The clinical importance of fungal biofilms

Advances in Applied Microbiology

Volumn 84, Issue , 2013, Pages 27-83

  Ramage, Gordon ^a   Williams, Craig ^b  

^a GLASGOW DENTAL HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF SCOTLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial; Biofilm; Disruption; Management

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALCOHOL; AMBROXOL; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANIDULAFUNGIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; BIOMATERIAL; BIOSURFACTANT; CASPOFUNGIN; DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE; ECHINOCANDIN; ERGOSTEROL; ESSENTIAL OIL; FARNESOL; FLUCONAZOLE; FULVIC ACID; HOMOSERINE; ITRACONAZOLE; LACTONE; MICAFUNGIN; MUTANOBACTIN; POSACONAZOLE; SILVER NANOPARTICLE; SIMVASTATIN; TERBINAFINE; TERPINEN 4 OL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VORICONAZOLE;

ANTIFUNGAL RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; ASPERGILLUS; AUEOBASIDIUM; BIOFILM; BLASTOSCHIZOMYCES; CANDIDA; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDA ENDOCARDITIS; CANDIDIASIS; CDR1 GENE; CDR2 GENE; CELL DENSITY; CLADOSPORIUM; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COCCIDIOIDES; CRYPTOCOCCUS; CURVULARIA; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DEVICE REMOVAL; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENGYODONTIUM; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; EXOPHIALA; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FUNGAL BIOFILM INFECTION; FUNGAL COLONIZATION; FUNGAL GENE; FUNGAL SINUSITIS; FUNGUS; FUNGUS GROWTH; FUSARIUM; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GEOTRICHUM; GROWTH RATE; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS CATHETER; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT; MALASSEZIA; MDR1 GENE; MEDICAL DEVICE; MOUTH CAVITY; MUCORALES; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMYELITIS; PERIODONTITIS; PHENOTYPE; PNEUMOCYSTIS; PROSTHESIS; RHINOSINUSITIS; SACCHAROMYCES; SCEDOSPORIUM; SCHIZOPHYLLUM; STOMATITIS; STRESS; TRICHOPHYTON; TRICHOSPORON; ULCER; ULOCLADIUM; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT; URINARY TRACT; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA; WOUND; YEAST;

BIOFILMS; DRUG RESISTANCE, FUNGAL; FUNGI; HUMANS; MYCOSES;

EID: 84878862379     PISSN: 00652164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407673-0.00002-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (372)

1. Abad-Diaz-De-Cerio A., Fernandez-Molina J.V., Ramirez-Garcia A., Sendino J., Hernando F.L., Peman J., et al. The aspHS gene as a new target for detecting Aspergillus fumigatus during infections by quantitative real-time PCR. Medical Mycology 2013, [Epub ahead of print].
2. Agirbasli H., Bilgen H., Ozcan S.K., Otlu B., Sinik G., Cerikcioglu N., et al. Two possible cases of Trichosporon infections in bone-marrow-transplanted children: The first case of T. japonicum isolated from clinical specimens. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008, 61:130-132.
3. Ajesh K., Sreejith K. Cryptococcus laurentii biofilms: Structure, development and antifungal drug resistance. Mycopathologia 2012, 174:409-419.
4. Akins R.A. An update on antifungal targets and mechanisms of resistance in Candida albicans. Medical Mycology 2005, 43:285-318.
5. Albertson G.D., Niimi M., Cannon R.D., Jenkinson H.F. Multiple efflux mechanisms are involved in Candida albicans fluconazole resistance. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1996, 40:2835-2841.
6. Albuquerque P., Casadevall A. Quorum sensing in fungi-A review. Medical Mycology 2012, 50:337-345.
7. Al-Dhaheri R.S., Douglas L.J. Absence of amphotericin B-tolerant persister cells in biofilms of some Candida species. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2008, 52:1884-1887.
8. Al-Fattani M.A., Douglas L.J. Penetration of Candida biofilms by antifungal agents. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2004, 48:3291-3297.
9. Al-Fattani M.A., Douglas L.J. Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: Chemical composition and role in drug resistance. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2006, 55:999-1008.
10. Amin R., Dupuis A., Aaron S.D., Ratjen F. The effect of chronic infection with Aspergillus fumigatus on lung function and hospitalization in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 2010, 137:171-176.
11. Anaissie E.J., Stratton S.L., Dignani M.C., Lee C.K., Mahfouz T.H., Rex J.H., et al. Cleaning patient shower facilities: A novel approach to reducing patient exposure to aerosolized Aspergillus species and other opportunistic molds. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002, 35:E86-E88.
12. Anderson J.B. Evolution of antifungal-drug resistance: Mechanisms and pathogen fitness. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2005, 3:547-556.
13. Andes D., Nett J., Oschel P., Albrecht R., Marchillo K., Pitula A. Development and characterization of an in vivo central venous catheter Candida albicans biofilm model. Infection and Immunity 2004, 72:6023-6031.
14. Andes D.R., Safdar N., Baddley J.W., Playford G., Reboli A.C., Rex J.H., et al. Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: A patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012, 54:1110-1122.
15. Angel-Moreno A., Boronat M., Bolanos M., Carrillo A., Gonzalez S., Perez Arellano J.L. Candida glabrata fungemia cured by antibiotic-lock therapy: Case report and short review. Journal of Infection 2005, 51:e85-e87.
16. Ariani N., Vissink A., Van Oort R.P., Kusdhany L., Djais A., Rahardjo T.B., et al. Microbial biofilms on facial prostheses. Biofouling 2012, 28:583-591.
17. Arnow P.M., Kushner R. Malassezia furfur catheter infection cured with antibiotic lock therapy. American Journal of Medicine 1991, 90:128-130.
18. Arslan S.G., Akpolat N., Kama J.D., Ozer T., Hamamci O. One-year follow-up of the effect of fixed orthodontic treatment on colonization by oral Candida. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2008, 37:26-29.
19. Aslam S., Darouiche R.O. Role of antibiofilm-antimicrobial agents in controlling device-related infections. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2011, 34:752-758.
20. Bachmann S.P., VandeWalle K., Ramage G., Patterson T.F., Wickes B.L., Graybill J.R., et al. In vitro activity of caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2002, 46:3591-3596.
21. Baillie G.S., Douglas L.J. Effect of growth rate on resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1998, 42:1900-1905.
22. Baillie G.S., Douglas L.J. Iron-limited biofilms of Candida albicans and their susceptibility to amphotericin B. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1998, 42:2146-2149.
23. Baillie G.S., Douglas L.J. Matrix polymers of Candida biofilms and their possible role in biofilm resistance to antifungal agents. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2000, 46:397-403.
24. Bakaletz L.O. Bacterial biofilms in otitis media: Evidence and relevance. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2007, 26:S17-S19.
25. Bamford C.V., d'Mello A., Nobbs A.H., Dutton L.C., Vickerman M.M., Jenkinson H.F. Streptococcus gordonii modulates Candida albicans biofilm formation through intergeneric communication. Infection and Immunity 2009, 77:3696-3704.
26. Bandara H.M., Yau J.Y., Watt R.M., Jin L.J., Samaranayake L.P. Escherichia coli and its lipopolysaccharide modulate in vitro Candida biofilm formation. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2009, 58:1623-1631.
27. Banerjee U., Gupta K., Venugopal P. A case of prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology 1997, 35:139-141.
28. Bauters T.G., Moerman M., Pini G., Vermeersch H., Nelis H.J. Colonization of a voice prosthesis by Cryptococcus neoformans. Medical Mycology 2001, 39:379-381.
29. Beauvais A., Loussert C., Prevost M.C., Verstrepen K., Latge J.P. Characterization of a biofilm-like extracellular matrix in FLO1-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. FEMS Yeast Research 2009, 9:411-419.
30. Beauvais A., Schmidt C., Guadagnini S., Roux P., Perret E., Henry C., et al. An extracellular matrix glues together the aerial-grown hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus. Cellular Microbiology 2007, 9:1588-1600.
31. Beikler T., Flemmig T.F. Oral biofilm-associated diseases: Trends and implications for quality of life, systemic health and expenditures. Periodontology 2011, 2000(55):87-103.
32. Benoit J.L., Carandang G., Sitrin M., Arnow P.M. Intraluminal antibiotic treatment of central venous catheter infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition at home. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 21:1286-1288.
33. Berkowitz I.D., Robboy S.J., Karchmer A.W., Kunz L.J. Torulopsis glabrata fungemia-A clinical pathological study. Medicine (Baltimore) 1979, 58:430-440.
34. Bink A., Vandenbosch D., Coenye T., Nelis H., Cammue B.P., Thevissen K. Superoxide dismutases are involved in Candida albicans biofilm persistence to miconazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2011, 55(9):4033-4037.
35. Bizerra F.C., Nakamura C.V., de Poersch C., Estivalet Svidzinski T.I., Borsato Quesada R.M., Goldenberg S., et al. Characteristics of biofilm formation by Candida tropicalis and antifungal resistance. FEMS Yeast Research 2008, 8:442-450.
36. Blackwood R.A., Klein K.C., Micel L.N., Willers M.L., Mody R.J., Teitelbaum D.H., et al. Ethanol locks therapy for resolution of fungal catheter infections. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2011, 30:1105-1107.
37. Blyth C.C., Middleton P.G., Harun A., Sorrell T.C., Meyer W., Chen S.C. Clinical associations and prevalence of Scedosporium spp. in Australian cystic fibrosis patients: Identification of novel risk factors?. Medical Mycology 2010, 48(Suppl. 1):S37-S44.
38. Boase S., Valentine R., Singhal D., Tan L.W., Wormald P.J. A sheep model to investigate the role of fungal biofilms in sinusitis: Fungal and bacterial synergy. International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology 2011, 1:340-347.
39. Boland J.M., Chung H.H., Robberts F.J., Wilson W.R., Steckelberg J.M., Baddour L.M., et al. Fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis: Mayo Clinic experience with a clinicopathological analysis. Mycoses 2011, 54:354-360.
40. Bonhomme J., Chauvel M., Goyard S., Roux P., Rossignol T., d'Enfert C. Contribution of the glycolytic flux and hypoxia adaptation to efficient biofilm formation by Candida albicans. Molecular Microbiology 2011, 80:995-1013.
41. Branski L.K., Al-Mousawi A., Rivero H., Jeschke M.G., Sanford A.P., Herndon D.N. Emerging infections in burns. Surgical Infections 2009, 10:389-397.
42. Braun D.K., Janssen D.A., Marcus J.R., Kauffman C.A. Cryptococcal infection of a prosthetic dialysis fistula. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1994, 24:864-867.
43. Bruns S., Seidler M., Albrecht D., Salvenmoser S., Remme N., Hertweck C., et al. Functional genomic profiling of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm reveals enhanced production of the mycotoxin gliotoxin. Proteomics 2010, 10:3097-3107.
44. Buckler B.S., Sams R.N., Goei V.L., Krishnan K.R., Bemis M.J., Parker D.P., et al. Treatment of central venous catheter fungal infection using liposomal amphotericin-B lock therapy. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2008, 27:762-764.
45. Bueid A., Howard S.J., Moore C.B., Richardson M.D., Harrison E., Bowyer P., et al. Azole antifungal resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: 2008 and 2009. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2010, 65:2116-2118.
46. Buess M., Cathomas G., Halter J., Junker L., Grendelmeier P., Tamm M., et al. Aspergillus-PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage for detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. BMC Infectious Diseases 2012, 12:237.
47. Bugli F., Posteraro B., Papi M., Torelli R., Maiorana A., Sterbini F.P., et al. In vitro interaction between alginate lyase and amphotericin B against aspergillus fumigatus biofilm determined by different methods. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2012, 57(3):1275-1282.
48. Buijssen K.J., Van der Laan B.F., Van der Mei H.C., Atema-Smit J., Van den Huijssen P., Busscher H.J., et al. Composition and architecture of biofilms on used voice prostheses. Head & Neck 2012, 34:863-871.
49. Busscher H.J., Van Hoogmoed C.G., Geertsema-Doornbusch G.I., Van der Kuijl-Booij M., Van der Mei H.C. Streptococcus thermophilus and its biosurfactants inhibit adhesion by Candida spp. on silicone rubber. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1997, 63:3810-3817.
50. Canabarro A., Valle C., Farias M.R., Santos F.B., Lazera M., Wanke B. Association of subgingival colonization of Candida albicans and other yeasts with severity of chronic periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research 2012, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1111/jre.12022.
51. Cannizzo F.T., Eraso E., Ezkurra P.A., Villar-Vidal M., Bollo E., Castella G., et al. Biofilm development by clinical isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis. Medical Mycology 2007, 45:357-361.
52. Cannon R.D., Lamping E., Holmes A.R., Niimi K., Baret P.V., Keniya M.V., et al. Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2009, 22:291-321. Table of Contents.
53. Cannon R.D., Lamping E., Holmes A.R., Niimi K., Tanabe K., Niimi M., et al. Candida albicans drug resistance another way to cope with stress. Microbiology 2007, 153:3211-3217.
54. Cao Y.Y., Cao Y.B., Xu Z., Ying K., Li Y., Xie Y., et al. cDNA microarray analysis of differential gene expression in Candida albicans biofilm exposed to farnesol. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2005, 49:584-589.
55. Carlson E. Synergistic effect of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus on mouse mortality. Infection and Immunity 1982, 38:921-924.
56. Carlson R.P., Taffs R., Davison W.M., Stewart P.S. Anti-biofilm properties of chitosan-coated surfaces. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 2008, 19:1035-1046.
57. Carson C.F., Hammer K.A., Riley T.V. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: A review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2006, 19:50-62.
58. Caserta R.A., Marra A.R., Durao M.S., Silva C.V., Pavao Dos Santos O.F., Neves H.S., et al. A program for sustained improvement in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia in an intensive care setting. BMC Infectious Diseases 2012, 12:234.
59. Castagnola E., Marazzi M.G., Tacchella A., Giacchino R. Broviac catheter-related candidemia. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2005, 24:747.
60. Cateau E., Berjeaud J.M., Imbert C. Possible role of azole and echinocandin lock solutions in the control of Candida biofilms associated with silicone. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2011, 37:380-384.
61. Cateau E., Rodier M.H., Imbert C. In vitro efficacies of caspofungin or micafungin catheter lock solutions on Candida albicans biofilm growth. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008, 62:153-155.
62. Cecchin E., De Marchi S., Panarello G., Franceschin A., Chiaradia V., Santini G., et al. Torulopsis glabrata peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: Successful management with oral 5-fluorocytosine. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1984, 4:280-284.
63. Cetrulo C.L., Leto Barone A.A., Jordan K., Chang D.S., Louie K., Buntic R.F., et al. A multi-disciplinary approach to the management of fungal osteomyelitis: Current concepts in post-traumatic lower extremity reconstruction: A case report. Microsurgery 2012, 32:144-147.
64. Chandra J., Kuhn D.M., Mukherjee P.K., Hoyer L.L., McCormick T., Ghannoum M.A. Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: Development, architecture, and drug resistance. Journal of Bacteriology 2001, 183:5385-5394.
65. Chassot F., Negri M.F., Svidzinski A.E., Donatti L., Peralta R.M., Svidzinski T.I., et al. Can intrauterine contraceptive devices be a Candida albicans reservoir?. Contraception 2008, 77:355-359.
66. Chi Z.M., Liu G., Zhao S., Li J., Peng Y. Marine yeasts as biocontrol agents and producers of bio-products. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2010, 86:1227-1241.
67. Chotirmall S.H., O'Donoghue E., Bennett K., Gunaratnam C., O'Neill S.J., McElVaney N.G. Sputum Candida albicans presages FEV decline and hospital-treated exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. Chest 2010, 138:1186-1195.
68. Chowdhary A., Randhawa H.S., Gaur S.N., Agarwal K., Kathuria S., Roy P., et al. Schizophyllum commune as an emerging fungal pathogen: A review and report of two cases. Mycoses 2013, 56:1-10.
69. Cimon B., Carrere J., Vinatier J.F., Chazalette J.P., Chabasse D., Bouchara J.P. Clinical significance of Scedosporium apiospermum in patients with cystic fibrosis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2000, 19:53-56.
70. Coco B.J., Bagg J., Cross L.J., Jose A., Cross J., Ramage G. Mixed Candida albicans and Candida glabrata populations associated with the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 2008, 23:377-383.
71. Cornely O.A., Bassetti M., Calandra T., Garbino J., Kullberg B.J., Lortholary O., et al. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Non-neutropenic adult patients. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2012, 18(Suppl. 7):19-37.
72. Coulthwaite L., Verran J. Potential pathogenic aspects of denture plaque. British Journal of Biomedical Science 2007, 64:180-189.
73. Cowen L.E. The evolution of fungal drug resistance: Modulating the trajectory from genotype to phenotype. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2008, 6:187-198.
74. Cowen L.E., Lindquist S. Hsp90 potentiates the rapid evolution of new traits: Drug resistance in diverse fungi. Science 2005, 309:2185-2189.
75. Cugini C., Calfee M.W., Farrow J.M., Morales D.K., Pesci E.C., Hogan D.A. Farnesol, a common sesquiterpene, inhibits PQS production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Molecular Microbiology 2007, 65:896-906.
76. Curvale-Fauchet N., Botterel F., Legrand P., Guillot J., Bretagne S. Frequency of intravascular catheter colonization by Malassezia spp. in adult patients. Mycoses 2004, 47:491-494.
77. Cushion M.T., Collins M.S., Linke M.J. Biofilm formation by Pneumocystis spp. Eukaryotic Cell 2009, 8:197-206.
78. Dai W., Dharamsi J.W., Soliman S., Ricotti C., Gander R., Bergstresser P., et al. Cutaneous fusariosis developing in a post-irradiation site. Dermatology Online Journal 2011, 17:5.
79. Damman C.J., Miller S.I., Surawicz C.M., Zisman T.L. The microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease: Is there a therapeutic role for fecal microbiota transplantation?. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2012, 107:1452-1459.
80. D'Antonio D., Parruti G., Pontieri E., Di Bonaventura G., Manzoli L., Sferra R., et al. Slime production by clinical isolates of Blastoschizomyces capitatus from patients with hematological malignancies and catheter-related fungemia. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2004, 23:787-789.
81. Davis L.E., Cook G., Costerton J.W. Biofilm on ventriculo-peritoneal shunt tubing as a cause of treatment failure in coccidioidal meningitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002, 8:376-379.
82. de Beer D., Stoodley P., Lewandowski Z. Liquid flow in heterogeneous biofilms. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1994, 44:636-641.
83. de Carvalho F.G., Silva D.S., Hebling J., Spolidorio L.C., Spolidorio D.M. Presence of mutans streptococci and Candida spp. in dental plaque/dentine of carious teeth and early childhood caries. Archives of Oral Biology 2006, 51:1024-1028.
84. De Prijck K., De Smet N., Honraet K., Christiaen S., Coenye T., Schacht E., et al. Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation by antimycotics released from modified polydimethyl siloxane. Mycopathologia 2010, 169:167-174.
85. De Vos M.M., Sanders N.N., Nelis H.J. Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae in respiratory secretions by membrane filtration, fluorescent labelling and laser scanning. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2006, 64:420-423.
86. Deelstra J.J., Neut D., Jutte P.C. Successful treatment of Candida albicans-infected total hip prosthesis with staged procedure using an antifungal-loaded cement spacer. Journal of Arthroplasty 2013, 28(374):e375-e378.
87. Delhaes L., Monchy S., Frealle E., Hubans C., Salleron J., Leroy S., et al. The airway microbiota in cystic fibrosis: A complex fungal and bacterial community-Implications for therapeutic management. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e36313.
88. Delisle M.S., Williamson D.R., Albert M., Perreault M.M., Jiang X., Day A.G., et al. Impact of Candida species on clinical outcomes in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Canadian Respiratory Journal 2011, 18:131-136.
89. Denning D.W. Invasive aspergillosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1998, 26:781-803. quiz 804-785.
90. Di Bonaventura G., Pompilio A., Picciani C., Iezzi M., D'Antonio D., Piccolomini R. Biofilm formation by the emerging fungal pathogen Trichosporon asahii: Development, architecture, and antifungal resistance. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2006, 50:3269-3276.
91. Ding C., Vidanes G.M., Maguire S.L., Guida A., Synnott J.M., Andes D.R., et al. Conserved and divergent roles of Bcr1 and CFEM proteins in Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e28151.
92. Dongari-Bagtzoglou A., Kashleva H., Dwivedi P., Diaz P., Vasilakos J. Characterization of mucosal Candida albicans biofilms. PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e7967.
93. Donlan R.M., Costerton J.W. Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically releVant microorganisms. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2002, 15:167-193.
94. Dowd S.E., Delton Hanson J., Rees E., Wolcott R.D., Zischau A.M., Sun Y., et al. Survey of fungi and yeast in polymicrobial infections in chronic wounds. Journal of Wound Care 2011, 20:40-47.
95. Dumitru R., Hornby J.M., Nickerson K.W. Defined anaerobic growth medium for studying Candida albicans basic biology and resistance to eight antifungal drugs. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2004, 48:2350-2354.
96. Dusane D.H., Rajput J.K., Kumar A.R., Nancharaiah Y.V., Venugopalan V.P., Zinjarde S.S. Disruption of fungal and bacterial biofilms by lauroyl glucose. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2008, 47:374-379.
97. Dutronc H., Dauchy F.A., Cazanave C., Rougie C., Lafarie-Castet S., Couprie B., et al. Candida prosthetic infections: Case series and literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010, 42:890-895.
98. Ebbens F.A., Georgalas C., Fokkens W.J. Fungus as the cause of chronic rhinosinusitis: The case remains unproven. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 2009, 17:43-49.
99. Ebbens F.A., Georgalas C., Fokkens W.J. The mold conundrum in chronic hyperplastic sinusitis. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2009, 9:114-120.
100. Ell S.R. Candida'the cancer of silastic'. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 1996, 110:240-242.
101. Ellis M.E., Al-Abdely H., Sandridge A., Greer W., Ventura W. Fungal endocarditis: Evidence in the world literature, 1965-1995. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001, 32:50-62.
102. Elving G.J., van Der Mei H.C., Busscher H.J., van Weissenbruch R., Albers F.W. Air-flow resistances of silicone rubber voice prostheses after formation of bacterial and fungal biofilms. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2001, 58:421-426.
103. Enjalbert B., Whiteway M. Release from quorum-sensing molecules triggers hyphal formation during Candida albicans resumption of growth. Eukaryotic Cell 2005, 4:1203-1210.
104. Escande W., Fayad G., Modine T., Verbrugge E., Koussa M., Senneville E., et al. Culture of a prosthetic valve excised for streptococcal endocarditis positive for Aspergillus fumigatus 20 years after previous a fumigatus endocarditis. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2011, 91:e92-e93.
105. Falcone M., Barzaghi N., Carosi G., Grossi P., Minoli L., Ravasio V., et al. Candida infective endocarditis: Report of 15 cases from a prospective multicenter study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2009, 88:160-168.
106. Fanning S., Mitchell A.P. Fungal biofilms. PLoS Pathogens 2012, 8:e1002585.
107. Fanning S., Xu W., Solis N., Woolford C.A., Filler S.G., Mitchell A.P. Divergent targets of Candida albicans biofilm regulator Bcr1 in vitro and in vivo. Eukaryotic Cell 2012, 11:896-904.
108. Fauvart M., De Groote V.N., Michiels J. Role of persister cells in chronic infections: Clinical relevance and perspectives on anti-persister therapies. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2011, 60:699-709.
109. Fazli M., Bjarnsholt T., Kirketerp-Moller K., Jorgensen B., Andersen A.S., Krogfelt K.A., et al. Nonrandom distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in chronic wounds. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2009, 47:4084-4089.
110. Feldman M., Tanabe S., Howell A., Grenier D. Cranberry proanthocyanidins inhibit the adherence properties of Candida albicans and cytokine secretion by oral epithelial cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:6.
111. Finkel J.S., Mitchell A.P. Genetic control of Candida albicans biofilm development. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2011, 9:109-118.
112. Foreman A., Jervis-Bardy J., Wormald P.J. Do biofilms contribute to the initiation and recalcitrance of chronic rhinosinusitis?. Laryngoscope 2011, 121:1085-1091.
113. Fortun J., Martin-Davila P., Gomez-Garcia de la Pedrosa E., Pintado V., Cobo J., Fresco G., et al. Emerging trends in candidemia: A higher incidence but a similar outcome. Journal of Infection 2012, 65:64-70.
114. Fox P.M., Lee G.K. Tissue expander with acellular dermal matrix for breast reconstruction infected by an unusual pathogen: Candida parapsilosis. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 2012, 65:e286-e289.
115. Gajer P., Brotman R.M., Bai G., Sakamoto J., Schutte U.M., Zhong X., et al. Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota. Science Translational Medicine 2012, 4:132ra152.
116. Gangell C., Gard S., Douglas T., Park J., de Klerk N., Keil T., et al. Inflammatory responses to individual microorganisms in the lungs of children with cystic fibrosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011, 53:425-432.
117. Ganguly S., Bishop A.C., Xu W., Ghosh S., Nickerson K.W., Lanni F., et al. Zap1 control of cell-cell signaling in Candida albicans biofilms. Eukaryotic Cell 2011, 10:1448-1454.
118. Garzoni C., Nobre V.A., Garbino J. Candida parapsilosis endocarditis: A comparative review of the literature. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2007, 26:915-926.
119. Ghannoum M.A., Jurevic R.J., Mukherjee P.K., Cui F., Sikaroodi M., Naqvi A., et al. Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6:e1000713.
120. Gibson J., Sood A., Hogan D.A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Candida albicans interactions: Localization and fungal toxicity of a phenazine derivative. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2009, 75:504-513.
121. Golmia R., Bello I., Marra A., Hamerschlak N., Osawa A., Scheinberg M. Aspergillus fumigatus joint infection: A review. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2011, 40:580-584.
122. Goodman J.S., Seibert D.G., Reahl G.E., Geckler R.W. Fungal infection of prosthetic joints: A report of two cases. Journal of Rheumatology 1983, 10:494-495.
123. Gottlieb K., Leya J., Kruss D.M., Mobarhan S., Iber F.L. Intraluminal fungal colonization of gastrostomy tubes. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1993, 39:413-415.
124. Grimoud A.M., Lodter J.P., Marty N., Andrieu S., Bocquet H., Linas M.D., et al. Improved oral hygiene and Candida species colonization level in geriatric patients. Oral Diseases 2005, 11:163-169.
125. Grosjean P., Weber R. Fungus balls of the paranasal sinuses: A review. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2007, 264:461-470.
126. Guo F.J., Ma Y., Xu H.M., Wang X.H., Chi Z.M. A novel killer toxin produced by the marine-derived yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus YF07b. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2012, 103(4):737-746. 10.1007/s10482-012-9855-3.
127. Gutierrez-Correa M., Ludena Y., Ramage G., Villena G.K. Recent advances on filamentous fungal biofilms for industrial uses. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2012, 167:1235-1253.
128. Hall-Stoodley L., Stoodley P., Kathju S., Hoiby N., Moser C., Costerton J.W., et al. Towards diagnostic guidelines for biofilm-associated infections. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 2012, 65:127-145.
129. Hamet M., Pavon A., Dalle F., Pechinot A., Prin S., Quenot J.P., et al. Candida spp. airway colonization could promote antibiotic-resistant bacteria selection in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Medicine 2012, 38:1272-1279.
130. Harding M.W., Marques L.L., Howard R.J., Olson M.E. Can filamentous fungi form biofilms?. Trends in Microbiology 2009, 17:475-480.
131. Harriott M.M., Lilly E.A., Rodriguez T.E., Fidel P.L., Noverr M.C. Candida albicans forms biofilms on the vaginal mucosa. Microbiology 2010, 156:3635-3644.
132. Harriott M.M., Noverr M.C. Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus form polymicrobial biofilms: Effects on antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2009, 53:3914-3922.
133. Hawser S. Adhesion of different Candida spp. to plastic: XTT formazan determinations. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology 1996, 34:407-410.
134. Hawser S.P., Baillie G.S., Douglas L.J. Production of extracellular matrix by Candida albicans biofilms. Journal of Medical Microbiology 1998, 47:253-256.
135. Heffner D.K., Franklin W.A. Endocarditis caused by Torulopsis glabrata. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1978, 70:420-423.
136. Hogan D.A., Kolter R. Pseudomonas-Candida interactions: An ecological role for virulence factors. Science 2002, 296:2229-2232.
137. Hogan D.A., Vik A., Kolter R. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecule influences Candida albicans morphology. Molecular Microbiology 2004, 54:1212-1223.
138. Holmes A.R., van der Wielen P., Cannon R.D., Ruske D., Dawes P. Candida albicans binds to saliva proteins selectively adsorbed to silicone. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2006, 102:488-494.
139. Honraet K., De Vos M.M., Summerbell R.C., van Kempen I., De Saeger S., Vermeersch H., et al. Recurrent colonization of successively implanted tracheoesophageal vocal prostheses by a member of the Fusarium solani species complex. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2005, 43:770-777.
140. Hornby J.M., Jensen E.C., Lisec A.D., Tasto J.J., Jahnke B., Shoemaker R., et al. Quorum sensing in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans is mediated by farnesol. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2001, 67:2982-2992.
141. Hsu C.C., Lai W.L., Chuang K.C., Lee M.H., Tsai Y.C. The inhibitory activity of linalool against the filamentous growth and biofilm formation in Candida albicans. Medical Mycology 2012, [Epub ahead of print].
142. Humphreys G., Lee G.L., Percival S.L., McBain A.J. Combinatorial activities of ionic silver and sodium hexametaphosphate against microorganisms associated with chronic wounds. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2011, 66:2556-2561.
143. Jakubovics N.S. Talk of the town: Interspecies communication in oral biofilms. Molecular Oral Microbiology 2010, 25:4-14.
144. Janagond A., Krishnan K.M., Kindo A.J., Sumathi G. Trichosporon inkin, an unusual agent of fungal sinusitis: A report from south India. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2012, 30:229-232.
145. Jayshree R.S., Shafiulla M., George J., David J.K., Bapsy P.P., Chakrabarti A. Microscopic, cultural and molecular evidence of disseminated invasive aspergillosis involving the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2006, 55:961-964.
146. Jeloka T.K., Shrividya S., Wagholikar G. Catheter outflow obstruction due to an aspergilloma. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2011, 31:211-212.
147. Johannsson B., Callaghan J.J. Prosthetic hip infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans: Case report. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2009, 64:76-79.
148. Johnson D.C., Johnson F.L., Goldman S. Preliminary results treating persistent central venous catheter infections with the antibiotic lock technique in pediatric patients. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1994, 13:930-931.
149. Jose A., Coco B.J., Milligan S., Young B., Lappin D.F., Bagg J., et al. Reducing the incidence of denture stomatitis: Are denture cleansers sufficient?. Journal of Prosthodontics 2010, 19:252-257.
150. Joyner P.M., Liu J., Zhang Z., Merritt J., Qi F., Cichewicz R.H. Mutanobactin A from the human oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans is a cross-kingdom regulator of the yeast-mycelium transition. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry 2010, 8:5486-5489.
151. Kaneko Y., Ohno H., Fukazawa H., Murakami Y., Imamura Y., Kohno S., et al. Anti-Candida-biofilm activity of micafungin is attenuated by voriconazole but restored by pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90-related stress responses. Medical Mycology 2010, 48:606-612.
152. Kania R.E., Lamers G.E., van de Laar N., Dijkhuizen M., Lagendijk E., Huy P.T., et al. Biofilms on tracheoesophageal voice prostheses: A confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstration of mixed bacterial and yeast biofilms. Biofouling 2010, 26:519-526.
153. Karkas A., Rtail R., Reyt E., Timi N., Righini C.A. Sphenoid sinus fungus ball. European Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 2012, 270(3):893-898.
154. Kauffman C.A., Fisher J.F., Sobel J.D., Newman C.A. Candida urinary tract infections-Diagnosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011, 52(Suppl. 6):S452-S456.
155. Keir J., Pedelty L., Swift A.C. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: Systematic review and suggestions for future research. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 2011, 125:331-337.
156. Kelesidis T., Tsiodras S. Candida albicans prosthetic hip infection in elderly patients: Is fluconazole monotherapy an option?. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010, 42:12-21.
157. Khot P.D., Suci P.A., Miller R.L., Nelson R.D., Tyler B.J. A small subpopulation of blastospores in Candida albicans biofilms exhibit resistance to amphotericin B associated with differential regulation of ergosterol and beta-1,6-glucan pathway genes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2006, 50:3708-3716.
158. Kim J.S., Kuk E., Yu K.N., Kim J.H., Park S.J., Lee H.J., et al. Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 2007, 3:95-101.
159. Klaerner H.G., Uknis M.E., Acton R.D., Dahlberg P.S., Carlone-Jambor C., Dunn D.L. Candida albicans and Escherichia coli are synergistic pathogens during experimental microbial peritonitis. Journal of Surgical Research 1997, 70:161-165.
160. Ko K.S., Lee J.Y., Song J.H., Peck K.R. In vitro evaluation of antibiotic lock technique for the treatment of Candida albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis biofilms. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2010, 25:1722-1726.
161. Komshian S.V., Uwaydah A.K., Sobel J.D., Crane L.R. Fungemia caused by Candida species and Torulopsis glabrata in the hospitalized patient: Frequency, characteristics, and evaluation of factors influencing outcome. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 1989, 11:379-390.
162. Kondori N., Gilljam M., Lindblad A., Jonsson B., Moore E.R., Wenneras C. High rate of Exophiala dermatitidis recovery in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis is associated with pancreatic insufficiency. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2011, 49:1004-1009.
163. Kraneveld E.A., Buijs M.J., Bonder M.J., Visser M., Keijser B.J., Crielaard W., et al. The relation between oral Candida load and bacterial microbiome profiles in Dutch older adults. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e42770.
164. Kruppa M., Krom B.P., Chauhan N., Bambach A.V., Cihlar R.L., Calderone R.A. The two-component signal transduction protein Chk1p regulates quorum sensing in Candida albicans. Eukaryotic Cell 2004, 3:1062-1065.
165. Krzossok S., Birck R., Henke S., Hof H., van der Woude F.J., Braun C. Trichosporon asahii infection of a dialysis PTFE arteriovenous graft. Clinical Nephrology 2004, 62:66-68.
166. Krzywda E.A., Andris D.A., Edmiston C.E., Quebbeman E.J. Treatment of Hickman catheter sepsis using antibiotic lock technique. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 1995, 16:596-598.
167. Kucharikova S., Tournu H., Holtappels M., Van Dijck P., Lagrou K. In vivo efficacy of anidulafungin against mature Candida albicans biofilms in a novel rat model of catheter-associated Candidiasis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2010, 54:4474-4475.
168. Kucharikova S., Tournu H., Lagrou K., Van Dijck P., Bujdakova H. Detailed comparison of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms under different conditions and its susceptibility to caspofungin and anidulafungin. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2011, 60:1261-1269.
169. Kuhn D.M., Balkis M., Chandra J., Mukherjee P.K., Ghannoum M.A. Uses and limitations of the XTT assay in studies of Candida growth and metabolism. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003, 41:506-508.
170. Kuhn D.M., Chandra J., Mukherjee P.K., Ghannoum M.A. Comparison of biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis on bioprosthetic surfaces. Infection and Immunity 2002, 70:878-888.
171. Kuhn D.M., George T., Chandra J., Mukherjee P.K., Ghannoum M.A. Antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms: Unique efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations and echinocandins. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2002, 46:1773-1780.
172. Kumamoto C.A. A contact-activated kinase signals Candida albicans invasive growth and biofilm development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:5576-5581.
173. Kumamoto C.A. Inflammation and gastrointestinal Candida colonization. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2011, 14:386-391.
174. LaFleur M.D., Kumamoto C.A., Lewis K. Candida albicans biofilms produce antifungal-tolerant persister cells. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2006, 50:3839-3846.
175. Lafleur M.D., Qi Q., Lewis K. Patients with long-term oral carriage harbor high-persister mutants of Candida albicans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2010, 54:39-44.
176. Langer P., Kassim R.A., Macari G.S., Saleh K.J. Aspergillus infection after total knee arthroplasty. American Journal of Orthopedics 2003, 32:402-404.
177. Lass-Florl C., Speth C., Kofler G., Dierch M.P., Gunsilius E., Wurzner R. Effect of increasing inoculum sizes of Aspergillus hyphae on MICs and MFCs of antifungal agents by broth microdilution method. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2003, 21:229-233.
178. Lawrence J.R., Korber D.R., Hoyle B.D., Costerton J.W., Caldwell D.E. Optical sectioning of microbial biofilms. Journal of Bacteriology 1991, 173:6558-6567.
179. Lazzell A.L., Chaturvedi A.K., Pierce C.G., Prasad D., Uppuluri P., Lopez-Ribot J.L. Treatment and prevention of Candida albicans biofilms with caspofungin in a novel central venous catheter murine model of candidiasis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2009, 64:567-570.
180. Leake J.L., Dowd S.E., Wolcott R.D., Zischkau A.M. Identification of yeast in chronic wounds using new pathogen-detection technologies. Journal of Wound Care 2009, 18:103-104. 106, 108.
181. Leclair L.W., Hogan D.A. Mixed bacterial-fungal infections in the CF respiratory tract. Medical Mycology 2010, 48(Suppl. 1):S125-S132.
182. Lee S.W. An Aspergilloma mistaken for a Pelviureteral stone on nonenhanced CT: A fungal bezoar causing ureteral obstruction. Korean Journal of Urology 2010, 51:216-218.
183. Lepak A., Nett J., Lincoln L., Marchillo K., Andes D. Time course of microbiologic outcome and gene expression in Candida albicans during and following in vitro and in vivo exposure to fluconazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2006, 50:1311-1319.
184. Lermann U., Morschhauser J. Secreted aspartic proteases are not required for invasion of reconstituted human epithelia by Candida albicans. Microbiology 2008, 154:3281-3295.
185. Lewis K. Multidrug tolerance of biofilms and persister cells. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2008, 322:107-131.
186. Lewis K. Persister cells. Annual Review of Microbiology 2010, 64:357-372.
187. Li F., Svarovsky M.J., Karlsson A.J., Wagner J.P., Marchillo K., Oshel P., et al. Eap1p, an adhesin that mediates Candida albicans biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. Eukaryotic Cell 2007, 6:931-939.
188. Lifshitz D.A., Winkler H.Z., Gross M., Sulkes J., Baniel J., Livne P.M. Predictive value of urinary cultures in assessment of microbial colonization of ureteral stents. Journal of Endourology 1999, 13:735-738.
189. Liu G., Vellucci V.F., Kyc S., Hostetter M.K. Simvastatin inhibits Candida albicans biofilm in vitro. Pediatric Research 2009, 66:600-604.
190. Lopez-Ribot J.L., McAtee R.K., Perea S., Kirkpatrick W.R., Rinaldi M.G., Patterson T.F. Multiple resistant phenotypes of Candida albicans coexist during episodes of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1999, 43:1621-1630.
191. Loussert C., Schmitt C., Prevost M.C., Balloy V., Fadel E., Philippe B., et al. In vivo biofilm composition of Aspergillus fumigatus. Cellular Microbiology 2010, 12:405-410.
192. Ma B., Forney L.J., Ravel J. Vaginal microbiome: Rethinking health and disease. Annual Review of Microbiology 2012, 66:371-389.
193. Macfarlane S. Microbial biofilm communities in the gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2008, 42(Suppl. 3, Pt. 1):S142-S143.
194. Macfarlane S., Dillon J.F. Microbial biofilms in the human gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2007, 102:1187-1196.
195. Mansur A.J., Safi J., Markus M.R., Aiello V.D., Grinberg M., Pomerantzeff P.M. Late failure of surgical treatment for bioprosthetic valve endocarditis due to Candida tropicalis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1996, 22:380-381.
196. Martin T.J., Kerschner J.E., Flanary V.A. Fungal causes of otitis externa and tympanostomy tube otorrhea. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2005, 69:1503-1508.
197. Martinez L.R., Casadevall A. Susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans biofilms to antifungal agents in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2006, 50:1021-1033.
198. Martinez L.R., Mihu M.R., Han G., Frases S., Cordero R.J., Casadevall A., et al. The use of chitosan to damage Cryptococcus neoformans biofilms. Biomaterials 2010, 31:669-679.
199. Martinez L.R., Mihu M.R., Tar M., Cordero R.J., Han G., Friedman A.J., et al. Demonstration of antibiofilm and antifungal efficacy of chitosan against candidal biofilms, using an in vivo central venous catheter model. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010, 201:1436-1440.
200. Martinez-Pajares J.D., Martinez-Ferriz M.C., Moreno-Perez D., Garcia-Ramirez M., Martin-Carballido S., Blanch-Iribarne P. Management of obstructive renal failure caused by bilateral renal aspergilloma in an immunocompetent newborn. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2010, 59:367-369.
201. Martins M., Henriques M., Lopez-Ribot J.L., Oliveira R. Addition of DNase improves the in vitro activity of antifungal drugs against Candida albicans biofilms. Mycoses 2011, 55(1):80-85. 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02047.x.
202. Martins M., Uppuluri P., Thomas D.P., Cleary I.A., Henriques M., Lopez-Ribot J.L., et al. Presence of extracellular DNA in the Candida albicans biofilm matrix and its contribution to biofilms. Mycopathologia 2010, 169:323-331.
203. Mason K.L., Erb Downward J.R., Mason K.D., Falkowski N.R., Eaton K.A., Kao J.Y., et al. Candida albicans and bacterial microbiota interactions in the cecum during recolonization following broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Infection and Immunity 2012, 80:3371-3380.
204. Mateus C., Crow S.A., Ahearn D.G. Adherence of Candida albicans to silicone induces immediate enhanced tolerance to fluconazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2004, 48:3358-3366.
205. McMillan A., Dell M., Zellar M.P., Cribby S., Martz S., Hong E., et al. Disruption of urogenital biofilms by lactobacilli. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 2011, 86:58-64.
206. Meurman J.H. Probiotics: Do they have a role in oral medicine and dentistry?. European Journal of Oral Sciences 2005, 113:188-196.
207. Mignogna M.D., Fortuna G., Leuci S., Adamo D., Ruoppo E., Siano M., et al. Mucormycosis in immunocompetent patients: A case-series of patients with maxillary sinus involvement and a critical review of the literature. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2011, 15:e533-e540.
208. Miller M.B., Bassler B.L. Quorum sensing in bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology 2001, 55:165-199.
209. Mitchell K., Taff H., Cuevas M., Reinicke E., Sanchez H., Andes D. Role of matrix beta-1,3 glucan in antifungal resistance of non-albicans Candida biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2013, 57(4):1918-1920. 10.1128/AAC.02378-12.
210. Monteiro D.R., Gorup L.F., Silva S., Negri M., de Camargo E.R., Oliveira R., et al. Silver colloidal nanoparticles: Antifungal effect against adhered cells and biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Biofouling 2011, 27:711-719.
211. Monteiro D.R., Gorup L.F., Takamiya A.S., de Camargo E.R., Filho A.C., Barbosa D.B. Silver distribution and release from an antimicrobial denture base resin containing silver colloidal nanoparticles. Journal of Prosthodontics 2012, 21:7-15.
212. Monteiro D.R., Silva S., Negri M., Gorup L.F., de Camargo E.R., Oliveira R., et al. Silver colloidal nanoparticles: Effect on matrix composition and structure of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2012, 114(4):1175-1183.
213. Morales D.K., Jacobs N.J., Rajamani S., Krishnamurthy M., Cubillos-Ruiz J.R., Hogan D.A. Antifungal mechanisms by which a novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazine toxin kills Candida albicans in biofilms. Molecular Microbiology 2010, 78:1379-1392.
214. Morschhauser J. Regulation of multidrug resistance in pathogenic fungi. Fungal Genetics and Biology 2010, 47:94-106.
215. Mowat E., Lang S., Williams C., McCulloch E., Jones B., Ramage G. Phase-dependent antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus developing multicellular filamentous biofilms. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008, 62:1281-1284.
216. Mowat E., Rajendran R., Williams C., McCulloch E., Jones B., Lang S., et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their small diffusible extracellular molecules inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2010, 313:96-102.
217. Mowat E., Williams C., Jones B., McChlery S., Ramage G. The characteristics of Aspergillus fumigatus mycetoma development: Is this a biofilm?. Medical Mycology 2008, 47(Suppl. 1):S120-S126. 10.1080/13693780802238834.
218. Mukherjee P.K., Chandra J., Kuhn D.M., Ghannoum M.A. Mechanism of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilms: Phase-specific role of efflux pumps and membrane sterols. Infection and Immunity 2003, 71:4333-4340.
219. Mukherjee P.K., Long L., Kim H.G., Ghannoum M.A. Amphotericin B lipid complex is efficacious in the treatment of Candida albicans biofilms using a model of catheter-associated Candida biofilms. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2009, 33:149-153.
220. Muller F.M., Seidler M., Beauvais A. Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms in the clinical setting. Medical Mycology 2011, 49(Suppl. 1):S96-S100.
221. Murzyn A., Krasowska A., Stefanowicz P., Dziadkowiec D., Lukaszewicz M. Capric acid secreted by S. boulardii inhibits C. albicans filamentous growth, adhesion and biofilm formation. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e12050.
222. Naglik J., Albrecht A., Bader O., Hube B. Candida albicans proteinases and host/pathogen interactions. Cellular Microbiology 2004, 6:915-926.
223. Naglik J.R., Challacombe S.J., Hube B. Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 2003, 67:400-428. table of contents.
224. Naglik J.R., Fostira F., Ruprai J., Staab J.F., Challacombe S.J., Sundstrom P. Candida albicans HWP1 gene expression and host antibody responses in colonization and disease. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2006, 55:1323-1327.
225. Naglik J.R., Moyes D., Makwana J., Kanzaria P., Tsichlaki E., Weindl G., et al. Quantitative expression of the Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinase gene family in human oral and vaginal candidiasis. Microbiology 2008, 154:3266-3280.
226. Nailis H., Vandenbosch D., Deforce D., Nelis H.J., Coenye T. Transcriptional response to fluconazole and amphotericin B in Candida albicans biofilms. Research in Microbiology 2010, 161:284-292.
227. Nam K.Y. In vitro antimicrobial effect of the tissue conditioner containing silver nanoparticles. Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics 2011, 3:20-24.
228. Navarathna D.H., Hornby J.M., Krishnan N., Parkhurst A., Duhamel G.E., Nickerson K.W. Effect of farnesol on a mouse model of systemic candidiasis, determined by use of a DPP3 knockout mutant of Candida albicans. Infection and Immunity 2007, 75:1609-1618.
229. Negri M., Silva S., Henriques M., Oliveira R. Insights into Candida tropicalis nosocomial infections and virulence factors. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2012, 31:1399-1412.
230. Nett J.E., Cain M.T., Crawford K., Andes D.R. Optimizing a Candida biofilm microtiter plate model for measurement of antifungal susceptibility by tetrazolium salt assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2011, 49:1426-1433.
231. Nett J.E., Crawford K., Marchillo K., Andes D.R. Role of Fks1p and matrix glucan in Candida albicans biofilm resistance to an echinocandin, pyrimidine, and polyene. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2010, 54:3505-3508.
232. Nett J.E., Lepak A.J., Marchillo K., Andes D.R. Time course global gene expression analysis of an in vivo Candida biofilm. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009, 200:307-313.
233. Nett J., Lincoln L., Marchillo K., Massey R., Holoyda K., Hoff B., et al. Putative role of beta-1,3 glucans in Candida albicans biofilm resistance. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2007, 51:510-520.
234. Nett J.E., Marchillo K., Spiegel C.A., Andes D.R. Development and validation of an in vivo Candida albicans biofilm denture model. Infection and Immunity 2010, 78:3650-3659.
235. Nett J.E., Sanchez H., Cain M.T., Andes D.R. Genetic basis of Candida biofilm resistance due to drug-sequestering matrix glucan. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010, 202:171-175.
236. Nett J.E., Sanchez H., Cain M.T., Ross K.M., Andes D.R. Interface of Candida albicans biofilm matrix-associated drug resistance and cell wall integrity regulation. Eukaryotic Cell 2011, 10(12):1660-1669.
237. Newton A. Denture sore mouth. A possible aetiology. British Dental Journal 1962, 112:357-360.
238. Niimi M., Firth N.A., Cannon R.D. Antifungal drug resistance of oral fungi. Odontology 2010, 98:15-25.
239. Niimi K., Maki K., Ikeda F., Holmes A.R., Lamping E., Niimi M., et al. Overexpression of Candida albicans CDR1, CDR2, or MDR1 does not produce significant changes in echinocandin susceptibility. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2006, 50:1148-1155.
240. Ninomiya K., Maruyama N., Inoue S., Ishibashi H., Takizawa T., Oshima H., et al. The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) and its main component, terpinen-4-ol protect mice from experimental oral candidiasis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2012, 35:861-865.
241. Nobile C.J., Fox E.P., Nett J.E., Sorrells T.R., Mitrovich Q.M., Hernday A.D., et al. A recently evolved transcriptional network controls biofilm development in Candida albicans. Cell 2012, 148:126-138.
242. Nobile C.J., Mitchell A.P. Genetics and genomics of Candida albicans biofilm formation. Cellular Microbiology 2006, 8:1382-1391.
243. Nobile C.J., Nett J.E., Hernday A.D., Homann O.R., Deneault J.S., Nantel A., et al. Biofilm matrix regulation by Candida albicans Zap1. PLoS Biology 2009, 7:e1000133.
244. Nucci M., Anaissie E., Betts R.F., Dupont B.F., Wu C., Buell D.N., et al. Early removal of central venous catheter in patients with candidemia does not improve outcome: Analysis of 842 patients from 2 randomized clinical trials. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010, 51:295-303.
245. Odds F. Candida and candidosis 1988, Bailliere Tindall, London. 2nd ed.
246. O'Grady N.P., Alexander M., Burns L.A., Dellinger E.P., Garland J., Heard S.O., et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011, 52:e162-e193.
247. Oliveira C., Nasr A., Brindle M., Wales P.W. Ethanol locks to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections in parenteral nutrition: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2012, 129:318-329.
248. Onyewu C., Blankenship J.R., Del Poeta M., Heitman J. Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors become fungicidal when combined with calcineurin inhibitors against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2003, 47:956-964.
249. Ozdemir H., Karbuz A., Ciftci E., Dincaslan H.U., Ince E., Aysev D., et al. Successful treatment of central venous catheter infection due to Candida lipolytica by caspofungin-lock therapy. Mycoses 2011, 54:e647-e649.
250. Paige C., Pinson C.W., Antonovic R., Strausbaugh L.J. Catheter-related thrombophlebitis of the superior vena cava caused by Candida glabrata. Western Journal of Medicine 1987, 147:333-335.
251. Pammi M., Holland L., Butler G., Gacser A., Bliss J.M. Candida parapsilosis is a significant neonatal pathogen: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2013, [Epub ahead of print].
252. Pannanusorn S., Fernandez V., Romling U. Prevalence of biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Candida species causing bloodstream infection. Mycoses 2012, 56(3):264-272. 10.1111/myc.12014.
253. Papi M., Maiorana A., Bugli F., Torelli R., Posteraro B., Maulucci G., et al. Detection of biofilm-grown Aspergillus fumigatus by means of atomic force spectroscopy: Ultrastructural effects of alginate lyase. Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012, 18:1088-1094.
254. Park K.H., Kim S.H., Song E.H., Jang E.Y., Lee E.J., Chong Y.P., et al. Development of bacteraemia or fungaemia after removal of colonized central venous catheters in patients with negative concomitant blood cultures. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2010, 16:742-746.
255. Percival S.L., Kite P., Eastwood K., Murga R., Carr J., Arduino M.J., et al. Tetrasodium EDTA as a novel central venous catheter lock solution against biofilm. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2005, 26:515-519.
256. Pereira-Cenci T., Del Bel Cury A.A., Crielaard W., Ten Cate J.M. Development of Candida-associated denture stomatitis: New insights. Journal of Applied Oral Science 2008, 16:86-94.
257. Perumal P., Mekala S., Chaffin W.L. Role for cell density in antifungal drug resistance in Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2007, 51:2454-2463.
258. Peters B.M., Jabra-Rizk M.A., O'May G.A., Costerton J.W., Shirtliff M.E. Polymicrobial interactions: Impact on pathogenesis and human disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2012, 25:193-213.
259. Peters B.M., Jabra-Rizk M.A., Scheper M.A., Leid J.G., Costerton J.W., Shirtliff M.E. Microbial interactions and differential protein expression in Staphylococcus aureus -Candida albicans dual-species biofilms. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 2010, 59:493-503.
260. Peters B.M., Ward R.M., Rane H.S., Lee S.A., Noverr M.C. Efficacy of ethanol against Candida albicans and staphylococcus aureus polymicrobial biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2013, 57:74-82.
261. Pettit R.K., Repp K.K., Hazen K.C. Temperature affects the susceptibility of cryptococcus neoformans biofilms to antifungal agents. Medical Mycology 2010, 48:421-426.
262. Piddock L.J. Multidrug-resistance efflux pumps - Not just for resistance. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2006, 4:629-636.
263. Pieroni K.P., Nespor C., Poole R.L., Kerner J.A., Berquist W.E. Echinocandin and ethanol lock therapy treatment of fungal catheter infections. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2012, 32(3):289-291.
264. Pihet M., Carrere J., Cimon B., Chabasse D., Delhaes L., Symoens F., et al. Occurrence and relevance of filamentous fungi in respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis-A review. Medical Mycology 2009, 47:387-397.
265. Pini G., Faggi E., Donato R., Fanci R. Isolation of Trichosporon in a hematology ward. Mycoses 2005, 48:45-49.
266. Prasad R., De Wergifosse P., Goffeau A., Balzi E. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel gene of Candida albicans, CDR1, conferring multiple resistance to drugs and antifungals. Current Genetics 1995, 27:320-329.
267. Pulcrano G., Panellis D., De Domenico G., Rossano F., Catania M.R. Ambroxol influences voriconazole resistance of Candida parapsilosis biofilm. FEMS Yeast Research 2012, 12:430-438.
268. Puri S., Kumar R., Chadha S., Tati S., Conti H.R., Hube B., et al. Secreted aspartic protease cleavage of Candida albicans Msb2 activates Cek1 MAPK signaling affecting biofilm formation and oropharyngeal candidiasis. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e46020.
269. Raad I., Hanna H., Dvorak T., Chaiban G., Hachem R. Optimal antimicrobial catheter lock solution, using different combinations of minocycline, EDTA, and 25-percent ethanol, rapidly eradicates organisms embedded in biofilm. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2007, 51:78-83.
270. Rajendran R., Mowat E., McCulloch E., Lappin D.F., Jones B., Lang S., et al. Azole Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms is partly associated with efflux pump activity. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2011, 55(5):2092-2097. 10.1128/AAC.01189-10.
271. Rajendran R., Robertson D.P., Hodge P.J., Lappin D.F., Ramage G. Hydrolytic enzyme production is associated with Candida albicans biofilm formation from patients with type 1 diabetes. Mycopathologia 2010, 170:229-235.
272. Rajendran R., Williams C., Lappin D.F., Millington O., Martins M., Ramage G. Extracellular DNA release acts as an antifungal resistance mechanism in mature Aspergillus fumigatus biofilms. Eukaryotic Cell 2013, 12(3):420-429.
273. Ramage G., Bachmann S., Patterson T.F., Wickes B.L., Lopez-Ribot J.L. Investigation of multidrug efflux pumps in relation to fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilms. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2002, 49:973-980.
274. Ramage G., Coco B., Sherry L., Bagg J., Lappin D.F. In vitro Candida albicans biofilm induced proteinase activity and SAP8 expression correlates with in vivo denture stomatitis severity. Mycopathologia 2012, 174:11-19.
275. Ramage G., Jose A., Coco B., Rajendran R., Rautemaa R., Murray C., et al. Commercial mouthwashes are more effective than azole antifungals against Candida albicans biofilms in vitro. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2011, 111:456-460.
276. Ramage G., Jose A., Sherry L., Lappin D.F., Jones B., Williams C. Liposomal formulations of amphotericin B displays rapid dose dependant activity against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2013, 57(5):2369-2371. 10.1128/AAC.02344-12.
277. Ramage G., Martinez J.P., Lopez-Ribot J.L. Candida biofilms on implanted biomaterials: A clinically significant problem. FEMS Yeast Research 2006, 6:979-986.
278. Ramage G., Milligan S., Lappin D.F., Sherry L., Sweeney P., Williams C., et al. Antifungal, cytotoxic, and immunomodulatory properties of tea tree oil and its derivative components: Potential role in management of oral candidosis in cancer patients. Frontiers in Microbiology 2012, 3:220.
279. Ramage G., Mowat E., Jones B., Williams C., Lopez-Ribot J. Our current understanding of fungal biofilms. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2009, 35:340-355.
280. Ramage G., Rajendran R., Gutierrez-Correa M., Jones B., Williams C. Aspergillus biofilms: Clinical and industrial significance. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2011, 324:89-97.
281. Ramage G., Rajendran R., Sherry L., Williams C. Fungal biofilm resistance. International Journal of Microbiology 2012, 2012:528521.
282. Ramage G., Saville S.P., Wickes B.L., Lopez-Ribot J.L. Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation by farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002, 68:5459-5463.
283. Ramage G., Tomsett K., Wickes B.L., Lopez-Ribot J.L., Redding S.W. Denture stomatitis: A role for Candida biofilms. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2004, 98:53-59.
284. Ramage G., Vande Walle K., Wickes B.L., Lopez-Ribot J.L. Standardized method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2001, 45:2475-2479.
285. Ramage G., VandeWalle K., Lopez-Ribot J.L., Wickes B.L. The filamentation pathway controlled by the Efg1 regulator protein is required for normal biofilm formation and development in Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2002, 214:95-100.
286. Ramage G., Wickes B.L., Lopez-Ribot J.L. Inhibition on Candida albicans biofilm formation using divalent cation chelators (EDTA). Mycopathologia 2007, 164:301-306.
287. Ramage G., Zalewska A., Cameron D.A., Sherry L., Murray C., Finnegan M.B., et al. A comparative in vitro study of two denture cleaning techniques as an effective strategy for inhibiting Candida albicans biofilms on denture surfaces and reducing inflammation. Journal of Prosthodontics 2012, 21:516-522.
288. Rautemaa R., Ramage G. Oral candidosis-Clinical challenges of a biofilm disease. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2011, 37:328-336.
289. Rautemaa R., Richardson M., Pfaller M., Koukila-Kahkola P., Perheentupa J., Saxen H. Decreased susceptibility of Candida albicans to azole antifungals: A complication of long-term treatment in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) patients. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2007, 60:889-892.
290. Redding S., Smith J., Farinacci G., Rinaldi M., Fothergill A., Rhine-Chalberg J., et al. Resistance of Candida albicans to fluconazole during treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in a patient with AIDS: Documentation by in vitro susceptibility testing and DNA subtype analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1994, 18:240-242.
291. Reddy B.T., Torres H.A., Kontoyiannis D.P. Breast implant infection caused by Trichosporon beigelii. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002, 34:143-144.
292. Reid G., Denstedt J.D., Kang Y.S., Lam D., Nause C. Microbial adhesion and biofilm formation on ureteral stents in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Urology 1992, 148:1592-1594.
293. Reis L.J., Barton T.D., Pochettino A., Velazquez O., McGarvey M., Milas B., et al. Successful treatment of Aspergillus prosthetic valve endocarditis with oral voriconazole. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2005, 41:752-753.
294. Rex J.H., Bennett J.E., Sugar A.M., Pappas P.G., Serody J., Edwards J.E., et al. Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia. NIAID mycoses study group and the candidemia study group. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1995, 21:994-996.
295. Richardson M. The ecology of the Zygomycetes and its impact on environmental exposure. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2009, 15(Suppl. 5):2-9.
296. Robbins N., Uppuluri P., Nett J., Rajendran R., Ramage G., Lopez-Ribot J.L., et al. Hsp90 governs dispersion and drug resistance of fungal biofilms. PLoS Pathogens 2011, 7:e1002257.
297. Robertson E.J., Wolf J.M., Casadevall A. EDTA inhibits biofilm formation, extracellular vesicular secretion, and shedding of the capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan by Cryptococcus neoformans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2012, 78:7977-7984.
298. Rodrigues L., van der Mei H., Banat I.M., Teixeira J., Oliveira R. Inhibition of microbial adhesion to silicone rubber treated with biosurfactant from Streptococcus thermophilus A. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 2006, 46:107-112.
299. Rodrigues L., van der Mei H., Teixeira J.A., Oliveira R. Biosurfactant from Lactococcus lactis 53 inhibits microbial adhesion on silicone rubber. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2004, 66:306-311.
300. Rombaux P., Eloy P., Bertrand B., Delos M., Doyen C. Lethal disseminated Fusarium infection with sinus involvement in the immunocompromised host: Case report and review of the literature. Rhinology 1996, 34:237-241.
301. Rosenblatt W.B., Pollock A. Aspergillus flavus cultured from a saline-filled implant. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1997, 99:1470-1472.
302. Ruan S.Y., Chien J.Y., Hsueh P.R. Invasive trichosporonosis caused by Trichosporon asahii and other unusual Trichosporon species at a medical center in Taiwan. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009, 49:e11-e17.
303. Rukayadi Y., Hwang J.K. In vitro activity of Xanthorrhizol Isolated from the Rhizome of Javanese Turmeric (curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) Against Candida albicans biofilms. Phytotherapy Research 2012, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1002/ptr.4834.
304. Sa H.S., Ko K.S., Woo K.I., Peck K.R., Kim Y.D. A case of sino-orbital infection caused by the Schizophyllum commune. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2012, 73:376-377.
305. Salim N., Silikas N., Satterthwaite J.D., Moore C., Ramage G., Rautemaa R. Chlorhexidine-impregnated PEM/THFM polymer exhibits superior activity to fluconazole-impregnated polymer against Candida albicans biofilm formation. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2013, 41:193-196.
306. Samaranayake L.P., MacFarlane T.W., Lamey P.J., Ferguson M.M. A comparison of oral rinse and imprint sampling techniques for the detection of yeast, coliform and Staphylococcus aureus carriage in the oral cavity. Journal of Oral Pathology 1986, 15:386-388.
307. Sanglard D., Ischer F., Marchetti O., Entenza J., Bille J. Calcineurin A of Candida albicans: Involvement in antifungal tolerance, cell morphogenesis and virulence. Molecular Microbiology 2003, 48:959-976.
308. Sanglard D., Ischer F., Monod M., Bille J. Cloning of Candida albicans genes conferring resistance to azole antifungal agents: Characterization of CDR2, a new multidrug ABC transporter gene. Microbiology 1997, 143(Pt. 2):405-416.
309. Sardi J.C., Duque C., Mariano F.S., Peixoto I.T., Hofling J.F., Goncalves R.B. Candida spp. in periodontal disease: A brief review. Journal of Oral Science 2010, 52:177-185.
310. Sardi J.C., Scorzoni L., Bernardi T., Fusco-Almeida A.M., Mendes Giannini M.J. Candida species: Current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2013, 62:10-24.
311. Sato F.R., Sawazaki R., Berretta D., Moreira R.W., Vargas P.A., de Almeida O.P. Aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus associated with a zygomatic implant. Journal of the American Dental Association 2010, 141:1231-1235.
312. Sayed S.I., Datta S., Deore N., Kazi R.A., Jagade M.V. Prevention of voice prosthesis biofilms: Current scenario and future trends in prolonging prosthesis lifetime. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2012, 110(175-178):180.
313. Sayed S.I., Kazi R., Sengupta S., Chowdhari A., Jagade M. Microbial colonization of Blom-Singer indwelling voice prostheses in laryngectomized patients: A perspective from India. Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal 2012, 91:E19-E22.
314. Schinabeck M.K., Long L.A., Hossain M.A., Chandra J., Mukherjee P.K., Mohamed S., et al. Rabbit model of Candida albicans biofilm infection: Liposomal amphotericin B antifungal lock therapy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2004, 48:1727-1732.
315. Seidler M.J., Salvenmoser S., Muller F.M. Aspergillus fumigatus forms biofilms with reduced antifungal drug susceptibility on bronchial epithelial cells. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2008, 52:4130-4136.
316. Seneviratne C.J., Wang Y., Jin L., Abiko Y., Samaranayake L.P. Proteomics of drug resistance in Candida glabrata biofilms. Proteomics 2010, 10:1444-1454.
317. Serban R.I., Dan M., Panzaru C.V., Anghel D., Dascalescu D., Ciucu L., et al. Fungi as emergent etiologic agents in ventilator-associated pneumonia after cardiac surgery. Revista Medico-Chirurgicalǎ a Societǎţii de Medici şi Naturalişti din Iaşi 2010, 114:1077-1082.
318. Seth A.K., Geringer M.R., Hong S.J., Leung K.P., Mustoe T.A., Galiano R.D. In vivo modeling of biofilm-infected wounds: A review. Journal of Surgical Research 2012, 178:330-338.
319. Shapiro R.S., Robbins N., Cowen L.E. Regulatory circuitry governing fungal development, drug resistance, and disease. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 2011, 75:213-267.
320. Sherry L., Jose A., Murray C., Williams C., Jones B., Millington O., et al. Carbohydrate derived fulvic acid: An in vitro investigation of a novel membrane active antiseptic agent against Candida albicans biofilms. Frontiers in Microbiology 2012, 3:116.
321. Short D.P., O'Donnell K., Zhang N., Juba J.H., Geiser D.M. Widespread occurrence of diverse human pathogenic types of the fungus Fusarium detected in plumbing drains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2011, 49:4264-4272.
322. Shuford J.A., Rouse M.S., Piper K.E., Steckelberg J.M., Patel R. Evaluation of caspofungin and amphotericin B deoxycholate against Candida albicans biofilms in an experimental intravascular catheter infection model. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006, 194:710-713.
323. Sibley C.D., Duan K., Fischer C., Parkins M.D., Storey D.G., Rabin H.R., et al. Discerning the complexity of community interactions using a Drosophila model of polymicrobial infections. PLoS Pathogens 2008, 4:e1000184.
324. Sibley C.D., Parkins M.D., Rabin H.R., Duan K., Norgaard J.C., Surette M.G. A polymicrobial perspective of pulmonary infections exposes an enigmatic pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:15070-15075.
325. Silva S., Henriques M., Hayes A., Oliveira R., Azeredo J., Williams D.W. Candida glabrata and Candida albicans co-infection of an in vitro oral epithelium. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2011, 40:421-427.
326. Silva S., Henriques M., Martins A., Oliveira R., Williams D., Azeredo J. Biofilms of non-Candida albicans Candida species: Quantification, structure and matrix composition. Medical Mycology 2009, 47:681-689.
327. Silva S., Negri M., Henriques M., Oliveira R., Williams D.W., Azeredo J. Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: Biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2011, 36(2):288-305.
328. Silverman R.J., Nobbs A.H., Vickerman M.M., Barbour M.E., Jenkinson H.F. Interaction of Candida albicans cell wall Als3 protein with Streptococcus gordonii SspB adhesin promotes development of mixed-species communities. Infection and Immunity 2010, 78:4644-4652.
329. Singh S.D., Robbins N., Zaas A.K., Schell W.A., Perfect J.R., Cowen L.E. Hsp90 governs echinocandin resistance in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans via calcineurin. PLoS Pathogens 2009, 5:e1000532.
330. Singh P.K., Schaefer A.L., Parsek M.R., Moninger T.O., Welsh M.J., Greenberg E.P. Quorum-sensing signals indicate that cystic fibrosis lungs are infected with bacterial biofilms. Nature 2000, 407:762-764.
331. Singh R., Shivaprakash M.R., Chakrabarti A. Biofilm formation by zygomycetes: Quantification, structure and matrix composition. Microbiology 2011, 157(Pt 9):2611-2618. 10.1099/mic.0.048504-0.
332. Singhal D., Baker L., Wormald P.J., Tan L. Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm on primary human sinonasal epithelial culture. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 2011, 25:219-225.
333. Siqueira V.M., Oliveira H.M., Santos C., Paterson R.R., Gusmao N.B., Lima N. Filamentous fungi in drinking water, particularly in relation to biofilm formation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2011, 8:456-469.
334. Siqueira J.F., Sen B.H. Fungi in endodontic infections. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 2004, 97:632-641.
335. Sobel J.D., Fisher J.F., Kauffman C.A., Newman C.A. Candida urinary tract infections-Epidemiology. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011, 52(Suppl. 6):S433-S436.
336. Steinbach W.J., Reedy J.L., Cramer R.A., Perfect J.R., Heitman J. Harnessing calcineurin as a novel anti-infective agent against invasive fungal infections. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2007, 5:418-430.
337. Stonecypher K. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: The importance of oral care in intubated adults. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 2010, 33:339-347.
338. Taff H.T., Nett J.E., Andes D.R. Comparative analysis of Candida biofilm quantitation assays. Medical Mycology 2012, 50:214-218.
339. Taff H.T., Nett J.E., Zarnowski R., Ross K.M., Sanchez H., Cain M.T., et al. A Candida biofilm-induced pathway for matrix glucan delivery: Implications for drug resistance. PLoS Pathogens 2012, 8:e1002848.
340. Tchekmedyian N.S., Newman K., Moody M.R., Costerton J.W., Aisner J., Schimpff S.C., et al. Special studies of the Hickman catheter of a patient with recurrent bacteremia and candidemia. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1986, 291:419-424.
341. Tobudic S., Lassnigg A., Kratzer C., Graninger W., Presterl E. Antifungal activity of amphotericin B, caspofungin and posaconazole on Candida albicans biofilms in intermediate and mature development phases. Mycoses 2010, 53:208-214.
342. Tre-Hardy M., Vanderbist F., Traore H., Devleeschouwer M.J. In vitro activity of antibiotic combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and planktonic cultures. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2008, 31:329-336.
343. Trevisani L., Sartori S., Rossi M.R., Bovolenta R., Scoponi M., Gullini S., et al. Degradation of polyurethane gastrostomy devices: What is the role of fungal colonization?. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2005, 50:463-469.
344. Tumbarello M., Fiori B., Trecarichi E.M., Posteraro P., Losito A.R., De Luca A., et al. Risk factors and outcomes of candidemia caused by biofilm-forming isolates in a tertiary care hospital. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e33705.
345. Tumbarello M., Posteraro B., Trecarichi E.M., Fiori B., Rossi M., Porta R., et al. Biofilm production by Candida species and inadequate antifungal therapy as predictors of mortality for patients with candidemia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2007, 45:1843-1850.
346. Uppuluri P., Chaturvedi A.K., Srinivasan A., Banerjee M., Ramasubramaniam A.K., Kohler J.R., et al. Dispersion as an important step in the Candida albicans biofilm developmental cycle. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6:e1000828.
347. Uppuluri P., Nett J., Heitman J., Andes D. Synergistic effect of calcineurin inhibitors and fluconazole against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2008, 52:1127-1132.
348. Valdivieso M., Luna M., Bodey G.P., Rodriguez V., Groschel D. Fungemia due to Torulopsis glabrata in the compromised host. Cancer 1976, 38:1750-1756.
349. Vediyappan G., Rossignol T., d'Enfert C. Interaction of Candida albicans biofilms with antifungals: Transcriptional response and binding of antifungals to beta-glucans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2010, 54:2096-2111.
350. Viale P., Petrosillo N., Signorini L., Puoti M., Carosi G. Should lock therapy always be avoided for central venous catheter-associated fungal bloodstream infections?. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001, 33:1947-1948. author reply 1949-1951.
351. Wada M., Baba H., Imura S. Prosthetic knee Candida parapsilosis infection. Journal of Arthroplasty 1998, 13:479-482.
352. Wallner M., Steyer G., Krause R., Gstettner C., von Lewinski D. Fungal endocarditis of a bioprosthetic aortic valve: Pharmacological treatment of a Candida parapsilosis endocarditis. Herz 2012, [Epub ahead of print].
353. Walraven C.J., Lee S.A. Antifungal lock therapy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2013, 57:1-8.
354. Walsh T.J., Kasai M., Francesconi A., Landsman D., Chanock S.J. New evidence that Candida albicans possesses additional ATP-binding cassette MDR-like genes: Implications for antifungal azole resistance. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology 1997, 35:133-137.
355. Walsh T.J., Schlegel R., Moody M.M., Costerton J.W., Salcman M. Ventriculoatrial shunt infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans: An ultrastructural and quantitative microbiological study. Neurosurgery 1986, 18:373-375.
356. Walter E.B., Gingras J.L., McKinney R.E. Systemic Torulopsis glabrata infection in a neonate. Southern Medical Journal 1990, 83:837-838.
357. Wang X., Du L., You J., King J.B., Cichewicz R.H. Fungal biofilm inhibitors from a human oral microbiome-derived bacterium. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry 2012, 10:2044-2050.
358. Wang X., You J., King J.B., Powell D.R., Cichewicz R.H. Waikialoid A suppresses hyphal morphogenesis and inhibits biofilm development in pathogenic Candida albicans. Journal of Natural Products 2012, 75:707-715.
359. Warkentien T., Rodriguez C., Lloyd B., Wells J., Weintrob A., Dunne J.R., et al. Invasive mold infections following combat-related injuries. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012, 55:1441-1449.
360. White T.C. Increased mRNA levels of ERG16, CDR, and MDR1 correlate with increases in azole resistance in Candida albicans isolates from a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1997, 41:1482-1487.
361. Williams D.W., Kuriyama T., Silva S., Malic S., Lewis M.A. Candida biofilms and oral candidosis: Treatment and prevention. Periodontology 2011, 2000(55):250-265.
362. Wolcott R.D., Gontcharova V., Sun Y., Dowd S.E. Evaluation of the bacterial diversity among and within individual venous leg ulcers using bacterial tag-encoded FLX and titanium amplicon pyrosequencing and metagenomic approaches. BMC Microbiology 2009, 9:226.
363. Won Song J., Shin J.H., Kee S.J., Kim S.H., Shin M.G., Suh S.P., et al. Expression of CgCDR1, CgCDR2, and CgERG11 in Candida glabrata biofilms formed by bloodstream isolates. Medical Mycology 2008, 42:1-4.
364. Wu C.Y., Lee P.I. Antibiotic-lock therapy and erythromycin for treatment of catheter-related Candida parapsilosis and Staphylococcus aureus infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2007, 60:706-707.
365. Xie Z., Thompson A., Sobue T., Kashleva H., Xu H., Vasilakos J., et al. Candida albicans biofilms do not trigger reactive oxygen species and evade neutrophil killing. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2012, 206:1936-1945.
366. Yang S.P., Chen Y.Y., Hsu H.S., Wang F.D., Chen L.Y., Fung C.P. A risk factor analysis of healthcare-associated fungal infections in an intensive care unit: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases 2013, 13:10.
367. Yao M., Messner A.H. Fungal malignant otitis externa due to Scedosporium apiospermum. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 2001, 110:377-380.
368. Yeater K.M., Chandra J., Cheng G., Mukherjee P.K., Zhao X., Rodriguez-Zas S.L., et al. Temporal analysis of Candida albicans gene expression during biofilm development. Microbiology 2007, 153:2373-2385.
369. Young R.C., Bennett J.E., Vogel C.L., Carbone P.P., DeVita V.T. Aspergillosis. The spectrum of the disease in 98 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1970, 49:147-173.
370. Younkin S., Evarts C.M., Steigbigel R.T. Candida parapsilosis infection of a total hip-joint replacement: Successful reimplantation after treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. A case report. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume 1984, 66:142-143.
371. Yu L.H., Wei X., Ma M., Chen X.J., Xu S.B. Possible inhibitory molecular mechanism of farnesol on the development of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilm. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2012, 56:770-775.
372. Zhao X., Daniels K.J., Oh S.H., Green C.B., Yeater K.M., Soll D.R., et al. Candida albicans Als3p is required for wild-type biofilm formation on silicone elastomer surfaces. Microbiology 2006, 152:2287-2299.