Mucormycosis in immunocompetent patients: A case-series of patients with maxillary sinus involvement and a critical review of the literature

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 15, Issue 8, 2011, Pages

  Mignogna, Michele D ^a   Fortuna, Giulio ^a   Leuci, Stefania ^a   Adamo, Daniela ^a   Ruoppo, Elvira ^a   Siano, Maria ^a   Mariani, Umberto ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b OSPEDALI RIUNITI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Healthy; Oral cavity; Oral mucosa; Phycomycosis; Sinusitis; Zygomycosis

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CHLORPHENIRAMINE; CORTICOSTEROID; DEFEROXAMINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PARACETAMOL;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CASE REPORT; DATA BASE; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FEMALE; FUNGUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; INDIA; LEUKEMIA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LYMPHOMA; MALE; MAXILLARY SINUS; MEDLINE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MUCORALES; MUCORMYCOSIS; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MYCOSIS; PATHOGENESIS; RHINORRHEA; RISK FACTOR; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT;

AGED; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; MALE; MAXILLARY SINUS; MAXILLARY SINUSITIS; MIDDLE AGED; MOUTH; MOUTH MUCOSA; MUCORALES; MUCORMYCOSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 79961027054     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: 18783511     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.02.005     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Torres-Narbona M., Guinea J., Munoz P., Bouza E. [Zygomycetes and zygomycosis in the new era of antifungal therapies]. Rev Esp Quimioter 2007, 20:375-386.
2. Chayakulkeeree M., Ghannoum M.A., Perfect J.R. Zygomycosis: the re-emerging fungal infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006, 25:215-229.
3. Prabhu R.M., Patel R. Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: a review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004, 10(Suppl 1):31-47.
4. Maschmeyer G. The changing epidemiology of invasive fungal infections: new threats. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006, 27(Suppl 1):3-6.
5. Mastroianni A. Paranasal sinus mucormycosis in an immunocompetent host: efficacy and safety of combination therapy with Liposomal Amphotericin B and adjuvant rHuGM-CSF. Infez Med 2004, 12:278-283.
6. Castelli J.B., Pallin J.L. Lethal rhinocerebral phycomycosis in a healthy adult: a case report and review of the literature. Otolaryngology 1978, 86. ORL-696-703.
7. Schwartz L.K., Loignon L.M., Webster R.G. Posttraumatic phycomycosis of the anterior segment. Arch Ophthalmol 1978, 96:860-863.
8. Bittencourt A.L., Ayala M.A., Ramos E.A. A new form of abdominal zygomycosis different from mucormycosis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979, 28:564-569.
9. Hammond D.E., Winkelmann R.K. Cutaneous phycomycosis. Report of three cases with identification of Rhizopus. Arch Dermatol 1979, 115:990-992.
10. Rippon J.W., Dolan C.T. Colonization of the vagina by fungi of the genus Mucor. Clin Microbiol Newsl 1979, 1:4-5.
11. Hay R.J., Campbell C.K., Marshall W.M., Rees B.I., Pincott J. Disseminated zygomycosis (mucormycosis) caused by Saksenaea vasiformis. J Infect 1983, 7:162-165.
12. Margo C., Rabinowicz I.M., Kwon-Chung K.J., Zimmerman L.E. Subacute zygomycosis of the orbit. Arch Ophthalmol 1983, 101:1580-1585.
13. Oberle A.D., Penn R.L. Nosocomial invasive Saksenaea vasiformis infection. Am J Clin Pathol 1983, 80:885-888.
14. Patino J.F., Mora R., Guzman M.A., Rodriguez-Franco E. Mucormycosis: a fatal case by Saksenaea vasiformis. World J Surg 1984, 8:419-422.
15. Ferrinho P.D. Pulmonary phycomycosis without obvious predisposing factors. A case report. S Afr Med J 1985, 68:893.
16. Pennisi A.K., Parenti D.M., Stevens A., Guest S., Simon G.L., Wilson W.R. Paranasal sinus mucormycosis in an immunologically competent host. Am J Otolaryngol 1985, 6:471-473.
17. Zak S.M., Katz B. Successfully treated spheno-orbital mucormycosis in an otherwise healthy adult. Ann Ophthalmol 1985, 17:344-348.
18. Koren G., Polacheck I., Kaplan H. Invasive mucormycosis in a non-immunocompromised patient. J Infect 1986, 12:165-167.
19. Lawrence R.M., Snodgrass W.T., Reichel G.W., Padhye A.A., Ajello L., Chandler F.W. Systemic zygomycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans. J Med Vet Mycol 1986, 24:57-65.
20. Parker C., Kaminski G., Hill D. Zygomycosis in a tattoo, caused by Saksenaea vasiformis. Australas J Dermatol 1986, 27:107-111.
21. Pritchard R.C., Muir D.B., Archer K.H., Beith J.M. Subcutaneous zygomycosis due to Saksenaea vasiformis in an infant. Med J Aust 1986, 145:630-631.
22. Cefai C., Elliott T.S., Nutton R.W., Lockett A.E., Pooley J. Zygomycetic gangrenous cellulitis. Lancet 1987, 2:1337-1338.
23. Pierce P.F., Wood M.B., Roberts G.D., Fitzgerald R.H., Robertson C. Edson RS. Saksenaea vasiformis osteomyelitis. J Clin Microbiol 1987, 25:933-935.
24. Kaufman L., Padhye A.A., Parker S. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis caused by Saksenaea vasiformis. J Med Vet Mycol 1988, 26:237-241.
25. Lake F.R., McAleer R., Tribe A.E. Pulmonary mucormycosis without underlying systemic disease. Med J Aust 1988, 149:323-326.
26. Padhye A.A., Koshi G., Anandi V., Ponniah J., Sitaram V., Jacob M., et al. First case of subcutaneous zygomycosis caused by Saksenaea vasiformis in India. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1988, 9:69-77.
27. Tang L.M., Ryu S.J., Chen T.J., Cheng S.Y. Intracranial phycomycosis: case reports. Neurosurgery 1988, 23:108-111.
28. Vainrub B., Macareno A., Mandel S., Musher D.M. Wound zygomycosis (mucormycosis) in otherwise healthy adults. Am J Med 1988, 84:546-548.
29. Goldschmied-Reouven A., Shvoron A., Topaz M., Block C. Saksenaea vasiformis infection in a burn wound. J Med Vet Mycol 1989, 27:427-429.
30. Tintelnot K., Nitsche B. Rhizopus oligosporus as a cause of mucormycosis in man. Mycoses 1989, 32:115-118.
31. Cooter R.D., Lim I.S., Ellis D.H., Leitch I.O. Burn wound zygomycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans. J Clin Microbiol 1990, 28:2151-2153.
32. Quattrocolo G., Pignatta P., Dimanico U., Tarenzi L., Baggiore P. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis and internal carotid artery thrombosis in a previously healthy patient. Acta Neurol Belg 1990, 90:20-26.
33. Wang J.J., Satoh H., Takahashi H., Hasegawa A. A case of cutaneous mucormycosis in Shanghai, China. Mycoses 1990, 33:311-315.
34. Zeilender S., Drenning D., Glauser F.L., Bechard D. Fatal Cunninghamella bertholletiae infection in an immunocompetent patient. Chest 1990, 97:1482-1483.
35. de Biscop J., Mondie J.M., Venries de la Guillaumie B., Peri G. Mucormycosis in an apparently normal host. Case study and literature review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1991, 19:275-278.
36. Prevoo R.L., Starink T.M., de Haan P. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis in a healthy young girl. Report of a case caused by Mucor hiemalis Wehmer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991, 24:882-885.
37. Bhattacharyya A.K., Deshpande A.R., Nayak S.R., Kirtane M.V., Ingle M.V., Vora I.M. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: an unusual case presentation. J Laryngol Otol 1992, 106:48-49.
38. Huffnagle K.E., Southern P.M., Byrd L.T., Gander R.M. Apophysomyces elegans as an agent of zygomycosis in a patient following trauma. J Med Vet Mycol 1992, 30:83-86.
39. Lakshmi V., Rani T.S., Sharma S., Mohan V.S., Sundaram C., Rao R.R., et al. Zygomycotic necrotizing fasciitis caused by Apophysomyces elegans. J Clin Microbiol 1993, 31:1368-1369.
40. Weinberg W.G., Wade B.H., Cierny G., Stacy D., Rinaldi M.G. Invasive infection due to Apophysomyces elegans in immunocompetent hosts. Clin Infect Dis 1993, 17:881-884.
41. Eaton M.E., Padhye A.A., Schwartz D.A., Steinberg J.P. Osteomyelitis of the sternum caused by Apophysomyces elegans. J Clin Microbiol 1994, 32:2827-2828.
42. Meis J.F., Kullberg B.J., Pruszczynski M., Veth R.P. Severe osteomyelitis due to the zygomycete Apophysomyces elegans. J Clin Microbiol 1994, 32:3078-3081.
43. Okhuysen P.C., Rex J.H., Kapusta M., Fife C. Successful treatment of extensive posttraumatic soft-tissue and renal infections due to Apophysomyces elegans. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 19:329-331.
44. Pickles R., Long G., Murugasu R. Isolated renal mucormycosis. Med J Aust 1994, 160:514-516.
45. Siddiqi S.U., Freedman J.D. Isolated central nervous system mucormycosis. South Med J 1994, 87:997-1000.
46. Chen J.S., Lin C.C., Lin S.L., Lu J.Y. Zygomycotic lung abscess: a case report. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1995, 56:129-133.
47. Fortun J., Cobo J., Canal J., Martinez-San Millan J. Post-traumatic cranial mucormycosis in an immunocompetent patient. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995, 53:1099-1102.
48. Hussain S., Salahuddin N., Ahmad I., Salahuddin I., Jooma R. Rhinocerebral invasive mycosis: occurrence in immunocompetent individuals. Eur J Radiol 1995, 20:151-155.
49. Radner A.B., Witt M.D., Edwards J.E. Acute invasive rhinocerebral zygomycosis in an otherwise healthy patient: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:163-166.
50. Verma G.R., Lobo D.R., Walker R., Bose S.M., Gupta K.L. Disseminated mucormycosis in healthy adults. J Postgrad Med 1995, 41:40-42.
51. Al-Asiri R.H., Van Dijken P.J., Mahmood M.A., Al-Shahed M.S., Rossi M.L., Osoba A.O. Isolated hepatic mucormycosis in an immunocompetent child. Am J Gastroenterol 1996, 91:606-607.
52. Del Valle Zapico A., Rubio Suarez A., Mellado Encinas P., Morales Angulo C., Cabrera Pozuelo E. Mucormycosis of the sphenoid sinus in an otherwise healthy patient. Case report and literature review. J Laryngol Otol 1996, 110:471-473.
53. Lye G.R., Wood G., Nimmo G. Subcutaneous zygomycosis due to Saksenaea vasiformis: rapid isolate identification using a modified sporulation technique. Pathology 1996, 28:364-365.
54. Caceres A.M., Sardinas C., Marcano C., Guevara R., Barros J., Bianchi G., et al. Apophysomyces elegans limb infection with a favorable outcome: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 25:331-332.
55. Chakrabarti A., Kumar P., Padhye A.A., Chatha L., Singh S.K., Das A., et al. Primary cutaneous zygomycosis due to Saksenaea vasiformis and Apophysomyces elegans. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24:580-583.
56. Holland J. Emerging zygomycoses of humans: Saksenaea vasiformis and Apophysomyces elegans. Curr Top Med Mycol 1997, 8:27-34.
57. Marshall D.H., Brownstein S., Jackson W.B., Mintsioulis G., Gilberg S.M., al-Zeerah B.F. Post-traumatic corneal mucormycosis caused by Absidia corymbifera. Ophthalmology 1997, 104:1107-1111.
58. Mathews M.S., Raman A., Nair A. Nosocomial zygomycotic post-surgical necrotizing fasciitis in a healthy adult caused by Apophysomyces elegans in south India. J Med Vet Mycol 1997, 35:61-63.
59. Brown S.R., Shah I.A., Grinstead M. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans. Am J Rhinol 1998, 12:289-292.
60. Burrell S.R., Ostlie D.J., Saubolle M., Dimler M., Barbour S.D. Apophysomyces elegans infection associated with cactus spine injury in an immunocompetent pediatric patient. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998, 17:663-664.
61. Saltoglu N., Tasova Y., Zorludemir S., Dundar I.H. Rhinocerebral zygomycosis treated with liposomal amphotericin B and surgery. Mycoses 1998, 41:45-49.
62. Wilson M., Robson J., Pyke C.M., McCormack J.G. Saksenaea vasiformis breast abscess related to gardening injury. Aust N Z J Med 1998, 28:845-846.
63. Carr E.J., Scott P., Gradon J.D. Fatal gastrointestinal mucormycosis that invaded the postoperative abdominal wall wound in an immunocompetent host. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 29:956-957.
64. Collins D.M., Dillard T.A., Grathwohl K.W., Giacoppe G.N., Arnold B.F. Bronchial mucormycosis with progressive air trapping. Mayo Clin Proc 1999, 74:698-701.
65. Kimura M., Smith M.B., McGinnis M.R. Zygomycosis due to Apophysomyces elegans: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999, 123:386-390.
66. Scalise A., Barchiesi F., Viviani M.A., Arzeni D., Bertani A., Scalise G. Infection due to Absidia corymbifera in a patient with a massive crush trauma of the foot. J Infect 1999, 38:191-192.
67. Seguin P., Musellec H., Le Gall F., Chevrier S., Le Bouquin V., Malledant Y. Post-traumatic course complicated by cutaneous infection with Absidia corymbifera. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999, 18:737-739.
68. Song W.K., Park H.J., Cinn Y.W., Rheem I., Pai H., Shin J.H. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis in a trauma patient. J Dermatol 1999, 26:825-828.
69. Vadmal M.S., Chung K.Y., Hajdu S.I. Primary subcutaneous mucormycosis (zygomycosis): a case report. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1999, 29:55-58.
70. Fairley C., Sullivan T.J., Bartley P., Allworth T., Lewandowski R. Survival after rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in an immunocompetent patient. Ophthalmology 2000, 107:555-558.
71. Ramani R., Newman R., Salkin I.F., Li K., Slim M., Arlievsky N., et al. Cokeromyces recurvatus as a human pathogenic fungus: case report and critical review of the published literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19:155-158.
72. Solano T., Atkins B., Tambosis E., Mann S., Gottlieb T. Disseminated mucormycosis due to Saksenaea vasiformis in an immunocompetent adult. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30:942-943.
73. Chakrabarti A., Das A., Sharma A., Panda N., Das S., Gupta K.L., et al. Ten years' experience in zygomycosis at a tertiary care centre in India. J Infect 2001, 42:261-266.
74. Davel G., Featherston P., Fernandez A., Abrantes R., Canteros C., Rodero L., et al. Maxillary sinusitis caused by Actinomucor elegans. J Clin Microbiol 2001, 39:740-742.
75. Garcia-Covarrubias L., Bartlett R., Barratt D.M., Wassermann R.J. Rhino-orbitocerebral mucormycosis attributable to Apophysomyces elegans in an immunocompetent individual: case report and review of the literature. J Trauma 2001, 50:353-357.
76. Lahiri T.K., Agarwal D., Reddy G.E., Bajoria A. Pulmonary mucoraceous fungal ball. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2001, 43:107-110.
77. Mata-Essayag S., Magaldi S., de Capriles C.H., Henao L., Garrido L., Pacillo V. Mucor indicus necrotizing fasciitis. Int J Dermatol 2001, 40:406-408.
78. Narain S., Mitra M., Barton R.C., Evans E.G., Hutchinson C. Post-traumatic fungal keratitis caused by Absidia corymbifera, with successful medical treatment. Eye 2001, 15:352-353.
79. Ruoppi P., Dietz A., Nikanne E., Seppa J., Markkanen H., Nuutinen J. Paranasal sinus mucormycosis: a report of two cases. Acta Otolaryngol 2001, 121:948-952.
80. Sharma R.R., Pawar S.J., Delmendo A., Lad S.D., Athale S.D. Fatal rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in an apparently normal host: case report and literature review. J Clin Neurosci 2001, 8:583-586.
81. Sobel J.D. Vaginal mucormycosis: a case report. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2001, 9:117-118.
82. Losee J.E., Selber J., Vega S., Hall C., Scott G., Serletti J.M. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis: guide to surgical management. Ann Plast Surg 2002, 49:385-390.
83. Chakrabarti A., Ghosh A., Prasad G.S., David J.K., Gupta S., Das A., et al. Apophysomyces elegans: an emerging zygomycete in India. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:783-788.
84. Kumar A., Khilnani G.C., Aggarwal S., Kumar S., Banerjee U., Xess I. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis in an immunocompetent host: report of a case. Surg Today 2003, 33:319-322.
85. Larsen K., von Buchwald C., Ellefsen B., Francis D. Unexpected expansive paranasal sinus mucormycosis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2003, 65:57-60.
86. Thami G.P., Kaur S., Bawa A.S., Chander J., Mohan H., Bedi M.S. Post-surgical zygomycotic necrotizing subcutaneous infection caused by Absidia corymbifera. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003, 28:251-253.
87. Welsch M.J., Moon C.M., Elston D.M., Vogel P. Invasive synergistic fungal infection after motor vehicle collision. Cutis 2003, 71:201-204.
88. Horre R., Jovanic B., Herff S., Marklein G., Zhou H., Heinze I., et al. Wound infection due to Absidia corymbifera and Candida albicans with fatal outcome. Med Mycol 2004, 42:373-378.
89. Kordy F.N., Al-Mohsen I.Z., Hashem F., Almodovar E., Al Hajjar S., Walsh T.J. Successful treatment of a child with posttraumatic necrotizing fasciitis caused by Apophysomyces elegans: case report and review of literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004, 23:877-879.
90. Scharf J.L., Soliman A.M. Chronic rhizopus invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in an immunocompetent host. Laryngoscope 2004, 114:1533-1535.
91. Christiaens G., Hayette M.P., Jacquemin D., Melin P., Mutsers J., De Mol P. An outbreak of Absidia corymbifera infection associated with bandage contamination in a burns unit. J Hosp Infect 2005, 61:88.
92. El Deeb Y., Al Soub H., Almaslamani M., Al Khuwaiter J., Taj-Aldeen S.J. Post-traumatic cutaneous mucormycosis in an immunocompetent patient. Ann Saudi Med 2005, 25:343-345.
93. Garbino J., Uckay I., Amini K., Puppo M., Richter M., Lew D. Absidia posttraumatic infection: successful treatment with posaconazole. J Infect 2005, 51:e135-e138.
94. Sridhara S.R., Paragache G., Panda N.K., Chakrabarti A. Mucormycosis in immunocompetent individuals: an increasing trend. J Otolaryngol 2005, 34:402-406.
95. Sundaram C., Mahadevan A., Laxmi V., Yasha T.C., Santosh V., Murthy J.M., et al. Cerebral zygomycosis. Mycoses 2005, 48:396-407.
96. Tidwell J., Higuera S., Hollier L.H. Facial reconstruction after mucormycosis in an immunocompetent host. Am J Otolaryngol 2005, 26:333-336.
97. Chopra H., Dua K., Malhotra V., Gupta R.P., Puri H. Invasive fungal sinusitis of isolated sphenoid sinus in immunocompetent subjects. Mycoses 2006, 49:30-36.
98. de Oliveira-Neto M.P., Da Silva M., Fialho Monteiro P.C., Lazera M., de Almeida Paes R., Novellino A.B., et al. Cutaneous mucormycosis in a young, immunocompetent girl. Med Mycol 2006, 44:567-570.
99. Deboni M.C., Pozzani V.R., Lisboa T., Hiraki K., Viplich R., Naclerio-Homem M.G. Mucormycosis in an immunocompetent patient: follow-up of 1 year after treatment. Acta Otolaryngol 2006, 126:993-996.
100. Deja M., Wolf S., Weber-Carstens S., Lehmann T.N., Adler A., Ruhnke M., et al. Gastrointestinal zygomycosis caused by Mucor indicus in a patient with acute traumatic brain injury. Med Mycol 2006, 44:683-687.
101. Jain D., Kumar Y., Vasishta R.K., Rajesh L., Pattari S.K., Chakrabarti A. Zygomycotic necrotizing fasciitis in immunocompetent patients: a series of 18 cases. Mod Pathol 2006, 19:1221-1226.
102. Jayasuriya N.S., Tilakaratne W.M., Amaratunga E.A., Ekanayake M.K. An unusual presentation of rhinofacial zygomycosis due to Cunninghamella sp. in an immunocompetent patient: a case report and literature review. Oral Dis 2006, 12:67-69.
103. LeMaile-Williams M., Burwell L.A., Salisbury D., Noble-Wang J., Arduino M., Lott T., et al. Outbreak of cutaneous Rhizopus arrhizus infection associated with karaya ostomy bags. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:e83-e88.
104. Moran S.L., Strickland J., Shin A.Y. Upper-extremity mucormycosis infections in immunocompetent patients. J Hand Surg Am 2006, 31:1201-1205.
105. Padmaja I.J., Ramani T.V., Kalyani S. Cutaneous zygomycosis: necrotising fascitis due to Saksenaea vasiformis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2006, 24:58-60.
106. Park S.K., Jung H., Kang M.S. Localized bilateral paranasal mucormycosis: a case in an immunocompetent patient. Acta Otolaryngol 2006, 12:1339-1341.
107. Schutz P., Behbehani J.H., Khan Z.U., Ahmad S., Kazem M.A., Dhar R., et al. Fatal rhino-orbito-cerebral zygomycosis caused by Apophysomyces elegans in a healthy patient. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006, 64:1795-1802.
108. Suryanarayan Rao S., Panda N.K., Pragache G., Chakrabarti A., Saravanan K. Sinoorbital mucormycosis due to Apophysomyces elegans in immunocompetent individuals--an increasing trend. Am J Otolaryngol 2006, 27:366-369.
109. Tiong W.H., Ismael T., McCann J. Post-traumatic and post-surgical Absidia corymbifera infection in a young, healthy man. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006, 59:1367-1371.
110. Vega W., Orellana M., Zaror L., Gene J., Guarro J. Saksenaea vasiformis infections: case report and literature review. Mycopathologia 2006, 162:289-294.
111. Verma A., Brozman B., Petito C.K. Isolated cerebral mucormycosis: report of a case and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci 2006, 240:65-69.
112. Belfiori R., Terenzi A., Marchesini L., Repetto A. Absidia Corymbifera in an immune competent accident victim with multiple abdominal injuries: case report. BMC Infect Dis 2007, 7:46.
113. Bhadani P.P., Bhadani U.K., Thapliyal N., Sen R. A rare presentation of invasive rhino-orbital mucormycosis in an immunocompetent young girl: a case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2007, 50:785-786.
114. Kindo A.J., Shams N.R., Kumar K., Kannan S., Vidya S., Kumar A.R., et al. Fatal cellulitis caused by Apophysomyces elegans. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007, 25:285-287.
115. Kontogiorgi M., Floros I., Koroneos A., Vamvouka C., Paniara O., Roussos C., et al. Fatal post-traumatic zygomycosis in an immunocompetent young patient. J Med Microbiol 2007, 56:1243-1245.
116. Romano C., Ghilardi A., Massai L., Capecchi P.L., Miraccco C., Fimiani M. Primary subcutaneous zygomycosis due to Rhizopus oryzae in a 71-year-old man with normal immune status. Mycoses 2007, 50:82-84.
117. Tehmeena W., Hussain W., Zargar H.R., Sheikh A.R., Iqbal S. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis in an immunocompetent host. Mycopathologia 2007, 164:197-199.
118. Baradkar V.P., Mathur M., Taklikar S., Rathi M., Kumar S. Fatal rhino-orbito-cerebral infection caused by Saksenaea vasiformis in an immunocompetent individual: first case report from India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008, 26:385-387.
119. Chopra H., Dua K., Bhatia S., Dua N., Mittal V. Invasive rhino-orbital fungal sinusitis following dental manipulation. Mycoses 2008 Aug, 13. [Epub ahead of print].
120. Constantinides J., Misra A., Nassab R., Wilson Y. Absidia corymbifera fungal infection in burns: a case report and review of the literature. J Burn Care Res 2008, 29:416-419.
121. de Repentigny L., St-Germain G., Charest H., Kokta V., Vobecky S. Fatal zygomycosis caused by Mucor indicus in a child with an implantable left ventricular assist device. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27:365-369.
122. Lechevalier P., Hermoso D.G., Carol A., Bonacorsi S., Ferkdadji L., Fitoussi F., et al. Molecular diagnosis of Saksenaea vasiformis cutaneous infection after scorpion sting in an immunocompetent adolescent. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:3169-3172.
123. Shiva Prasad B.N., Shenoy A., Nataraj K.S. Primary gastrointestinal mucormycosis in an immunocompetent person. J Postgrad Med 2008, 54:211-213.
124. Thomas A.J., Shah S., Mathews M.S., Chacko N. Apophysomyces elegans - renal mucormycosis in a healthy host: a case report from south India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008, 26:269-271.
125. Trotter D.J., Gonis G., Cottrill E., Coombs C. Disseminated Saksenaea vasiformis in an immunocompetent host. Med J Aust 2008, 189:519-520.
126. Almaslamani M., Taj-Aldeen S.J., Garcia-Hermoso D., Dannaoui E., Alsoub H., Alkhal A. An increasing trend of cutaneous zygomycosis caused by Mycocladus corymbifer (formerly Absidia corymbifera): report of two cases and review of primary cutaneous Mycocladus infections. Med Mycol 2009, 45:532-538.
127. Corti G., Mondanelli N., Losco M., Bartolini L., Fontanelli A., Paradisi F. Post-traumatic infection of the lower limb caused by rare Enterobacteriaceae and Mucorales in a young healthy male. Int J Infect Dis 2009, 13:e57-60.
128. Kimura M., Udagawa S.I., Makimura K., Satoh K., Toyazaki N., Ito H. Isolation and identification of Rhizomucor pusillus from pleural zygomycosis in an immunocompetent patient. Med Mycol 2009, 47:869-873.
129. Wilkins R.M., Hahn D.B., Blum R. Bread mold osteomyelitis in the femur. Orthopedics 2009, 32:362.
130. Zhao Y., Zhang Q., Li L., Zhu J., Kang K., Chen L. Primary Cutaneous Mucormycosis Caused by Rhizomucor variabilis in an Immunocompetent Patient. Mycopathologia 2009, 168:243-247.
131. Mohindra S., Gupta R., Bakshi J., Gupta S.K. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: the disease spectrum in 27 patients. Mycoses 2007, 50:290-296.
132. Spellberg B., Walsh T.J., Kontoyiannis D.P., Edwards J., Ibrahim A.S. Recent advances in the management of mucormycosis: from bench to bedside. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1743-1751.
133. Kontoyiannis D.P., Lewis R.E. Invasive zygomycosis: update on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006, 20:581-607. vi.
134. Segal B.H., Herbrecht R., Stevens D.A., Ostrosky-Zeichner L., Sobel J., Viscoli C., et al. Defining responses to therapy and study outcomes in clinical trials of invasive fungal diseases: Mycoses Study Group and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer consensus criteria. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47:674-683.
135. Hibbett D.S., Binder M., Bischoff J.F., Blackwell M., Cannon P.F., Eriksson O.E., et al. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycol Res 2007, 111:509-547.
136. Alvarez E., Sutton D.A., Cano J., Fothergill A.W., Stchigel A., Rinaldi M.G., et al. Spectrum of zygomycete species identified in clinically significant specimens in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2009, 47:1650-1656.
137. Mizutari K., Nishimoto K., Ono T. Cutaneous mucormycosis. J Dermatol 1999, 26:174-177.
138. Cocanour C.S., Miller-Crotchett P., Reed R.L., Johnson P.C., Fischer R.P. Mucormycosis in trauma patients. J Trauma 1992, 32:12-15.
139. Rogers T.R. Treatment of zygomycosis: current and new options. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 61(Suppl 1):i35-40.
140. Spellberg B., Edwards J., Ibrahim A. Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005, 18:556-569.
141. Saegeman V., Maertens J., Ectors N., Meersseman W., Lagrou K. Epidemiology of mucormycosis: review of 18 cases in a tertiary care hospital. Med Mycol 2010, 48:245-254.
142. Lee F.Y., Mossad S.B., Adal K.A. Pulmonary mucormycosis: the last 30 years. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:1301-1309.
143. Jayalakshmi S.S., Reddy R.G., Borgohain R., Subramanyam C., Panigrahi M., Sundaram C., et al. Predictors of mortality in rhinocerebral mycosis. Neurol India 2007, 55:292-297.
144. Lane A.P. The role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2009, 9:205-212.
145. Schleimer R.P., Kato A., Peters A., Conley D., Kim J., Liu M.C., et al. Epithelium, inflammation, and immunity in the upper airways of humans: studies in chronic rhinosinusitis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009, 6:288-294.
146. Pagano L., Valentini C.G., Posteraro B., Girmenia C., Ossi C., Pan A., et al. Zygomycosis in Italy: a survey of FIMUA-ECMM (Federazione Italiana di Micopatologia Umana ed Animale and European Confederation of Medical Mycology). J Chemother 2009, 21:322-329.
147. Roden M.M., Zaoutis T.E., Buchanan W.L., Knudsen T.A., Sarkisova T.A., Schaufele R.L., et al. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:634-653.
148. Michael R.C., Michael J.S., Ashbee R.H., Mathews M.S. Mycological profile of fungal sinusitis: An audit of specimens over a 7-year period in a tertiary care hospital in Tamil Nadu. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2008, 51:493-496.