Nutritional approaches in the risk reduction and management of Alzheimer's disease

Nutrition

Volumn 29, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1080-1089

  Mi, Weiqian ^a   van Wijk, Nick ^a   Cansev, Mehmet ^b   Sijben, John W C ^a   Kamphuis, Patrick J G H ^a,c  

^a DANONE RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^b ULUDAG UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Fortasyn Connect; Nutritional intervention; Souvenaid; Synapse formation; Synapse function

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; CHOLINE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; COLECALCIFEROL; CREATINE; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FATTY ACID; FOLIC ACID; HOMOCYSTEINE; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; PHOSPHOLIPID; POMEGRANATE EXTRACT; SECOISOLARICIRESINOL; SELENIUM; TRACE ELEMENT; URIDINE PHOSPHATE; VITAMIN B GROUP; VITAMIN D;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN ATROPHY; CALORIC RESTRICTION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE SEVERITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRODROMAL SYMPTOM; PROTEIN CALORIE MALNUTRITION; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SYNAPTOGENESIS;

EID: 84881376185     PISSN: 08999007     EISSN: 18731244     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.01.024     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Brookmeyer R., Johnson E., Ziegler-Graham K., Arrighi H.M. Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2007, 3:186-191.
2. Ferri C.P., Prince M., Brayne C., Brodaty H., Fratiglioni L., Ganguli M., et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet 2005, 366:2112-2117.
3. Lewin Model on Alzheimer's and dementia and costs: These numbers come from a model created for the Alzheimer's Association by The Lewin Group. More information on the model, its long-term projections and its methodology is available at http://www.alz.org/trajectory.
4. Terry R.D., Masliah E., Salmon D.P., Butters N., DeTeresa R., Hill R., et al. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse lossis the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 1991, 30:572-580.
5. Masliah E., Mallory M., Alford M., DeTeresa R., Hansen L.A., McKeel D.W., et al. Altered expression of synaptic proteins occurs early during progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001, 56:127-129.
6. Scheff S.W., Price D.A., Schmitt F.A., Mufson E.J. Hippocampal synaptic loss in early Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2006, 27:1372-1384.
7. Selkoe D.J. Alzheimer's disease is a synaptic failure. Science 2002, 298:789-791.
8. Sperling R.A., Aisen P.S., Beckett L.A., Bennett D.A., Craft S., Fagan A.M., et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011, 7:280-292.
9. Dauncey M.J. New insights into nutrition and cognitive neuroscience. Proc Nutr Soc 2009, 68:408-415.
10. Bourre J.M. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 1: micronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging 2006, 10:377-385.
11. Gillette-Guyonnet S., Abellan Van Kan G., Andrieu S., Barberger-Gateau P., Berr C., Bonnefoy M., et al. IANA task force on nutrition and cognitive decline with aging. J Nutr Health Aging 2007, 11:132-152.
12. Barberger-Gateau P., Raffaitin C., Letenneur L., Berr C., Tzourio C., Dartigues J.F., et al. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: the three-hity cohort study. Neurology 2007, 69:1921-1930.
13. Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.X., Miller J., Green R., Mayeux R. Relation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderly. Arch Neurol 2007, 64:86-92.
14. Morris M.C. The role of nutrition in Alzheimer's disease: epidemiological evidence. Eur J Neurol 2009, 16(Suppl 1):1-7.
15. Guerin O., Soto M.E., Brocker P., Robert P.H., Benoit M., Vellas B. Nutritional status assessment during Alzheimer's disease: results after one year (the REAL French Study Group). J Nutr Health Aging 2005, 9:81-84.
16. Sandman P.O., Adolfsson R., Nygren C., Hallmans G., Winblad B. Nutritional status and dietary intake in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease and multiinfarct dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987, 35:31-38.
17. Holm B., Soderhamn O. Factors associated with nutritional status in a group of people in an early stage of dementia. Clin Nutr 2003, 22:385-389.
18. Riviere S., Gillette-Guyonnet S., Andrieu S., Nourhashemi F., Lauque S., Cantet C., et al. Cognitive function and caregiver burden: predictive factors for eating behaviour disorders in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002, 17:950-955.
19. Greenwood C.E., Tam C., Chan M., Young K.W., Binns M.A., van Reekum R. Behavioral disturbances, not cognitive deterioration, are associated with altered food selection in seniors with Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005, 60:499-505.
20. Seth R. Weight loss in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994, 9:605-620.
21. Cronin-Stubbs D., Beckett L.A., Scherr P.A., Field T.S., Chown M.J., Pilgrim D.M., et al. Weight loss in people with Alzheimer's disease: a prospective population based analysis. BMJ 1997, 314:178-179.
22. Gillette-Guyonnet S., Nourhashemi F., Andrieu S., de Glisezinski I., Ousset P.J., Riviere D., et al. Weight loss in Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, (Suppl 1):637-642.
23. Cook Z., Kirk S., Lawrenson S., Sandford S. Use of BMI in the assessment of undernutrition in older subjects: reflecting on practice. Proc Nutr Soc 2005, 64:313-317.
24. Guigoz Y., Vellas B.J., Garry P.J. Mini nutritional assessment: a practical assessment tool for grading the nutritional state of elderly patients. Facts Res Gerontol 1994, 4(Suppl 2):15-59.
25. Lopes da Silva S., Elemans S., Stijnen T., Kamphuis P., Sijben J., Groenendijk M. Plasma nutrient status of Alzheimer's disease patients compared to cognitive intact elderly controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement, submitted 2013.
26. Conquer J.A., Tierney M.C., Zecevic J., Bettger W.J., Fisher R.H. Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment. Lipids 2000, 35:1305-1312.
27. Corrigan F.M., Van Rhijn A.G., Ijomah G., McIntyre F., Skinner E.R., Horrobin D.F., et al. Tin and fatty acids in dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1991, 43:229-238.
28. Corrigan F.M., Horrobin D.F., Skinner E.R., Besson J.A., Cooper M.B. Abnormal content of n-6 and n-3 long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in the phosphoglycerides and cholesterol esters of parahippocampal cortex from Alzheimer's disease patients and its relationship to acetyl CoA content. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998, 30:197-207.
29. Fotuhi M., Mohassel P., Yaffe K. Fish consumption, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline or Alzheimer disease: a complex association. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2009, 5:140-152.
30. Cardoso B.R., Ong T.P., Jacob-Filho W., Jaluul O., Freitas M.I.D., Cozzolino S.M.F. Nutritional status of selenium in Alzheimer's disease patients. Br J Nutr 2010, 103:803-806.
31. Vural H., Demirin H., Kara Y., Eren I., Delibas N. Alterations of plasma magnesium, copper, zinc, iron and selenium concentrations and some related erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2010, 24:169-173.
32. Czech C., Berndt P., Busch K., Schmitz O., Wiemer J., Most V., et al. Metabolite profiling of Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One 2012, 7:e31501.
33. Sijben J.W., Olde-Rikkert M.G.M.O., Scheltens P., van Hees A.M.J., Groenendijk M., Kamphuis P.J.G. Different nutritional status in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease compared to healthy controls. EFNS 2012, P2004.
34. Rinaldi P., Polidori M.C., Metastasio A., Mariani E., Mattioli P., Cherubini A., et al. Plasma antioxidants are similarly depleted in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003, 24:915-919.
35. Baldeiras I., Santana I., Proenca M.T., Garrucho M.H., Pascoal R., Rodrigues A., et al. Peripheral oxidative damage in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2008, 15:117-128.
36. Quadri P., Fragiacomo C., Pezzati R., Zanda E., Forloni G., Tettamanti M., et al. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:114-122.
37. Astarita G., Jung K.M., Berchtold N.C., Nguyen V.Q., Gillen D.L., Head E., et al. Deficient liver biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic Acid correlates with cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2010, 5:e12538.
38. Astarita G., Piomelli D. Towards a whole-body systems [multi-organ] lipidomics in Alzheimer's disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011, 85:197-203.
39. Youssef J., Badr M. Biology of senescent liver peroxisomes: role in hepatocellular aging and disease. Environ Health Perspect 1999, 107:791-797.
40. Cohen B.M., Renshaw P.F., Stoll A.L., Wurtman R.J., Yurgelun-Todd D., Babb S.M. Decreased brain choline uptake in older adults. An invivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. JAMA 1995, 274:902-907.
41. Pettegrew J.W., Panchalingam K., Hamilton R.L., McClure R.J. Brain membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 2001, 26:771-782.
42. Blusztajn J.K., Holbrook P.G., Lakher M., Liscovitch M., Maire J.C., Mauron C., et al. Autocannibalism" of membrane choline-phospholipids: physiology and pathology. Psychopharmacol Bull 1986, 22:781-786.
43. Van Dam F., Van Gool W.A. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009, 48:425-430.
44. Selley M.L. A metabolic link between S-adenosylhomocysteine and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28:1834-1839.
45. van Wijk N., Watkins C.J., Hageman R.J., Sijben J.C., Kamphuis P.G., Wurtman R.J., et al. Combined dietary folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 intake influences plasma docosahexaenoic acid concentration in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012, 9:49.
46. van Wijk N., Watkins C.J., Boehlke M., Maher T.J., Hageman R.J., Kamphuis P.J., et al. Plasma choline concentration varies with different dietary levels of vitamins B6, B12 and folic acid in rats maintained on choline-adequate diets. Br J Nutr 2012, 107:140.
47. Jacob R.A., Jenden D.J., Allman-Farinelli M.A., Swendseid M.E. Folate nutriture alters choline status of women and men fed low choline diets. J Nutr 1999, 129:712-717.
48. Holm P.I., Bleie O., Ueland P.M., Lien E.A., Refsum H., Nordrehaug J.E., et al. Betaine as a determinant of postmethionine load total plasma homocysteine before and after B-vitamin supplementation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24:301-307.
49. Agranoff B.W., Benjamins J.A., Hajra A.K. Lipids. Basic neurochemistry, molecular, cellular and medical aspects 1999, 47-57. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia-New York. G.J. Siegel, B.W. Agranoff, R.W. Albers, S.K. Fisher, M.D. Uhler (Eds.).
50. Farooqui A.A., Liss L., Horrocks L.A. Neurochemical aspects of alzheimers disease-involvement of membrane phospholipids. Metab Brain Dis 1988, 3:19-35.
51. Mielke M.M., Lyketsos C.G. Lipids and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: is there a link?. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006, 18:173-186.
52. Wurtman R.J., Ulus I.H., Cansev M., Watkins C.J., Wang L., Marzloff G. Synaptic proteins and phospholipids are increased in gerbil brain by administering uridine plus docosahexaenoic acid orally. Brain Res 2006, 1088:83-92.
53. Cansev M., Wurtman R.J. Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid, but not arachidonic acid, alone or in combination with uridine, increases brain phosphatide and synaptic protein levels in gerbils. Neuroscience 2007, 148:421-431.
54. Ulus I.H., Watkins C.J., Cansev M., Wurtman R.J. Cytidine and uridine increase striatal CDP-choline levels without decreasing acetylcholine synthesis or release. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006, 26:563-577.
55. Wang L., Albrecht M.A., Wurtman R.J. Dietary supplementation with uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP), a membrane phosphatide precursor, increases acetylcholine level and release in striatum of aged rat. Brain Res 2007, 1133:42-48.
56. van Wijk N., Hageman R.J.J., Kamphuis P.J.G.H., Broersen L.M. Specific nutrients to increase availability of components involved in neuronal membrane synthesis. AD/PD 2011, P194.
57. Sakamoto T., Cansev M., Wurtman R.J. Oral supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and uridine-5'-monophosphate increases dendritic spine density in adult gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res 2007, 1182:50-59.
58. Wang L., Pooler A.M., Albrecht M.A., Wurtman R.J. Dietary uridine-5'-monophosphate supplementation increases potassium-evoked dopamine release and promotes neurite outgrowth in aged rats. J Mol Neurosci 2005, 27:137-145.
59. Pooler A.M., Guez D.H., Benedictus R., Wurtman R.J. Uridine enhances neurite outgrowth in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12. Neuroscience 2005, 134:207-214.
60. Cansev M., Marzloff G., Sakamoto T., Ulus I.H., Wurtman R.J. Giving uridine and/or docosahexaenoic acid orally to rat dams during gestation and nursing increases synaptic elements in brains of weanling pups. Dev Neurosci 2009, 31:181-192.
61. Holguin S., Huang Y., Liu J., Wurtman R. Chronic administration of DHA and UMP improves the impaired memory of environmentally impoverished rats. Behav Brain Res 2008, 191:11-16.
62. Holguin S., Martinez J., Chow C., Wurtman R. Dietary uridine enhances the improvement in learning and memory produced by administering DHA to gerbils. FASEB J 2008, 22:3938-3946.
63. Teather L.A., Wurtman R.J. Chronic administration of UMP ameliorates the impairment of hippocampal-dependent memory in impoverished rats. J Nutr 2006, 136:2834-2837.
64. De Bruin N.M.W.J., Kiliaan A.J., De Wilde M.C., Broersen L.M. Combined uridine and choline administration improves cognitive deficits in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2003, 80:63-79.
65. Wurtman R.J., Cansev M., Sakamoto T., Ulus I.H. Use of phosphatide precursors to promote synaptogenesis. Annu Rev Nutr 2009, 29:59-87.
66. Calon F., Lim G.P., Yang F., Morihara T., Teter B., Ubeda O., et al. Docosahexaenoic acid protects from dendritic pathology in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neuron 2004, 43:633-645.
67. de Wilde M.C., van der Beek E.M., Kiliaan A.J., Leenders I., Kuipers A.A., Kamphuis P.J., et al. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid-β(1-42) secretion in human AβPP-transfected CHO-cells by mechanisms other than inflammation related to PGE[U+2082]. J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 21:1271-1281.
68. Grimm M.O., Kuchenbecker J., Groesgen S., Burg V.K., Hundsdoerfer B., Rothhaar T.L., et al. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid beta production via multiple pleiotropic mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2011, 286:14028-14039.
69. Oksman M., Iivonen H., Hogyes E., Amtul Z., Penke B., Leenders I., et al. Impact of different saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol containing diets on beta-amyloid accumulation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2006, 23:563-572.
70. Hashimoto M., Tanabe Y., Fujii Y., Kikuta T., Shibata H., Shido O. Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates the impairment of spatial cognition learning ability in amyloid beta-infused rats. J Nutr 2005, 135:549-555.
71. Sijben J.W.C., de Wilde M.C., Wieggers R., Groenendijk M., Kamphuis P.J.G.H. A multi nutrient concept to enhance synapse formation and function: science behind a medical food for Alzheimer's disease. OCL 2011, 18:267-270.
72. Savelkoul P.J., Janickova H., Kuipers A.A., Hageman R.J., Kamphuis P.J., Dolezal V., et al. A specific multi-nutrient formulation enhances M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor responses invitro. J Neurochem 2012, 120:631-640.
73. De Wilde M.C., Penke B., van der Beek E.M., Kuipers A.A.M., Kamphuis P.J., Broersen L.M. Neuroprotective effects of a specific multi-nutrient intervention against Aβ42-579 induced toxicity in rats. J Alzheimers Dis 2011, 27:327-339.
74. Broersen L.M., Kuipers A.A.M., Balvers M., van Wijk N., Savelkoul P.J.M., de Wilde M.C., et al. A specific multi-nutrient diet reduces Alzheimer-like pathology in young adult AβPPswe/PS1de9 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2013, 33:177-190.
75. Koivisto H., Takalo M., Miettinen P., Broersen L., Tanila H. Special lipid-based diets alleviate cognitive deficits in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease independent of brain amyloid deposition. Alzheimers Dement 2011, 7:S650.
76. van der Beek E.M., Kamphuis P.J.G.H. The potential role of nutritional components in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2008, 585:197-207.
77. Pivi G.A., da Silva R.V., Juliano Y., Novo N.F., Okamoto I.H., Brant C.Q., et al. A prospective study of nutrition education and oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Nutr J 2010, 10:98.
78. Lauque S., Arnaud-Battandier F., Gillette S., Plaze J.M., Andrieu S., Cantet C., et al. Improvement of weight and fat-free mass with oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer's disease at risk of malnutrition: a prospective randomized study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004, 52:1702-1707.
79. De Wilde M., Kamphuis P.J.G.H., Sijben J.W.C., Scheltens P. Utility of imaging for nutritional intervention studies in Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacology 2011, 668:S59-S69.
80. Mazereeuw G., Lanctot K.L., Chau S.A., Swardfager W., Herrmann N. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2012, 33:1482.e17-1482.e29.
81. Smith A.D., Smith S.M., de Jager C.A., Whitbread P., Johnston C., Agacinski G., et al. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS one 2010, 5:e12244.
82. de Jager C.A., Oulhaj A., Jacoby R., Refsum H., Smith A.D. Cognitive and clinical outcomes of homocysteine-lowing B-vitamin treatment in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012, 27:592-600.
83. Wald D.S., Kasturiratne A., Simmonds M. Effect of folic acid, with or without other B vitamins, on cognitive decline: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 2010, 123:522-527.
84. Ford A.H., Almeida O.P. Effect of homocysteine lowering treatment on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis 2012, 29:133-149.
85. Yaffe K., Clemons T.E., McBee W.L., Lindblad A.S. Age-related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Impact of antioxidants, zinc, and copper on cognition in the elderly: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 2004, 63:1705-1707.
86. Petersen R.C., Thomas R.G., Grundman M., Bennett D., Doody R., Ferris S., et al. Vitamin E and Donepezil forthe treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:2379-2388. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Group.
87. Kang J.H., Cook N., Manson I., Buring J.E., Grodstein F. A randomized trial of vitamin E supplementation and cognitive function in women. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:2462-2468.
88. Kang J.H., Cook N.R., Manson J.E., Buring J.E., Albert C.M., Grodstein F. Vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene, and cognitive function among women with or at risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Antioxidant and Cardiovascular Study. Circulation 2009, 119:2772-2780.
89. Scheltens P., Kamphuis P.J., Verhey F., Olde Rikkert M.G., Wurtman R., Wilkinson D., et al. Efficacy of a medical food in mild Alzheimer's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimers Dement 2010, 6:1-10.
90. Scheltens P., Twisk J.W.R., Blesa R., Scarpini E., von Arnim C.A.F., Bongers A., et al. Efficacy of Souvenaid in mild Alzheimer's disease-results from a randomised, controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2012, 31:225-236.
91. Scheltens P, Verhey FR, Blesa R, von Arnim CAF, Bongers A, Harrison J etal. Safety, compliance and efficacy of the medical food Souvenaid over 48 weeks: a multi-center open-label extension study in mild Alzheimer's disease. PLoS one, submitted.
92. Shah R., Kamphuis P., Swinkels S., Sadowsky C., Bongers A., Rappaport S., et al. Souvenaid® as an add-on intervention in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease using Alzheimer's disease medication: results from a randomized, controlled, double-blind study (S-Connect). J Nutr Health Aging 2011, 15:S30.
93. Bateman R.J., Xiong C., Benzinger T.L., Fagan A.M., Goate A., Fox N.C., et al. Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2012, 367:795-804. Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network.
94. Reiman E.M., Langbaum J.B., Fleisher A.S., Caselli R.J., Chen K., Ayutyanont N., et al. Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative: a plan to accelerate the evaluation of presymptomatic treatments. J Alzheimers Dis 2011, 26(Suppl 3):321-329.
95. Carrillo M.C., Brashear H.R., Logovinsky V., Ryan J.M., Feldman H.H., Siemers E.R., et al. Can we prevent AD? Secondary "prevention" trials in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2013, 9:123-131.
96. Roses A.D., Welsh-Bohmer K.A., Burns K.L., Chiang C., Crenshaw D.G., Lutz M.W., et al. A pharmacogenetic supported clinical trial to delay onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease. AAIC 2012, Poster:34249.
97. Kamphuis P.J.G.H., Scheltens P. Can nutrients prevent or delay onset of Alzheimer's disease?. J Alzheimers Dis 2010, 20:765-775.
98. Laitinen M.H., Ngandu T., Rovio S., Helkala E.L., Uusitalo U., Viitanen M., et al. Fat intake at midlife and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006, 22:99-107.
99. Huang T.L., Zandi P.P., Tucker K.L., Fitzpatrick A.L., Kuller L.H., Fried L.P., et al. Benefits of fatty fish on dementia risk are stronger for thoes without APOE epsilon4. Neurology 2005, 65:1409-1414.
100. Scarmeas N., Stern Y., Mayeux R., Luchsinger J.A. Mediterranean diet, Alzheimer disease, and vascular mediation. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:1709-1717.
101. Scarmeas N., Stern Y., Mayeux R., Manly J.J., Schupf N., Luchsinger J.A. Mediterranean diet and mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:216-225.
102. Gu Y., Nieves J.W., Stern Y., Luchsinger J.A., Scarmeas N. Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk: a protective diet. Arch Neurol 2010, 67:699-706.
103. Schaefer E.J., Bongard V., Beiser A.S., Lamon-Fava S., Robins S.J., Au R., et al. Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:1545-1550.
104. Yurko-Mauro K., McCarthy D., Rom D., Nelson E.B., Ryan A.S., Blackwell A., et al. Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement 2010, 6:456-464. Midas Investigators.
105. Dangour A.D., Allen E., Elbourne D., Fasey N., Fletcher A.E., Hardy P., et al. Effect of 2-y n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on cognitive function in older people: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:1725-1732.
106. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet 1991, 338:131-137. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group.
107. 12. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85:3-5.
108. Morris M.S., Jacques P.F., Rosenberg I.H., Selhub J. Folate and vitamin B-12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis, and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of folic acid fortification. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85:193-200.
109. Ramos M.I., Allen L.H., Mungas D.M., Jagust W.J., Haan M.N., Green R., et al. Low folate status is associated with impaired cognitive function and dementia in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:1346-1352.
110. Morris M.C., Evans D.A., Bienias J.L., Tangney C.C., Hebert L.E., Scherr P.A., et al. Dietary folate and vitamin B12 intake and cognitive decline among community-dwelling older persons. Arch Neurol 2005, 62:641-645.
111. Durga J., van Boxtel M.P., Schouten E.G., Kok F.J., Jolles J., Katan M.B., et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 369:208-216.
112. Solomon A., Kivipelto M., Soininen H. Prevention of Alzheimer's disease: moving backward through the lifespan. J Alzheimers Dis 2013, 33(Suppl1):S465-S469.
113. Gillette-Guyonnet S., Andrieu S., Dantoine T., Dartiques J.F., Touchon J., Vellas B. MAPT study group. Commentary on "A roadmap for the prevention of dementia II. Leon Thal Symposium 2008." The Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT): a new approach to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2009, 5:114-121.
114. Freund-Levi Y., Eriksdotter-Jönhagen M., Cederholm T., Basun H., Faxén-Irving G., Garlind A., et al. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial. Arch Neurol 2006, 63:1402-1408.
115. Freund-Levi Y., Visser P.J., Kivipelto M., Wieggers R.L., Hartmann T., Soininen H. The LipiDiDiet study: rationale and study design. CTAD 2011, J Nutr Health Aging (Nov suppl).
116. Danthiir V., Burns N.R., Nettelbeck T., Wilson C., Wittert G. The older people, omega-3, and cognitive health (EPOCH) trial design and methodology: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial investigating the effect of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive ageing andwellbeing in cognitively healthy older adults. Nutrition J 2011, 10:117.
117. 12 and folic acid on fracture incidence. BMC Geriatrics 2011, 11:80.
118. Adolphe J.L., Whiting S.J., Juurlink B.H., Thorpe L.U., Alcorn J. Health effects with consumption of the flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Br J Nutr 2010, 103:929-938.