Thyroid autoantibodies in pregnancy: Their role, regulation and clinical relevance

Journal of Thyroid Research

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Balucan, Francis S ^a   Morshed, Syed A ^a   Davies, Terry F ^a  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; THYROGLOBULIN; THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODY; THYROID ANTIBODY; THYROID HORMONE; THYROID PEROXIDASE; THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODY; THYROTROPIN; THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR ANTIBODY;

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIBODY SCREENING; ANTIBODY TITER; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS; B LYMPHOCYTE; COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; DOWN REGULATION; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FERTILITY; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO; GRAVES DISEASE; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HLA GENE; HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; NONHUMAN; PERINATAL DEVELOPMENT; POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; TPO GENE; TREATMENT FAILURE; UPREGULATION;

EID: 84879191548     PISSN: 20908067     EISSN: 20420072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/182472     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Balucan F. D., Davies T. F., The immunology of autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnancy. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies 2012 27 1 18 26
2. Hektoen L., Schulhof K., The precipitin reaction of thyroglobulin: specificness; presence of thyroglobulin in human thyroid veins; production by rabbit of precipitin for rabbit thyroglobulin; thyroglobulin in the foetal thyroid and in exophthalmic goiter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1925 11 8 481 484 10.1073/pnas.11.8.481
3. Owen C. A. Jr., A review of auto-immunization in Hashimoto's disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1958 18 9 1015 1023 2-s2.0-0042944065
4. Fromm G. A., Lascano E. F., Bur G. E., Escalante D., Nonspecific chronic thyroiditis: Hashimoto's lymphoid struma; de Quervain's granulomatous struma; Riedel's fibrous struma. Revista de la Asociación Médica Argentina 1953 67 749-750 162 170 2-s2.0-77951418717
5. Witebsky E., Rose N. R., Terplan K., Paine J. R., Egan R. W., Chronic thyroiditis and autoimmunization. The Journal of the American Medical Association 1957 164 13 1439 1447 2-s2.0-70449164839
6. Campbell P. N., Doniach D., Hudson R. V., Roitt I. M., Auto-antibodies in Hashimoto's disease (lymphadenoid goitre). The Lancet 1956 271 6947 820 821 2-s2.0-77049273407
7. van Herle A. J., Uller R. P., Matthews N. I., Brown J., Radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1973 52 6 1320 1327 2-s2.0-0015634978
8. Rose N. R., Bonita R., Burek C. L., Iodine: an environmental trigger of thyroiditis. Autoimmunity Reviews 2002 1 1-2 97 103 2-s2.0-0011653695 10.1016/S1568-9972(01)00016-7 (Pubitemid 38367432)
9. van de Graaf S. A. R., Ris-Stalpers C., Pauws E., Mendive F. M., Targovnik H. M., de Vijlder J. J. M., Up to date with human thyroglobulin. Journal of Endocrinology 2001 170 2 307 321 2-s2.0-0034887740 10.1677/joe.0.1700307 (Pubitemid 32771433)
10. Hasham A., Tomer Y., Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in thyroid autoimmunity. Immunologic Research 2012 54 1-3 204 213 10.1007/s12026-012-8302-x
11. Jacobson E. M., Tomer Y., The genetic basis of thyroid autoimmunity. Thyroid 2007 17 10 949 961 2-s2.0-35948953900 10.1089/thy.2007.0153 (Pubitemid 350071593)
12. Belyavin G., Trotter W. R., Investigations of thyroid antigens reacting with Hashimoto sera; evidence for an antigen other than thyroglobulin. The Lancet 1959 1 7074 648 652 2-s2.0-49749212479
13. Portmann L., Hamada N., Heinrich G., DeGroot L. J., Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: possible identity with antimicrosomal antibody. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1985 61 5 1001 1003 2-s2.0-0022414831 (Pubitemid 16218506)
14. Salvatore D., Davies T., Schlumberger M., Hay I., Larsen P., Melmed S., Polonsky K. S., Larsen P., Kronenberg H., Thyroid. Williams Endocrinology 2011 12th Philadelphia, Pa, USA Elsevier 327 350
15. Feldt Rasmussen U., Serum thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in thyroid diseases. Pathogenic and diagnostic aspects. Allergy 1983 38 6 369 387 2-s2.0-0020966905 (Pubitemid 13036106)
16. Targovnik H. M., Citterio C. E., Rivolta C. M., Thyroglobulin gene mutations in congenital hypothyroidism. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2011 75 5 311 321 2-s2.0-79955678455 10.1159/000324882
17. Clément S., Refetoff S., Robaye B., Dumont J. E., Schurmans S., Low TSH requirement and goiter in transgenic mice overexpressing IGF-I and IGF-I receptor in the thyroid gland. Endocrinology 2001 142 12 5131 5139 2-s2.0-0035210329 10.1210/en.142.12.5131 (Pubitemid 33131939)
18. McLachlan S. M., Rapoport B., Why measure thyroglobulin autoantibodies rather than thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies? Thyroid 2004 14 7 510 520 2-s2.0-3543000458 10.1089/1050725041517057 (Pubitemid 39014589)
19. Murphy K., Travers P., Walport M., Janeway C., Janeway's Immunobiology 2012 8th New York, NY, USA Garland Science
20. Davidson A., Diamond B., Autoimmune diseases. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001 345 5 340 350 2-s2.0-0035797676
21. Tomer Y., Shoenfeld Y., The significance of natural autoantibodies. Immunological Investigations 1988 17 5 389 424 2-s2.0-0023751449
22. Gleicher N., Barad D., Weghofer A., Functional autoantibodies, a new paradigm in autoimmunity? Autoimmunity Reviews 2007 7 1 42 45 2-s2.0-35448996922 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.06.001 (Pubitemid 47633390)
23. Parkes A. B., McLachlan S. M., Bird P., Rees Smith B., The distribution of microsomal and thyroglobulin antibody activity among the IgG subclasses. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1984 57 1 239 243 2-s2.0-0021269420 (Pubitemid 14083851)
24. Prummel M. F., Wiersinga W. M., Rapoport B., McLachlan S. M., IgA class thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in Graves' disease: association with the male sex. Autoimmunity 1993 16 2 153 155 2-s2.0-0027767554 (Pubitemid 24060874)
25. Beever K., Bradbury J., Phillips D., McLachlan S. M., Pegg C., Goral A., Overbeck W., Feifel G., Smith B. R., Highly sensitive assays of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and to thyroid peroxidase. Clinical Chemistry 1989 35 9 1949 1954 2-s2.0-0024454452 (Pubitemid 19242238)
26. Caturegli P., Kuppers R. C., Mariotti S., Burek C. L., Pinchera A., Ladenson P. W., Rose N. R., IgG subclass distribution of thyroglobulin antibodies in patients with thyroid disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1994 98 3 464 469 2-s2.0-0027945539 (Pubitemid 24374733)
27. Chazenbalk G. D., Portolano S., Russo D., Hutchison J. S., Rapoport B., McLachlan S., Human organ-specific autoimmune disease. Molecular cloning and expression of an autoantibody gene repertoire for a major autoantigen reveals an antigenic immunodominant region and restricted immunoglobulin gene usage in the target organ. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1993 92 1 62 74 2-s2.0-0027169311 (Pubitemid 23208981)
28. McLachlan S. M., Rapoport B., Genetic and epitopic analysis of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies: markers of the human thyroid autoimmune response. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1995 101 2 200 206 2-s2.0-0029160330
29. Tomer Y., Barbesino G., Keddache M., Greenberg D. A., Davies T. F., Mapping of a major susceptibility locus for Graves' disease (GD-1) to chromosome 14q31. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1997 82 5 1645 1648 2-s2.0-0031008087 (Pubitemid 27200451)
30. Jaume J. C., Guo J., Pauls D. L., Zakarija M., McKenzie J. M., Egeland J. A., Burek C. L., Rose N. R., Hoffman W. H., Rapoport B., McLachlan S. M., Evidence for genetic transmission of thyroid peroxidase autoantibody epitopic 'fingerprints'. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1999 84 4 1424 1431 2-s2.0-0033306925 (Pubitemid 30644410)
31. Tunbridge W. M. G., Evered D. C., Hall R., The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clinical Endocrinology 1977 7 6 481 493 2-s2.0-0017757504 (Pubitemid 8235965)
32. Hollowell J. G., Staehling N. W., Flanders W. D., Harry Hannon W., Gunter E. W., Spencer C. A., Braverman L. E., Serum TSH, T4, and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2002 87 2 489 499 2-s2.0-0036173697 10.1210/jc.87.2.489 (Pubitemid 34158210)
33. Browning J. L., B cells move to centre stage: novel opportunities for autoimmune disease treatment. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2006 5 7 564 576 2-s2.0-33745662565 10.1038/nrd2085 (Pubitemid 43971191)
34. Townsend M. J., Monroe J. G., Chan A. C., B-cell targeted therapies in human autoimmune diseases: an updated perspective. Immunological Reviews 2010 237 1 264 283 2-s2.0-77955895130 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00945.x
35. von Boehmer H., Melchers F., Checkpoints in lymphocyte development and autoimmune disease. Nature Immunology 2010 11 1 14 20 2-s2.0-74049110516 10.1038/ni.1794
36. Janeway C., Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease 2005 6th New York, NY, USA Garland Science
37. Tangye S. G., Bryant V. L., Cuss A. K., Good K. L., BAFF, APRIL and human B cell disorders. Seminars in Immunology 2006 18 5 305 317 2-s2.0-33747819824 10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.004 (Pubitemid 44287555)
38. Kimberley F. C., Medema J. P., Hahne M., APRIL in B-cell malignancies and autoimmunity. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation 2009 49 161 182 2-s2.0-71749090493 10.1007/400-2008-19
39. Pers J. O., Daridon C., Devauchelle V., Jousse S., Saraux A., Jamin C., Youinou P., BAFF overexpression is associated with autoantibody production in autoimmune diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2005 1050 34 39 2-s2.0-23744476832 10.1196/annals.1313.004 (Pubitemid 41129420)
40. Gilbert J. A., Kalled S. L., Moorhead J., Hess D. M., Rennert P., Li Z., Khan M. Z., Banga J. P., Treatment of autoimmune hyperthyroidism in a murine model of Graves' disease with tumor necrosis factor-family ligand inhibitors suggests a key role for B cell activating factor in disease pathology. Endocrinology 2006 147 10 4561 4568 2-s2.0-33748746856 10.1210/en.2006-0507 (Pubitemid 44402161)
41. Vannucchi G., Covelli D., Curro N., Serum BAFF concentrations in patients with Graves' disease and orbitopathy before and after immunosuppressive therapy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2012 97 E755 E759
42. Stevens T. L., Bossie A., Sanders V. M., Fernandez-Botran R., Coffman R. L., Mosmann T. R., Vitetta E. S., Regulation of antibody isotype secretion by subsets of antigen-specific helper T cells. Nature 1988 334 6179 255 258 2-s2.0-0023733838
43. Ninomiya C., Spiegelberg H. L., IL-4 and transforming growth factor- β suppress human immunoglobulin secretion in vitro by surface IgD- B cells. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1992 89 2 261 268 2-s2.0-0026684452
44. Stavnezer J., Kang J., The surprising discovery that TGF β specifically induces the IgA class switch. The Journal of Immunology 2009 182 1 5 7 2-s2.0-59849123627
45. Kawabe T., Naka T., Yoshida K., Tanaka T., Fujiwara H., Suematsu S., Yoshida N., Kishimoto T., Kikutani H., The immune responses in CD40-deficient mice: impaired immunoglobulin class switching and germinal center formation. Immunity 1994 1 3 167 178 2-s2.0-0028447437
46. Lenschow D. J., Walunas T. L., Bluestone J. A., CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation. Annual Review of Immunology 1996 14 233 258 2-s2.0-0029944533 10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.233 (Pubitemid 26130184)
47. Shapiro-Shelef M., Calame K. C., Regulation of plasma-cell development. Nature Reviews Immunology 2005 5 3 230 242 2-s2.0-14944362858 10.1038/nri1572 (Pubitemid 40364824)
48. Stagnaro-Green A., Roman S. H., Cobin R. H., El-Harazy E., Alvarez-Marfany M., Davies T. F., Detection of at-risk pregnancy by means of highly sensitive assays for thyroid autoantibodies. The Journal of the American Medical Association 1990 264 11 1422 1425 2-s2.0-0025107457 10.1001/jama.264.11. 1422 (Pubitemid 20331938)
49. Wick G., Sundick R. S., Albini B., A review: the obese strain (OS) of chickens: an animal model with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 1974 3 2 272 300 2-s2.0-0016123099
50. Braley-Mullen H., Sharp G. C., Medling B., Tang H., Spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 mice. Journal of Autoimmunity 1999 12 3 157 165 2-s2.0-0032957740 10.1006/jaut.1999.0272 (Pubitemid 29223047)
51. Marwaha R. K., Tandon N., Desai A. K., The evolution of thyroid function with puberty. Clinical Endocrinology 2012 76 6 899 904 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011. 04305.x
52. Kaloumenou I., Mastorakos G., Alevizaki M., Duntas L. H., Mantzou E., Ladopoulos C., Antoniou A., Chiotis D., Papassotiriou I., Chrousos G. P., Dacou-Voutetakis C., Thyroid autoimmunity in schoolchildren in an area with long-standing iodine sufficiency: correlation with gender, pubertal stage, and maternal thyroid autoimmunity. Thyroid 2008 18 7 747 754 2-s2.0-47549118276 10.1089/thy.2007.0370 (Pubitemid 352009930)
53. Tomer Y., Shoenfeld Y., Ageing and autoantibodies. Autoimmunity 1988 1 2 141 149 2-s2.0-0023892743
54. Magri F., Muzzoni B., Cravello L., Fioravanti M., Busconi L., Camozzi D., Vignati G., Ferrari E., Thyroid function in physiological aging and in centenarians: possible relationships with some nutritional markers. Metabolism 2002 51 1 105 109 2-s2.0-0036146475 10.1053/meta.2002.28968 (Pubitemid 34092444)
55. Tunbridge W. M. G., Brewis M., French J. M., Natural history of autoimmune thyroiditis. British Medical Journal 1981 282 6260 258 262 2-s2.0-0019363881 (Pubitemid 11188539)
56. Davies T. F., Infection and autoimmune thyroid disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2008 93 3 674 676 2-s2.0-40849130167 10.1210/jc.2008-0095 (Pubitemid 351398537)
57. Effraimidis G., Tijssen J. G. P., Wiersinga W. M., Discontinuation of smoking increases the risk for developing thyroid peroxidase antibodies and/or thyroglobulin antibodies: a prospective study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009 94 4 1324 1328 2-s2.0-65249146720 10.1210/jc.2008-1548
58. Agate L., Mariotti S., Elisei R., Mossa P., Pacini F., Molinaro E., Grasso L., Masserini L., Mokhort T., Vorontsova T., Arynchyn A., Tronko M. D., Tsyb A., Feldt-Rasmussen U., Juul A., Pinchera A., Thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function in subjects exposed to chernobyl fallout during childhood: evidence for a transient radiation-induced elevation of serum thyroid antibodies without an increase in thyroid autoimmune disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2008 93 7 2729 2736 2-s2.0-47549083513 10.1210/jc.2008-0060 (Pubitemid 352008543)
59. Pacini F., Vorontsova T., Molinaro E., Kuchinskaya H., Agate L., Shavmva M., Astachova L., Chiovato L., Piochera A., Prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in children and adolescents from Belarus exposed to the Chernobyl radioactive fallout. The Lancet 1998 352 9130 763 766 2-s2.0-0032487021 (Pubitemid 28404557)
60. Imaizumi M., Usa T., Tominaga T., Neriishi K., Akahoshi M., Nakashima E., Ashizawa K., Hida A., Soda M., Fujiwara S., Yamada M., Ejima E., Yokoyama N., Okubo M., Sugino K., Suzuki G., Maeda R., Nagataki S., Eguchi K., Radiation dose-response relationships for thyroid nodules and autoimmune thyroid diseases in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors 55-58 years after radiation exposure. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2006 295 9 1011 1022 2-s2.0-33644607312 10.1001/jama.295.9.1011
61. Martino E., Bartalena L., Bogazzi F., Braverman L. E., The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid. Endocrine Reviews 2001 22 2 240 254 2-s2.0-0006353759 10.1210/er.22.2.240 (Pubitemid 32458161)
62. Bulow Pedersen I., Knudsen N., Carlé A., Vejbjerg P., Jørgensen T., Perrild H., Ovesen L., Rasmussen L. B., Laurberg P., A cautious iodization programme bringing iodine intake to a low recommended level is associated with an increase in the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in the population. Clinical Endocrinology 2011 75 1 120 126 2-s2.0-79958807358 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04008.x
63. Koh L. K. H., Greenspan F. S., Yeo P. P. B., Interferon- induced thyroid dysfunction: three clinical presentations and a review of the literature. Thyroid 1997 7 6 891 896 2-s2.0-0031465313 (Pubitemid 28041664)
64. Contempre B., Denef J. F., Dumont J. E., Many M. C., Selenium deficiency aggravates the necrotizing effects of a high iodide dose in iodine deficient rats. Endocrinology 1993 132 4 1866 1868 2-s2.0-0027401985 10.1210/en.132.4.1866 (Pubitemid 23110568)
65. Rayman M. P., The importance of selenium to human health. The Lancet 2000 356 9225 233 241 2-s2.0-0034662094 (Pubitemid 30446984)
66. Gärtner R., Gasnier B. C. H., Dietrich J. W., Krebs B., Angstwurm M. W. A., Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2002 87 4 1687 1691 2-s2.0-0036269516 10.1210/jc.87.4.1687 (Pubitemid 34618503)
67. Laurberg P., Wallin G., Tallstedt L., Abraham-Nordling M., Lundell G., Törring O., TSH-receptor autoimmunity in Graves' disease after therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: a 5-year prospective randomized study. European Journal of Endocrinology 2008 158 1 69 75 2-s2.0-38949133867 10.1530/EJE-07-0450 (Pubitemid 351211042)
68. Reinwein D., Benker G., Lazarus J. H., Alexander W. D., Nolte C., Kahaly C., Beyer J., Pinchera A., Vitti P., Raue F., Ziegler R., Tegler L., Bretzel R. G., Hackenberg K., Galvan G., Graf K. J., Perrild H., Reisert P., Pickardt C. R., A prospective randomized trial of antithyroid drug dose in Graves' disease therapy. European Multicenter Study Group on Antithyroid Drug Treatment. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1993 76 6 1516 1521 2-s2.0-0027154127 10.1210/jc.76.6.1516 (Pubitemid 23164371)
69. Kung A. W. C., Lau K. S., Kohn L. D., Characterization of thyroid-stimulating blocking antibodies that appeared during transient hypothyroidism after radioactive iodine therapy. Thyroid 2000 10 10 909 917 2-s2.0-0033769016
70. Pinchera A., Liberti P., Martino E., Fenzi G. F., Grasso L., Rovis L., Baschieri L., Doria G., Effects of antithyroid therapy on the long-acting thyroid stimulator and the antithyroglobulin antibodies. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1969 29 2 231 238 2-s2.0-0014465662
71. DeGroot L. J., Radioiodine and the immune system. Thyroid 1997 7 259 264 10.1089/thy.1997.7.259 (Pubitemid 27190593)
72. Wang W., Teng W., Shan Z., Wang S., Li J., Zhu L., Zhou J., Mao J., Yu X., Li J., Chen Y., Xue H., Fan C., Wang H., Zhang H., Li C., Zhou W., Gao B., Shang T., Zhou J., Ding B., Ma Y., Wu Y., Xu H., Liu W., The prevalence of thyroid disorders during early pregnancy in China: the benefits of universal screening in the first trimester of pregnancy. European Journal of Endocrinology 2011 164 2 263 268 2-s2.0-78751545060 10.1530/EJE-10-0660
73. Feldt-Rasmussen U., Hoier-Madsen M., Rasmussen N. G., Hegedus L., Hornnes P., Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy and postpartum. Relation to postpartum thyroiditis. Autoimmunity 1990 6 3 211 214 2-s2.0-0025066951 (Pubitemid 20344180)
74. Shiina T., Inoko H., Kulski J. K., An update of the HLA genomic region, locus information and disease associations: 2004. Tissue Antigens 2004 64 6 631 649 2-s2.0-10344227722 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00327.x (Pubitemid 39628044)
75. Ban Y., Davies T. F., Greenberg D. A., Concepcion E. S., Osman R., Oashi T., Tomer Y., Arginine at position 74 of the HLA-DR β 1 chain is associated with Graves' disease. Genes and Immunity 2004 5 3 203 208 2-s2.0-3242784051 10.1038/sj.gene.6364059 (Pubitemid 38967653)
76. Tilburgs T., Scherjon S. A., Claas F. H. J., Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mediated immune regulation of decidual leukocytes at the fetal-maternal interface. Journal of Reproductive Immunology 2010 85 1 58 62 2-s2.0-77952093707 10.1016/j.jri.2010.01.005
77. Favier B., LeMaoult J., Rouas-Freiss N., Moreau P., Menier C., Carosella E. D., Research on HLA-G: an update. Tissue Antigens 2007 69 3 207 211 2-s2.0-34247895487 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00757.x (Pubitemid 46696937)
78. Kahn D. A., Baltimore D., Pregnancy induces a fetal antigen-specific maternal T regulatory cell response that contributes to tolerance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010 107 20 9299 9304 2-s2.0-77952720267 10.1073/pnas.1003909107
79. Kühnert M., Strohmeier R., Stegmüller M., Halberstadt E., Changes in lymphocyte subsets during normal pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1998 76 2 147 151 2-s2.0-0032007833 10.1016/S0301-2115(97)00180-2 (Pubitemid 28031902)
80. Wegmann T. G., Lin H., Guilbert L., Mosmann T. R., Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunology Today 1993 14 7 353 356 2-s2.0-0027207375 (Pubitemid 23198169)
81. Chaouat G., The Th1/Th2 paradigm: still important in pregnancy? Seminars in Immunopathology 2007 29 2 95 113 2-s2.0-34547491690 10.1007/s00281-007-0069-0 (Pubitemid 47603024)
82. Guerin L. R., Prins J. R., Robertson S. A., Regulatory T-cells and immune tolerance in pregnancy: a new target for infertility treatment? Human Reproduction Update 2009 15 5 517 535 2-s2.0-65949102692 10.1093/humupd/dmp004
83. Leber A., Teles A., Zenclussen A. C., Regulatory T cells and their role in pregnancy. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 2010 63 6 445 459 2-s2.0-77953936978 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00821.x
84. Saito S., Shima T., Nakashima A., Shiozaki A., Ito M., Sasaki Y., What is the role of regulatory T cells in the success of implantation and early pregnancy? Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 2007 24 9 379 386 2-s2.0-34848913096 10.1007/s10815-007-9140-y (Pubitemid 47497953)
85. Thangaratinam S., Tan A., Knox E., Kilby M. D., Franklyn J., Coomarasamy A., Association between thyroid autoantibodies and miscarriage and preterm birth: meta-analysis of evidence. British Medical Journal 2011 342 7806 d2616 2-s2.0-79955959603 10.1136/bmj.d2616
86. Levinson W., Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2010 11th New York, NY, USA McGraw-Hill Medical
87. Kincade P. W., Medina K. L., Smithson G., Scott D. C., Pregnancy: a clue to normal regulation of B lymphopoiesis. Immunology Today 1994 15 11 539 544 2-s2.0-0027960787 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90211-9 (Pubitemid 24327568)
88. Bouaziz J. D., Yanaba K., Tedder T. F., Regulatory B cells as inhibitors of immune responses and inflammation. Immunological Reviews 2008 224 1 201 214 2-s2.0-49249136452 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00661.x
89. Poppe K., Velkeniers B., Glinoer D., The role of thyroid autoimmunity in fertility and pregnancy. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism 2008 4 7 394 405 2-s2.0-45849104748 10.1038/ncpendmet0846 (Pubitemid 351881865)
90. Poppe K., Velkeniers B., Glinoer D., Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Clinical Endocrinology 2007 66 3 309 321 2-s2.0-33846902069 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02752.x (Pubitemid 46239305)
91. Grassi G., Balsamo A., Ansaldi C., Balbo A., Massobrio M., Benedetto C., Thyroid autoimmunity and infertility. Gynecological Endocrinology 2001 15 5 389 396 2-s2.0-0035183325 (Pubitemid 33096063)
92. Glinoer D., Soto M. F., Bourdoux P., Lejeune B., Delange F., Lemone M., Kinthaert J., Robijn C., Grun J. P., de Nayer P., Pregnancy in patients with mild thyroid abnormalities: maternal and neonatal repercussions. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1991 73 2 421 427 2-s2.0-0025949962 (Pubitemid 21921891)
93. de Vivo A., Mancuso A., Giacobbe A., Moleti M., Maggio Savasta L., de Dominici R., Priolo A. M., Vermiglio F., Thyroid function in women found to have early pregnancy loss. Thyroid 2010 20 6 633 637 2-s2.0-77953949740 10.1089/thy.2009.0323
94. Prummel M. F., Wiersinga W. M., Thyroid autoimmunity and miscarriage. European Journal of Endocrinology 2004 150 6 751 755 2-s2.0-3242661768 10.1530/eje.0.1500751 (Pubitemid 38961646)
95. Negro R., Formoso G., Mangieri T., Pezzarossa A., Dazzi D., Hassan H., Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006 91 7 2587 2591 2-s2.0-33745788166 10.1210/jc.2005-1603 (Pubitemid 44024622)
96. Eisenberg V. H., Zolti M., Soriano D., Is there an association between autoimmunity and endometriosis? Autoimmunity Reviews 2012 11 11 806 814 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.01.005
97. Poppe K., Glinoer D., van Steirteghem A., Tournaye H., Devroey P., Schiettecatte J., Velkeniers B., Thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in infertile women. Thyroid 2002 12 11 997 1001 2-s2.0-6444244780 (Pubitemid 35404134)
98. Matarese G., de Placido G., Nikas Y., Alviggi C., Pathogenesis of endometriosis: natural immunity dysfunction or autoimmune disease? Trends in Molecular Medicine 2003 9 5 223 228 2-s2.0-0038171268 10.1016/S1471-4914(03) 00051-0 (Pubitemid 36713393)
99. Konova E., The role of NK cells in the autoimmune thyroid disease-associated pregnancy loss. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 2010 39 3 176 184 2-s2.0-78149468527 10.1007/s12016-010-8201-7
100. Geva E., Vardinon N., Lessing J. B., Lerner-Geva L., Azem F., Yovel I., Burke M., Yust I., Grunfeld R., Amit A., Organ-specific autoantibodies are possible markers for reproductive failure: a prospective study in an in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer programme. Human Reproduction 1996 11 8 1627 1631 2-s2.0-10144251758 (Pubitemid 26318898)
101. Poppe K., Glinoer D., Tournaye H., Devroey P., van Steirteghem A., Kaufman L., Velkeniers B., Assisted reproduction and thyroid autoimmunity: an unfortunate combination? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2003 88 9 4149 4152 2-s2.0-0141676035 10.1210/jc.2003-030268 (Pubitemid 37153714)
102. Negro R., Mangieri T., Coppola L., Presicce G., Casavola E. C., Gismondi R., Locorotondo G., Caroli P., Pezzarossa A., Dazzi D., Hassan H., Levothyroxine treatment in thyroid peroxidase antibody-positive women undergoing assisted reproduction technologies: a prospective study. Human Reproduction 2005 20 6 1529 1533 2-s2.0-20744444559 10.1093/humrep/deh843 (Pubitemid 40852243)
103. Velkeniers B., van Meerhaeghe A., Poppe K., Unuane D., Tournaye H., Haentjens P., Levothyroxine treatment and pregnancy outcome in women with subclinical hypothyroidism undergoing assisted reproduction technologies: systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Human Reproduction Update 2013 10.1093/humupd/dms052
104. Yoshida H., Amino N., Yagawa K., Association of serum antithyroid antibodies with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland: studies of seventy autopsied cases. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1978 46 6 859 862 2-s2.0-0018095981 (Pubitemid 8358346)
105. Lazarus J. H., Bestwick J. P., Channon S., Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function. The New England Journal of Medicine 2012 366 493 501 10.1056/NEJMoa1106104
106. Montoro M. N., Management of hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997 40 1 65 80 2-s2.0-0030940060 10.1097/00003081- 199703000-00008 (Pubitemid 27152439)
107. Dallas J. S., Autoimmune thyroid disease and pregnancy: relevance for the child. Autoimmunity 2003 36 6-7 339 350 2-s2.0-0141593619 10.1080/ 08916930310001602993 (Pubitemid 37160522)
108. Haddow J. E., Palomaki G. E., Allan W. C., Williams J. R., Knight G. J., Gagnon J., O'Heir C. E., Mitchell M. L., Hermos R. J., Waisbren S. E., Faix J. D., Klein R. Z., Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. The New England Journal of Medicine 1999 341 8 549 555 2-s2.0-0033584469 10.1056/NEJM199908193410801 (Pubitemid 29384162)
109. Pop V. J., de Vries E., van Baar A. L., Waelkens J. J., de Rooy H. A., Horsten M., Donkers M. M., Komproe I. H., van Son M. M., Vader H. L., Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: a marker of impaired child development? The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1995 80 12 3561 3566 2-s2.0-0028882548
110. Núñez Miguel R., Analysis of the thyrotropin receptor-thyrotropin interaction by comparative modeling. Thyroid 2004 14 12 991 1011 10.1089/thy.2004.14.991 (Pubitemid 40076124)
111. Man E. B., Thyroid function in pregnancy and infancy. Maternal hypothyroxinemia and retardation of progeny. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 1972 3 2 203 225 2-s2.0-0015353158
112. Li Y., Shan Z., Teng W., Yu X., Li Y., Fan C., Teng X., Guo R., Wang H., Li J., Chen Y., Wang W., Chawinga M., Zhang L., Yang L., Zhao Y., Hua T., Abnormalities of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy affect neuropsychological development of their children at 25-30 months. Clinical Endocrinology 2010 72 6 825 829 2-s2.0-77952638535 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009. 03743.x
113. Pop V. J., Brouwers E. P., Vader H. L., Vulsma T., van Baar A. L., de Vijlder J. J., Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3-year follow-up study. Clinical Endocrinology 2003 59 3 282 288 2-s2.0-0042827493 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01822.x (Pubitemid 37046980)
114. Abbassi-Ghanavati M., Casey B. M., Spong C. Y., McIntire D. D., Halvorson L. M., Cunningham F. G., Pregnancy outcomes in women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010 116 2 381 386 2-s2.0-77955130347 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e904e5
115. He X., Wang P., Wang Z., He X., Xu D., Wang B., Thyroid antibodies and risk of preterm delivery: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. European Journal of Endocrinology 2012 167 455 464 10.1530/EJE-12-0379
116. Chong J. Y., Rowland L. P., Utiger R. D., Hashimoto encephalopathy: syndrome or myth? Archives of Neurology 2003 60 2 164 171 2-s2.0-0037320310 10.1001/archneur.60.2.164 (Pubitemid 36193958)
117. Premawardhana L. D. K. E., Parkes A. B., John R., Harris B., Lazarus J. H., Thyroid peroxidase antibodies in early pregnancy: utility for prediction of postpartum thyroid dysfunction and implications for screening. Thyroid 2004 14 8 610 615 2-s2.0-4143073719 10.1089/1050725041692828 (Pubitemid 39097084)
118. Stagnaro-Green A., Abalovich M., Alexander E., Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid 2011 21 10 1081 1125 10.1089/thy.2011.0087
119. Lazarus J. H., Hall R., Othman S., Parkes A. B., Richards C. J., McCulloch B., Harris B., The clinical spectrum of postpartum thyroid disease. QJM 1996 89 6 429 435 2-s2.0-0030004706 (Pubitemid 26184328)
120. Nicholson W. K., Robinson K. A., Smallridge R. C., Ladenson P. W., Powe N. R., Prevalence of postpartum thyroid dysfunction: a quantitative review. Thyroid 2006 16 6 573 582 2-s2.0-33746005905 10.1089/thy.2006.16.573 (Pubitemid 44066264)
121. Lazarus J. H., Parkes A. B., Premawardhana L. D. K. E., Postpartum thyroiditis. Autoimmunity 2002 35 3 169 173 2-s2.0-0035986691 10.1080/08916930290031667 (Pubitemid 34678737)
122. Stagnaro-Green A., Schwartz A., Gismondi R., Tinelli A., Mangieri T., Negro R., High rate of persistent hypothyroidism in a large-scale prospective study of postpartum thyroiditis in Southern Italy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2011 96 3 652 657 2-s2.0-79952287241 10.1210/jc.2010-1980
123. Stuckey B. G. A., Kent G. N., Ward L. C., Brown S. J., Walsh J. P., Postpartum thyroid dysfunction and the long-term risk of hypothyroidism: results from a 12-year follow-up study of women with and without postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Clinical Endocrinology 2010 73 3 389 395 2-s2.0-77955738643 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03797.x
124. Morshed S. A., Latif R., Davies T. F., Delineating the autoimmune mechanisms in Graves' disease. Immunologic Research 2012 54 1-3 191 10.1007/s12026-012-8312-8
125. Werner S. C., Ingbar S. H., Braverman L. E., Utiger R. D., Werner & Ingbar's the Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text 2005 9th Philadelphia, Pa, USA Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
126. Rapoport B., Chazenbalk G. D., Jaume J. C., Mclachlan S. M., The thyrotropin (TSH)-releasing hormone receptor: interaction with TSH and autoantibodies. Endocrine Reviews 1998 19 6 673 716 2-s2.0-0032247323 10.1210/er.19.6.673 (Pubitemid 128506520)
127. Davies T., Marians R., Latif R., The TSH receptor reveals itself. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002 110 2 161 164 2-s2.0-0036070856 10.1172/JCI200216234 (Pubitemid 34787352)
128. Smith B. R., Sanders J., Furmaniak J., TSH receptor antibodies. Thyroid 2007 17 10 923 938 2-s2.0-35948945305 10.1089/thy.2007.0239 (Pubitemid 350071602)
129. Adams D. D., Pathogenesis of the hyperthyroidism of Graves's disease. British Medical Journal 1965 1 5441 1015 1019 2-s2.0-33747244772
130. Kendall-Taylor P., Dirmikis S. M., Munro D. S., Long-acting thyroid stimulator and related factors. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1975 68 4 252 253 2-s2.0-0016492148
131. Smith B. R., Hall R., Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins in Graves' disease. The Lancet 1974 2 7878 427 431 2-s2.0-0016401367
132. Sanders J., Evans M., Premawardhana L. D. K. E., Depraetere H., Jeffreys J., Richards T., Furmaniak J., Rees Smith B., Human monoclonal thyroid stimulating autoantibody. The Lancet 2003 362 9378 126 128 2-s2.0-0037967531 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13866-4 (Pubitemid 36831025)
133. Morshed S. A., Latif R., Davies T. F., Characterization of thyrotropin receptor antibody-induced signaling cascades. Endocrinology 2009 150 1 519 529 2-s2.0-58149471219 10.1210/en.2008-0878
134. Takasu N., Yamada T., Takasu M., Komiya I., Nagasawa Y., Asawa T., Shinoda T., Aizawa T., Koizumi Y., Disappearance of thyrotropin-blocking antibodies and spontaneous recovery from hypothyroidism in autoimmune thyroiditis. The New England Journal of Medicine 1992 326 8 513 518 2-s2.0-0026601997
135. Morshed S. A., Michalek K., Latif R., Davies T. F., TSH receptor autoantibodies. Autoimmunity Reviews 2009 9 2 113 116 2-s2.0-70350572832 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.03.012
136. Jaume J. C., Kakinuma A., Chazenbalk G. D., Rapoport B., McLachlan S. M., Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies in serum are present at much lower levels than thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies: analysis by flow cytometry. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1997 82 2 500 507 2-s2.0-0031035614 10.1210/jc.82.2.500 (Pubitemid 27068619)
137. Schott M., Morgenthaler N. G., Fritzen R., Feldkamp J., Willenberg H. S., Scherbaum W. A., Seissler J., Levels of autoantibodies against human TSH receptor predict relapse of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2004 36 2 92 96 2-s2.0-1642366061 10.1055/s-2004-814217 (Pubitemid 38392248)
138. Matthews D. C., Syed A. A., The role of TSH receptor antibodies in the management of Graves' disease. European Journal of Internal Medicine 2011 22 3 213 216 2-s2.0-79956031402 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.02.006
139. Zöphel K., Roggenbuck D., Schott M., Clinical review about TRAb assay's history. Autoimmunity Reviews 2010 9 10 695 700 2-s2.0-77955273867 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.05.021
140. Kamath C., Adlan M. A., Premawardhana L. D., The role of thyrotrophin receptor antibody assays in Graves' disease. Journal of Thyroid Research 2012 2012 8 525936 10.1155/2012/525936
141. Tamaki H., Itoh E., Kaneda T., Asahi K., Mitsuda N., Tanizawa O., Amino N., Crucial role of serum human chorionic gonadotropin for the aggravation of thyrotoxicosis in early pregnancy in Graves' disease. Thyroid 1993 3 3 189 193 2-s2.0-0027491868 (Pubitemid 23298920)
142. Amino N., Tanizawa O., Mori H., Aggravation of thyrotoxicosis in early pregnancy and after delivery in Graves' disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1982 55 1 108 112 2-s2.0-0020371306 (Pubitemid 13250333)
143. Chan G. W., Mandel S. J., Therapy Insight: management of Graves' disease during pregnancy. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism 2007 3 6 470 478 2-s2.0-34249324500 10.1038/ncpendmet0508 (Pubitemid 46808738)
144. Parker R. H., Beierwaltes W. H., Thyroid antibodies during pregnancy and in the newborn. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1961 21 792 798 2-s2.0-0002956017
145. Zakarija M., McKenzie J. M., Pregnancy-associated changes in the thyroid-stimulating antibody of Graves' disease and the relationship to neonatal hyperthyroidism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1983 57 5 1036 1040 2-s2.0-0021075073 (Pubitemid 14204307)
146. Hamburger J. I., Diagnosis and management of Graves' disease in pregnancy. Thyroid 1992 2 3 219 224 2-s2.0-0026737282
147. Kung A. W. C., Jones B. M., A change from stimulatory to blocking antibody activity in Graves' disease during pregnancy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1998 83 2 514 518 2-s2.0-0031733511 10.1210/jc.83.2.514 (Pubitemid 28496532)
148. Brown R. S., Maternal thyrotropin receptor-blocking antibodies and the fetus: current perspectives. Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes 2005 12 1 1 3 2-s2.0-14944350856 10.1097/01.med.0000152668.83803.e7 (Pubitemid 40364511)
149. Amino N., Izumi Y., Hidaka Y., Takeoka K., Nakata Y., Tatsumi K. I., Nagata A., Takano T., No increase of blocking type anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies during pregnancy in patients with Graves' disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2003 88 12 5871 5874 2-s2.0-0346101848 10.1210/jc.2003-030971 (Pubitemid 38033065)
150. Hidaka Y., Tamaki H., Iwatani Y., Tada H., Mitsuda N., Amino N., Prediction of post-partum Graves' thyrotoxicosis by measurement of thyroid stimulating antibody in early pregnancy. Clinical Endocrinology 1994 41 1 15 20 2-s2.0-0028100566 (Pubitemid 24232522)
151. Tamaki H., Amino N., Aozasa M., Serial changes in thyroid-stimulating antibody and thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulin at the time of postpartum occurrence of thyrotoxicosis in Graves' disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1987 65 2 324 330 2-s2.0-0023219784 (Pubitemid 17103019)
152. Polak M., Legac I., Vuillard E., Guibourdenche J., Castanet M., Luton D., Congenital hyperthyroidism: the fetus as a patient. Hormone Research 2006 65 5 235 242 2-s2.0-33646111928 10.1159/000092454
153. McKenzie J. M., Zakarija M., Fetal and neonatal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH receptor antibodies. Thyroid 1992 2 2 155 159 2-s2.0-0026751981
154. Kratzsch J., Pulzer F., Thyroid gland development and defects. Best Practice and Research in Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 22 1 57 75 2-s2.0-38949199991 10.1016/j.beem.2007.08.006 (Pubitemid 351218277)
155. Polak M., Hyperthyroidism in early infancy: pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnosis with a focus on neonatal hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 1998 8 12 1171 1177 2-s2.0-0032437928 (Pubitemid 29042552)
156. Mckenzie J. M., Neonatal Graves' disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1964 24 660 668 2-s2.0-0006698211
157. Peleg D., Cada S., Peleg A., Ben-Ami M., The relationship between maternal serum thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin and fetal and neonatal thyrotoxicosis. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002 99 6 1040 1043 2-s2.0-0036273792 10.1016/S0029-7844(02)01961-0 (Pubitemid 34621228)
158. Zakarija M., McKenzie J. M., Eidson M. S., Transient neonatal hypothyroidism: characterization of maternal antibodies to the thyrotropin receptor. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1990 70 5 1239 1246 2-s2.0-0025272153
159. Evans C., Jordan N. J., Owens G., Bradley D., Ludgate M., John R., Potent thyrotrophin receptor-blocking antibodies: a cause of transient congenital hypothyroidism and delayed thyroid development. European Journal of Endocrinology 2004 150 3 265 268 2-s2.0-1842579535 10.1530/eje.0.1500265 (Pubitemid 38443774)
160. Brown R. S., Bellisario R. L., Botero D., Fournier L., Abrams C. A. L., Cowger M. L., David R., Fort P., Richman R. A., Incidence of transient congenital hypothyroidism due to maternal thyrotropin receptor-blocking antibodies in over one million babies. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1996 81 3 1147 1151 2-s2.0-0029863763 10.1210/jc.81.3.1147 (Pubitemid 26083984)
161. Endocrine S., American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Asia, Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Thyroid 2007 17 11 1159 1167 10.1089/thy.2007.1523