. Immunology 1997, 91:239-245.
54. Atkinson MA, Bowman MA, Campbell L, Darrow BL, Kaufman DL, Maclaren NK: Cellular immunity to a determinant common to glutamate decarboxylase and coxsackie virus in insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Invest 1994, 94:2125-2129.
55. Munch M, Hvas J, Christensen T, Moller-Larsen A, Haahr S: The implications of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis - A review. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1997, 169:59-64.
56. Eddy S, Wim R, Peter VE, Tanja R, Jan T, Werner VS: Myasthenia gravis: Another autoimmune disease associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Dig Dis Sci 1999, 44:186-189.
57. Romero PM, De Diego L, Rivera J, Garcia MA, Piqueras AB, Garcia DF, Cos AE, Clemente RG: Rheumatologic and autoimmune manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1997, 89:591-598.
58. McMurray RW, Elbourne K: Hepatitis C virus infection and autoimmunity. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997, 26:689-701.