Vitamin D and prebiotics may benefi. The intestinal microbacteria and improve glucose homeostasis in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes

Endocrine Practice

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 497-510

  Barengolts, Elena ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; GLUCOSE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INSULIN; PREBIOTIC AGENT; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; VITAMIN D;

ACTINOBACTERIA; BACTEROIDETES; CALCIUM ABSORPTION; DETOXIFICATION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FIRMICUTES; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; INSULIN RELEASE; INTESTINE FLORA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEOBACTERIA; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYMBIOSIS;

ANIMALS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GLUCOSE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; PREBIOTICS; PREDIABETIC STATE; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84880119481     PISSN: 1530891X     EISSN: 19342403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4158/EP12263.RA     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Handelsman Y, Mechanick JI, Blonde L, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for clinical practice for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan. Endocr Pract. 2011;17 (Suppl 2):1-53.
2. Barengolts E. Vitamin D role and use in prediabetes. Endocr Pract. 2010;16:476-485.
3. NIH Human Microbiota Roadmap Project. Available at: http://nihroadmap. nih.gov/hmp/. Accessed December 12, 2012.
4. Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity o. The healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012;486:207-214.
5. Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2007;56:1761-1772.
6. Defronzo RA. Banting Lecture. Fro. The triumvirate t. The ominous octet: a new paradigm fo. The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;58:773-795.
7. Guarner F, Malagelada JR. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet. 2003;361:512-519.
8. Vijay-Kumar M, Aitken JD, Carvalho FA, et al. Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5. Science. 2010;328:228-231.
9. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature. 2006;444:1022-1023.
10. Turnbaugh PJ, Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Knight R, Gordon JI. The effect of diet o. The human gut microbiome: a metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci Transl Med. 2009;1:6ra14.
11. Roberfroid M, Gibson GR, Hoyles L, et al. Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(Suppl 2):S1-S63.
12. Cani PD, Lecourt E, Dewulf EM, et al. Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:1236-1243.
13. Worthley DL, Le Leu RK, Whitehall VL, et al. A human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation: effects on luminal, inflammatory, epigenetic, and epithelial biomarkers of colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:578-586.
14. Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Nista EC, et al. Meta-analysis. The effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1461-1467.
15. Hill MJ. Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1997;6(Suppl 1):S43-S45.
16. Manning BW, Cerniglia CE, Federle TW. Biotransformation of 1-nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene and N-formyl-1-aminopyrene b. The human intestinal microbiota. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1986;18:339-346.
17. Lawler DF, Larson BT, Ballam JM, et al. Diet restriction and ageing i. The dog: major observations over two decades. Br J Nutr. 2008;99:793-805.
18. Jumpertz R, Le DS, Turnbaugh PJ, et al. Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes, caloric load, and nutrient absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:58-65.
19. Mehta NN, Heffron SP, Patel PN, et al. A human model of inflammatory cardio-metabolic dysfunction; a double blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Transl Med. 2012; 10:124.
20. Creely SJ, McTernan PG, Kusminski CM, et al. Lipopolysaccharide activates an innate immune system response in human adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;292:E740-E747.
21. Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006;444:1027-1031.
22. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009; 457:480-484.
23. Mai V, McCrary QM, Sinha R, Glei M. Associations between dietary habits and body mass index with gut microbiota composition and fecal water genotoxicity: an observational study in African American and Caucasian American volunteers. Nutr J. 2009;8:49.
24. Kalliomäki M, Collado MC, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87: 534-538.
25. Nadal I, Santacruz A, Marcos A, et al. Shifts in clostridia, bacteroides and immunoglobulin-coating fecal bacteria associated with weight loss in obese adolescents. Int J Obes. (Lond.) 2009;33:758-767.
26. Zhang H, DiBaise JK, Zuccolo A, et al. Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Proc Natl Acad Sci. U S A 2009;106:2365-2370.
27. Serino M, Fernández-Real JM, Fuentes EG, et al. The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 2012 Jun 19. [Epub ahead of print]
28. Erridge C, Attina T, Spickett CM, Webb DJ. A high-fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia: evidence of a novel mechanism of postprandial inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1286-1292.
29. Al-Attas OS, Al-Daghri NM, Al-Rubeaan K, et al. Changes in endotoxin levels in T2DM subjects on anti-diabetic therapies. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8:20.
30. Larsen N, Vogensen FK, van den Berg FW, et al. Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PLoS One. 2010;5:e9085.
31. Wu X, Ma C, Han L, et al. Molecular characterisation o. The faecal microbiota in patients with type II diabetes. Curr Microbiol. 2010;61:69-78.
32. Furet JP, Kong LC, Tap J, et al. Differential adaptation of human gut microbiota to bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: links with metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. Diabetes. 2010;59:3049-3057.
33. Everard A, Lazarevic V, Derrien M, et al. Responses of gut microbiota and glucose and lipid metabolism to prebiotics in genetic obese and diet-induced leptin-resistant mice. Diabetes. 2011;60:2775-2786.
34. Le Poul E, Loison C, Struyf S, et al. Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:25481-25489.
35. Samuel BS, Shaito A, Motoike T, et al. Effects o. The gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated b. The short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:16767-16772.
36. Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T, et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:15718-15723.
37. Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut. 2009;58:1091-1103.
38. Macey MG, Whiley RA, Miller L, Nagamune H. Effect on polymorphonuclear cell function of a human-specific cytotoxin, intermedilysin, expressed by Streptococcus intermedius. Infect Immun. 2001;69:6102-6109.
39. Amyot J, Semache M, Ferdaoussi M, Fontés G, Poitout V. Lipopolysaccharides impair insulin gene expression in isolated islets of Langerhans via Toll-Like Receptor-4 and NF-kB signalling. PLoS One. 2012;7:e36200.
40. Virkamäki A, Puhakainen I, Koivisto VA, Vuorinen-Markkola H, Yki-Järvinen H. Mechanisms of hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance during acute infections in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74:673-679.
41. Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell. 2004;118:229-241.
42. Uribe A, Alam M, Johansson O, Midtvedt T, Theodorsson E. Microflora modulates endocrine cells i. The gastrointestinal mucosa o. The rat. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1259-1269.
43. Hara H, Suzuki T, Kasai T, Aoyama Y, Ohta A. Ingestion of guar. J Nutr. 1999;129:39-45.
44. Abrams SA, Griffin IJ, Hawthorne KM, et al. A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82: 471-476.
45. Pussinen PJ, Havulinna AS, Lehto M, Sundvall J, Salomaa V. Endotoxemia is associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:392-397.
46. Amar J, Burcelin R, Ruidavets JB, et al. Energy intake is associated with endotoxemia in apparently healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1219-1223.
47. Fernández-Real JM, Broch M, Richart C, Vendrell J, Lpez-Bermejo A, Ricart W. CD14 monocyte receptor, involved i. The inflammatory cascade, and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2003;88:1780-1784.
48. Vrieze A, Van Nood E, Holleman F, et al. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:913-916.e7.
49. Neyrinck AM, Van Hée VF, Piront N, et al. Wheat-derived arabinoxylan oligosaccharides with prebiotic effect increase satietogenic gut peptides and reduce metabolic endotoxemia in diet-induced obese mice. Nutr. Diabetes. 2012;2:e28.
50. Parnell JA, Reimer RA. Weight loss during oligofructose supplementation is associated with decreased ghrelin and increased peptide YY in overweight and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1751-1759.
51. Palazzo M, Balsari A, Rossini A, et al. Activation of enteroendocrine cells via TLRs induces hormone, chemokine, and defensin secretion. J Immunol. 2007;178:4296-4303.
52. Muccioli GG, Naslain D, Bäckhed F, et al. The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis. Mol Syst Biol. 2010;6:392.
53. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, et al. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:726-776.
54. Kallay E, Pietschmann P, Toyokuni S, et al. Characterization of a vitamin D receptor knockout mouse as a model of colorectal hyperproliferation and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis. 2001;22:1429-1435.
55. Xue Y, Fleet JC. Intestinal vitamin D receptor is required for normal calcium and bone metabolism in mice. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:1317-1327.
56. Lechner D, Kallay E and Cross HS. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 downregulates CYP27B1 and induces CYP24A1 in colon cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2007;263: 55-64.
57. Lagishetty V, Misharin AV, Liu NQ, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in mice impairs colonic antibacterial activity and predisposes to colitis. Endocrinology. 2010;151:2423-2432.
58. Wu S, Liao AP, Xia Y, et al. Vitamin D receptor negatively regulates bacterial-stimulated NF-kappaB activity in intestine. Am J Pathol. 2010;177:686-697.
59. Gudmundsson GH, Bergman P, Andersson J, Raqib R, Agerberth B. Battle and balance at mucosal surfaces -the story of Shigella and antimicrobial peptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;396:116-119.
60. Kong J, Zhang Z, Musch MW, et al. Novel role o. The vitamin D receptor in maintainin. The integrity o. The intestinal mucosal barrier. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;294:G208-G216.
61. Zhao H, Zhang H, Wu H, et al. Protective role of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 i. The mucosal injury and epithelial barrier disruption in DSS-induced acute colitis in mice. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:57.
62. Wang TT, Dabbas B, Laperriere D, et al. Direct and indirect induction by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 o. The NOD2/CARD15-defensin beta2 innate immune pathway defective in Crohn disease. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:2227-2231.
63. Yu S, Bruce D, Froicu M, Weaver V, Cantorna MT. Failure of T cell homing, reduced CD4/CD8alphaalpha intraepithelial lymphocytes, and inflammation i. The gut of vitamin D receptor KO mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:20834-20839.
64. Newmark HL, Yang K, Kurihara N, Fan K, Augenlicht LH, Lipkin M. Western-style diet induced colonic tumors and their modulation by calcium and vitamin D in C57Bl/6 mice: a preclinical model for human sporadic colon cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2009;30:88-92.
65. Favus MJ. Factors that influence absorption and secretion of calcium i. The small intestine and colon. Am J Physiol. 1985;248:G147-G157.
66. Goff JP, Koszewski NJ, Haynes JS, Horst RL. Targeted delivery of vitamin D t. The colon using b-glucuronides of vitamin D: therapeutic effects in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;302:G460-469.
67. Neyrinck AM, Possemiers S, Druart C, et al. Prebiotic effects of wheat arabinoxylan related t. The increase in bifidobacteria, Roseburia and Bacteroides/Prevotella in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One. 2011;6:e20944.
68. McCullogh JS, Ratcliffe B, Mandir N, Carr KE, Goodlad RA. Dietary fibre and intestinal microflora: effects on intestinal morphometry and crypt branching. Gut. 1998;42:799-806.
69. Pyra KA, Saha DC, Reimer RA. Prebiotic fiber increases hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation and suppresses glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion more effectively when used with metformin in obese rats. J Nutr. 2012;142:213-220.
70. Fernandes J, Vogt J, Wolever TM. Inulin increases short-term markers for colonic fermentation similarly in healthy and hyperinsulinaemic humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65:1279-1286.
71. Kelly D. King T. Aminov R. Importance of microbial colonization o. The gut in early life t. The development of immunity. Mutat Res
72. Round J.L. Mazmanian S.K. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease Nat Rev Immunol
73. Eckmann L. Sensor molecules in intestinal innate immunity against bacterial infections Curr Opin Gastroenterol
74. Keita AV, Salim SY, Jiang T, et al. Increased uptake of non-pathogenic E. coli vi. The follicle-associated epithelium in longstanding ileal Crohn's disease. J Pathol. 2008; 215:135-144.
75. Eloranta JJ, Wenger C, Mwinyi J, et al. Association of a common vitamin D-binding protein polymorphism with inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011;21:559-564.
76. Bai YH, Lu H, Hong D, Lin CC, Yu Z, Chen BC. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:1672-1679.
77. Overbergh L, Stoffels K, Waer M, Verstuyf A, Bouillon R, Mathieu C. Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase in human monocytic THP1 cells: mechanisms of interferon-gamma-mediated induction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3566-3574.
78. Costa EM, Feldman D. Modulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor binding and action by sodium butyrate in cultured pig kidney cells (LLC-PK1). J Bone Miner Res. 1987;2:151-159.
79. Zehnder D, Bland R, Chana RS, et al. Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) by human endothelial cells is regulated by inflammatory cytokines: a novel autocrine determinant of vascular cell adhesion. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:621-629.
80. Du T, Zhou ZG, You S, et al. Modulation of monocyte hyperresponsiveness to TLR ligands by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 from LADA and T2DM. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83:208-214.
81. Yang M, Shen Z, Chen D, et al. Effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)D (3) o. The expressions of vitamin D receptor, STAT5 and cytoskeletal rearrangement in human monocytes incubated with sera from type 2 diabetes patients and diabetic nephropathy patients with uremia. Inflamm Res. 2012;61:511-520.
82. Mencarelli A, Cipriani S, Renga B, et al. VSL#3 resets insulin signaling and protects against NASH and atherosclerosis in a model of genetic dyslipidemia and intestinal inflammation. PLoS One. 2012;7:e45425.
83. Yahav S, Buffenstein R. Cholecalciferol supplementation alters gut function and improves digestibility in an underground inhabitant. The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber), when fed on a carrot diet. Br J Nutr. 1993;69:233-241.
84. Chang YC, Liu PH, Tsai YC, et al. Genetic variation i. The carbonyl reductase 3 gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance: a potential regulator of adipogenesis. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012;90:847-858.
85. Roselli della Rovere G, Lapolla A, Sartore G, et al. Plasma lipoproteins, apoproteins and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. A nine-year follow-up study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2003;13:46-51.
86. Zmuda EJ, Qi L, Zhu MX, Mirmira RG, Montminy MR, Hai T. The roles of ATF3, an adaptive-response gene, in high-fat-diet-induced diabetes and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Mol Endocrinol. 2010;24:1423-1433.
87. Anderson AA, Helmering J, Juan T, et al. Pancreatic islet expression profiling in diabetes-prone C57BLKS/J mice reveals transcriptional differences contributed by DBA loci, including Plagl1 and Nnt. Pathogenetics. 2009;2:1.
88. U.S. National Institutes of Health. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/ resultsterm=vitamin+D+AND+diabetes Accessed December 12, 2012.
89. Jorde R, Sneve M, Torjesen P, Figenschau Y. No improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects after supplementation with vitamin D3 for 1 year. J Intern Med. 2010;267:462-472.
90. Jorde R, Sneve M, Torjesen PA, Figenschau Y, Goransson LG, Omdal R. No effect of supplementation with cholecalciferol on cytokines and markers of inflammation in overweight and obese subjects. Cytokine. 2010;50:175-180.
91. Harris SS, Pittas AG, Palermo NJ. A randomized, placebo- controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African Americans. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:789-794.
92. Mitri J, Dawson-Hughes B, Hu FB, Pittas AG. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic b cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes. The Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:486-494.
93. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2010;103:549-555.
94. Jorde R, Figenschau Y. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Eur J Nutr. 2009;48:349-354.
95. Davidson MB, Duran P, Lee ML, Friedman TC. High-dose vitamin D supplementation in people with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:260-266.
96. Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Antic T, et al. Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:545-553.
97. Raninen K, Lappi J, Mykkänen H, Poutanen K. Dietary fiber type reflects physiological functionality: comparison of grain fiber, inulin, and polydextrose. Nutr Rev. 2011; 69:9-21.
98. Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: guidelines for effective dietary management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106: 1631-1639.
99. Prosky L, Hoebregs H. Methods to determine food inulin and oligofructose. J Nutr. 1999;129:1418S-1423S.
100. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96 1911-1930.
101. Kelly D, King T, Aminov R. Importance of microbial colonization o. The gut in early life t. The development of immunity. Mutat Res. 2007;622:58-69.
102. Round JL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:313-323.
103. Eckmann L. Sensor molecules in intestinal innate immunity against bacterial infections. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006;22:95-101.
104. Keita AV, Salim SY, Jiang T, et al. Increased uptake of non-pathogenic E. coli vi. The follicle-associated epithelium in longstanding ileal Crohn's disease. J Pathol. 2008; 215:135-144.
105. Eloranta JJ, Wenger C, Mwinyi J, et al. Association of a common vitamin D-binding protein polymorphism with inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011;21:559-564.
106. Bai YH, Lu H, Hong D, Lin CC, Yu Z, Chen BC. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:1672-1679.
107. Overbergh L, Stoffels K, Waer M, Verstuyf A, Bouillon R, Mathieu C. Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase in human monocytic THP1 cells: mechanisms of interferon-gamma-mediated induction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3566-3574.
108. Costa EM, Feldman D. Modulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor binding and action by sodium butyrate in cultured pig kidney cells (LLC-PK1). J Bone Miner Res. 1987;2:151-159.
109. Zehnder D, Bland R, Chana RS, et al. Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) by human endothelial cells is regulated by inflammatory cytokines: a novel autocrine determinant of vascular cell adhesion. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:621-629.
110. Du T, Zhou ZG, You S, et al. Modulation of monocyte hyperresponsiveness to TLR ligands by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 from LADA and T2DM. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83:208-214.
111. Yang M, Shen Z, Chen D, et al. Effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)D (3) o. The expressions of vitamin D receptor, STAT5 and cytoskeletal rearrangement in human monocytes incubated with sera from type 2 diabetes patients and diabetic nephropathy patients with uremia. Inflamm Res. 2012;61:511-520.
112. Mencarelli A, Cipriani S, Renga B, et al. VSL#3 resets insulin signaling and protects against NASH and atherosclerosis in a model of genetic dyslipidemia and intestinal inflammation. PLoS One. 2012;7:e45425.
113. Yahav S, Buffenstein R. Cholecalciferol supplementation alters gut function and improves digestibility in an underground inhabitant. The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber), when fed on a carrot diet. Br J Nutr. 1993;69:233-241.
114. Chang YC, Liu PH, Tsai YC, et al. Genetic variation i. The carbonyl reductase 3 gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance: a potential regulator of adipogenesis. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012;90:847-858.
115. Roselli della Rovere G, Lapolla A, Sartore G, et al. Plasma lipoproteins, apoproteins and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. A nine-year follow-up study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2003;13:46-51.
116. Zmuda EJ, Qi L, Zhu MX, Mirmira RG, Montminy MR, Hai T. The roles of ATF3, an adaptive-response gene, in high-fat-diet-induced diabetes and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Mol Endocrinol. 2010;24:1423-1433.
117. Anderson AA, Helmering J, Juan T, et al. Pancreatic islet expression profiling in diabetes-prone C57BLKS/J mice reveals transcriptional differences contributed by DBA loci, including Plagl1 and Nnt. Pathogenetics. 2009;2:1.
118. U.S. National Institutes of Health. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/ resultsterm=vitamin+D+AND+diabetes Accessed December 12, 2012.
119. Jorde R, Sneve M, Torjesen P, Figenschau Y. No improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects after supplementation with vitamin D3 for 1 year. J Intern Med. 2010;267:462-472.
120. Jorde R, Sneve M, Torjesen PA, Figenschau Y, Goransson LG, Omdal R. No effect of supplementation with cholecalciferol on cytokines and markers of inflammation in overweight and obese subjects. Cytokine. 2010;50:175-180.
121. Harris SS, Pittas AG, Palermo NJ. A randomized, placebo- controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African Americans. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:789-794.
122. Mitri J, Dawson-Hughes B, Hu FB, Pittas AG. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic b cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes. The Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:486-494.
123. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2010;103:549-555.
124. Jorde R, Figenschau Y. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Eur J Nutr. 2009;48:349-354.
125. Davidson MB, Duran P, Lee ML, Friedman TC. High-dose vitamin D supplementation in people with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:260-266.
126. Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Antic T, et al. Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharides in patients with non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57:545-553.
127. Raninen K, Lappi J, Mykkänen H, Poutanen K. Dietary fiber type reflects physiological functionality: comparison of grain fiber, inulin, and polydextrose. Nutr Rev. 2011; 69:9-21.
128. Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: guidelines for effective dietary management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106: 1631-1639.
129. Prosky L, Hoebregs H. Methods to determine food inulin and oligofructose. J Nutr. 1999;129:1418S-1423S.
130. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911-1930.
131. Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, et al. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations fo. The treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:S51-61.
132. Anderson JW, Randles KM, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ. Carbohydrate and fiber recommendations for individuals with diabetes: a quantitative assessment and meta-analysis o. The evidence. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:5-17.
133. Hill KM, Jonnalagadda SS, Albertson AM, Joshi NA, Weaver CM. Top food sources contributing to vitamin D intake an. The association of ready-to-eat cereal and breakfast consumption habits to vitamin D intake in Canadians and United States Americans. J Food Sci. 2012;77:H170-H175.
134. King DE, Mainous AG III, Lambourne CA. Trends in dietary fiber intake i. The United States, 1999-2008. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:642-648.
135. Luxwolda MF, Kuipers RS, Kema IP, Dijck-Brouwer DA, Muskiet FA. Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 115 nmol/l. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:1557-1561.
136. Leach JD, Sobolik KD. High dietary intake of prebiotic inulin-type fructans i. The prehistoric Chihuahuan Desert. Br J Nutr. 2010;103:1558-1561.