Immunotherapy in invasive fungal infection - focus on invasive aspergillosis

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 19, Issue 20, 2013, Pages 3689-3712

  Lehrnbecher, Thomas ^a   Kalkum, Markus ^b   Champer, Jackson ^b   Tramsen, Lars ^a   Schmidt, Stanislaw ^a   Klingebiel, Thomas ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b CITY OF HOPE NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibody; Aspergillus; Cytokine; Granulocyte; Immunotherapy; Interferon; T cell; Vaccination

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA INTERFERON; CASPOFUNGIN; COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIBODY; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOXORUBICIN; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUOROURACIL; FUNGUS VACCINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTOR; I KAPPA B; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLIXIMAB; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; NDV 3 VACCINE; PEV7 VACCINE; POSACONAZOLE; RECOMBINANT GAMMA INTERFERON; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VORICONAZOLE;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ADOPTIVE TRANSFER; ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY; ARTICLE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHILL; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DENDRITIC CELL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DNA SYNTHESIS; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DYSPNEA; EFFECTOR CELL; FEVER; FUNGUS IMMUNITY; GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; GRANULOCYTE TRANSFUSION; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INNATE IMMUNITY; INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TH1 CELL; TH17 CELL; TH2 CELL; TUMOR IMMUNITY; VACCINATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; ASPERGILLOSIS; ASPERGILLUS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; IMMUNOTHERAPY;

EID: 84878644760     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319200010     Document Type: Article

References (272)

1. Lehrnbecher T, Frank C, Engels K, Kriener S, Groll AH, Schwabe D. Trends in the postmortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a university hospital. J Infect 2010; 61: 259-65.
2. Groll AH, Shah PM, Mentzel C, Schneider M, Just-Nuebling G, Huebner K. Trends in the postmortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a university hospital. J Infect 1996; 33: 23-32.
3. Chamilos G, Luna M, Lewis RE, et al. Invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies in a tertiary care cancer center: an autopsy study over a 15-year period (1989-2003). Haematologica 2006; 91: 986-9.
4. Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, et al. The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica 2006; 91: 1068-75.
5. Caira M, Girmenia C, Fadda RM, et al. Invasive fungal infections in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and in those submitted to allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplant: who is at highest risk? Eur J Haematol 2008; 81: 242-3.
6. Sung L, Gamis A, Alonzo TA, et al. Infections and association with different intensity of chemotherapy in children with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2009; 115: 1100-8.
7. Mikulska M, Raiola AM, Bruno B, et al. Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis and related mortality in recipients of allogeneic SCT from alternative donors: an analysis of 306 patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 44: 361-70.
8. Garcia-Vidal C, Upton A, Kirby KA, Marr KA. Epidemiology of invasive mold infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: biological risk factors for infection according to time after transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 1041-50.
9. Pagano L, Caira M, Nosari A, et al. Fungal infections in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants: results of the SEIFEM B-2004 study--Sorveglianza Epidemiologica Infezioni Fungine Nelle Emopatie Maligne. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 1161-70.
10. Morgan J, Wannemuehler KA, Marr KA, et al. Incidence of invasive aspergillosis following hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation: interim results of a prospective multicenter surveillance program. Med Mycol 2005; 43 Suppl 1: S49-58.
11. Bow EJ. Invasive fungal infection in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: epidemiology from the transplant physician's viewpoint. Mycopathologia 2009; 168: 283-97.
12. Walsh TJ, Groll A, Hiemenz J, Fleming R, Roilides E, Anaissie E. Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10 Suppl 1: 48-66.
13. Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, et al. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001-2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 1091-100.
14. Upton A, Kirby KA, Carpenter P, Boeckh M, Marr KA. Invasive aspergillosis following hematopoietic cell transplantation: outcomes and prognostic factors associated with mortality. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 531-40.
15. Cordonnier C, Ribaud P, Herbrecht R, et al. Prognostic factors for death due to invasive aspergillosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a 1-year retrospective study of consecutive patients at French transplantation centers. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 955-63.
16. Nivoix Y, Velten M, Letscher-Bru V, et al. Factors associated with overall and attributable mortality in invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 1176-84.
17. Neofytos D, Horn D, Anaissie E, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal infection in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: analysis of Multicenter Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) Alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 265-73.
18. Lehrnbecher T, Foster C, Vazquez N, Mackall CL, Chanock SJ. Therapy-induced alterations in host defense in children receiving chemotherapy. J Ped Hematol Oncol 1997; 19: 399-417.
19. Lehrnbecher T, Groll AH, Chanock SJ. Treatment of fungal infections in neutropenic children. Curr Opin Pediatr 1999; 11: 47-55.
20. Bodey GP, Buckley M, Sathe YS, Freireich EJ. Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infections in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 1966; 64: 328-40.
21. Condino-Neto A, Whitney C, Newburger PE. Dexamethasone but not indomethacin inhibits human phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity by down-regulating expression of genes encoding oxidase components. J Immunol 1998; 161: 4960-7.
22. Hu X, Li WP, Meng C, Ivashkiv LB. Inhibition of IFN-gamma signaling by glucocorticoids. J Immunol 2003; 170: 4833-9.
23. Mendonca MA, Cunha FQ, Murta EF, Tavares-Murta BM. Failure of neutrophil chemotactic function in breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 57: 663-70.
24. Moreno SE, Alves-Filho JC, Bertozi G, et al. Systemic administration of interleukin-2 inhibits inflammatory neutrophil migration: role of nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148: 1060-6.
25. Lehrnbecher T, Chanock SJ (2001). Myeloid growth factors in supportive care of cancer and marrow transplant therapies. Cytokine therapeutics in infectious diseases. S. M. Holland. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Williams: 251-93.
26. Huebner K, Isobe M, Croce CM, Golde DW, Kaufman SE, Gasson JC. The human gene encoding GM-CSF is at 5q21-q32, the chromosome region deleted in the 5q-anomaly. Science 1985; 230: 1282-5.
27. Le Beau MM, Lemons RS, Carrino JJ, et al. Chromosomal localization of the human G-CSF gene to 17q11 proximal to the breakpoint of the t(15; 17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1987; 1: 795-9.
28. Simmers RN, Webber LM, Shannon MF, et al. Localization of the G-CSF gene on chromosome 17 proximal to the breakpoint in the t(15; 17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1987; 70: 330-2.
29. Lehrnbecher T, Welte K. Haematopoietic growth factors in children with neutropenia. Br J Haematol 2002; 116: 28-56.
30. Roilides E, Uhlig K, Venzon D, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Enhancement of oxidative response and damage caused by human neutrophils to Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon. Infect Immun 1993; 61: 1185-93.
31. Pursell K, Verral S, Daraiesh F, et al. Impaired phagocyte respiratory burst responses to opportunistic fungal pathogens in transplant recipients: in vitro effect of r-metHuG-CSF (Filgrastim). Transpl Infect Dis 2003; 5: 29-37.
32. Graybill JR, Bocanegra R, Najvar LK, Loebenberg D, Luther MF. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and azole antifungal therapy in murine aspergillosis: role of immune suppression. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 2467-73.
33. Sionov E, Mendlovic S, Segal E. Experimental systemic murine aspergillosis: treatment with polyene and caspofungin combination and G-CSF. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56: 594-7.
34. Roilides E, Blake C, Holmes A, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon-gamma prevent dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression of antifungal monocyte activity against Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34: 63-9.
35. Roilides E, Holmes A, Blake C, Venzon D, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Antifungal activity of elutriated human monocytes against Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae: enhancement by granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon-gamma. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 894-9.
36. Quezada G, Koshkina NV, Zweidler-McKay P, Zhou Z, Kontoyiannis DP, Kleinerman ES. Intranasal granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor reduces the Aspergillus burden in an immunosuppressed murine model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52: 716-8.
37. Lehrnbecher T, Zimmermann M, Reinhardt D, Dworzak M, Stary J, Creutzig U. Prophylactic human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after induction therapy in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2007; 109: 936-43.
38. Rowe J, Anderson J, Mazza J, et al. A randomized placebocontrolled phase III study of granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor in adult patients (>55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia: A study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1490). Blood 1995; 86: 457-62.
39. Rowe JM. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with cytokines: effect on duration of neutropenia and response to infections. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1290-4.
40. Trachana M, Roilides E, Gompakis N, Kanellopoulou K, Mpantouraki M, Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou F. Case report. Hepatic abscesses due to Aspergillus terreus in an immunodeficient child. Mycoses 2001; 44: 415-8.
41. Abu Jawdeh L, Haidar R, Bitar F, et al. Aspergillus vertebral osteomyelitis in a child with a primary monocyte killing defect: response to GM-CSF therapy. J Infect 2000; 41: 97-100.
42. Bandera A, Trabattoni D, Ferrario G, et al. Interferon-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor therapy in three patients with pulmonary aspergillosis. Infection 2008; 36: 368-73.
43. Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 327-60.
44. Volpi I, Perruccio K, Tosti A, et al. Postgrafting administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor impairs functional immune recovery in recipients of human leukocyte antigen haplotypemismatched hematopoietic transplants. Blood 2001; 97: 2514-21.
45. Schlahsa L, Jaimes Y, Blasczyk R, Figueiredo C. Granulocytecolony-stimulatory factor: a strong inhibitor of natural killer cell function. Transfusion 2010
46. Ringden O, Labopin M, Gorin NC, et al. Treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia increases the risk of graftversus-host disease and death: a study from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 416-23.
47. Camps IR. Risk factors for invasive fungal infections in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 32 Suppl 2: S119-23.
48. Higby D, Yates J, Henderson E, et al. Filtration leukapheresis for granulocytic transfusion therapy. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 761.
49. Antachopoulos C, Katragkou A, Roilides E. Immunotherapy against invasive mold infections. Immunotherapy 2012; 4: 107-20.
50. O'Donghaile D, Childs RW, Leitman SF. Blood consult: granulocyte transfusions to treat invasive aspergillosis in a patient with severe aplastic anemia awaiting mismatched hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. Blood 2012; 119: 1353-5.
51. Stroncek DF, Jaszcz W, Herr GP, Clay ME, McCullough J. Expression of neutrophil antigens after 10 days of granulocytecolony-stimulating factor. Transfusion 1998; 38: 663-8.
52. Safdar A, Hanna HA, Boktour M, et al. Impact of high-dose granulocyte transfusions in patients with cancer with candidemia: retrospective case-control analysis of 491 episodes of Candida species bloodstream infections. Cancer 2004; 101: 2859-65.
53. Mousset S, Hermann S, Klein SA, et al. Prophylactic and interventional granulocyte transfusions in patients with haematological malignancies and life-threatening infections during neutropenia. Ann Hematol 2005; 84: 734-41.
54. Grigull L, Pulver N, Goudeva L, et al. G-CSF mobilised granulocyte transfusions in 32 paediatric patients with neutropenic sepsis. Support Care Cancer 2006; 14: 910-6.
55. Seidel MG, Peters C, Wacker A, et al. Randomized phase III study of granulocyte transfusions in neutropenic patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 42: 679-84.
56. Romani L. Immunity to fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 275-88.
57. d'Ostiani CF, Del Sero G, Bacci A, et al. Dendritic cells discriminate between yeasts and hyphae of the fungus Candida albicans. Implications for initiation of T helper cell immunity in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 2000; 191: 1661-74.
58. Bozza S, Clavaud C, Giovannini G, et al. Immune sensing of Aspergillus fumigatus proteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides and the impact on Th immunity and vaccination. J Immunol 2009; 183: 2407-14.
59. Bonifazi P, D'Angelo C, Zagarella S, et al. Intranasally delivered siRNA targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR inflammatory pathways protects from aspergillosis. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3: 193-205.
60. Bonifazi P, Zelante T, D'Angelo C, et al. Balancing inflammation and tolerance in vivo through dendritic cells by the commensal Candida albicans. Mucosal Immunol 2009; 2: 362-74.
61. Cenci E, Mencacci A, Del Sero G, et al. Interleukin-4 causes susceptibility to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis through suppression of protective type I responses. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 1957-68.
62. Cenci E, Mencacci A, Bacci A, Bistoni F, Kurup VP, Romani L. T cell vaccination in mice with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Immunol 2000; 165: 381-8.
63. Hebart H, Bollinger C, Fisch P, et al. Analysis of T-cell responses to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens in healthy individuals and patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood 2002; 100: 4521-8.
64. Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Overview of host defense mechanisms in systemic mycoses and the basis for immunotherapy. Semin Respir Infect 2001; 16: 60-6.
65. Romani L. Immunity to Candida albicans: Th1, Th2 cells and beyond. Curr Opin Microbiol 1999; 2: 363-7.
66. Szymczak WA, Deepe GS, Jr. The CCL7-CCL2-CCR2 axis regulates IL-4 production in lungs and fungal immunity. J Immunol 2009; 183: 1964-74.
67. Wuthrich M, Gern B, Hung CY, et al. Vaccine-induced protection against 3 systemic mycoses endemic to North America requires Th17 cells in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 554-68.
68. Zelante T, De Luca A, D'Angelo C, Moretti S, Romani L. IL-17/Th17 in anti-fungal immunity: what's new? Eur J Immunol 2009; 39: 645-8.
69. Chai LY, van de Veerdonk F, Marijnissen RJ, et al. Anti-Aspergillus human host defence relies on type 1 T helper (Th1), rather than type 17 T helper (Th17), cellular immunity. Immunology 2010; 130: 46-54.
70. Zelante T, De Luca A, Bonifazi P, et al. IL-23 and the Th17 pathway promote inflammation and impair antifungal immune resistance. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37: 2695-706.
71. Ferreira MC, de Oliveira RT, da Silva RM, Blotta MH, Mamoni RL. Involvement of regulatory T cells in the immunosuppression characteristic of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. Infect Immun 2010; 78: 4392-401.
72. Zelante T, Fallarino F, Bistoni F, Puccetti P, Romani L. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in infection: the paradox of an evasive strategy that benefits the host. Microbes Infect 2009; 11: 133-41.
73. Hamad M. Antifungal immunotherapy and immunomodulation: a double-hitter approach to deal with invasive fungal infections. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67: 533-43.
74. Lindell DM, Moore TA, McDonald RA, Toews GB, Huffnagle GB. Generation of antifungal effector CD8+ T cells in the absence of CD4+ T cells during Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J Immunol 2005; 174: 7920-8.
75. Ma LL, Spurrell JC, Wang JF, et al. CD8 T cell-mediated killing of Cryptococcus neoformans requires granulysin and is dependent on CD4 T cells and IL-15. J Immunol 2002; 169: 5787-95.
76. Frydecka I, Kaczmarek P, Bocko D, Kosmaczewska A, Morilla R, Catovsky D. Expression of signal-transducing zeta chain in peripheral blood T cells and natural killer cells in patients with Hodgkin's disease in different phases of the disease. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 35: 545-54.
77. Chen X, Woiciechowsky A, Raffegerst S, Schendel D, Kolb HJ, Roskrow M. Impaired expression of the CD3-zeta chain in peripheral blood T cells of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia results in an increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Br J Haematol 2000; 111: 817-25.
78. Cesana GC, DeRaffele G, Cohen S, et al. Characterization of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients treated with high-dose interleukin-2 for metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 1169-77.
79. Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L, et al. Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med 2004; 10: 942-9.
80. Fiorentino S, Chopin M, Dastot H, et al. Disruption of T cell regulatory pathways is necessary for immunotherapeutic cure of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in mice. Eur Cytokine Netw 2005; 16: 300-8.
81. Ghiringhelli F, Menard C, Puig PE, et al. Metronomic cyclophosphamide regimen selectively depletes CD4(+)CD25 (+) regulatory T cells and restores T and NK effector functions in end stage cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56: 641-8.
82. Haining WN, Neuberg DS, Keczkemethy HL, et al. Antigenspecific T-cell memory is preserved in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2005; 106: 1749-54.
83. Ek T, Mellander L, Andersson B, Abrahamsson J. Immune reconstitution after childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is most severely affected in the high risk group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005; 44: 461-8.
84. Moritz B, Eder J, Meister B, Heitger A. Intact T-cell regenerative capacity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia after remission induction therapy. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001; 36: 283-9.
85. Su YB, Sohn S, Krown SE, et al. Selective CD4+ lymphopenia in melanoma patients treated with temozolomide: a toxicity with therapeutic implications. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 610-6.
86. Cwynarski K, Laylor R, Macchiarulo E, et al. Imatinib inhibits the activation and proliferation of normal T lymphocytes in vitro. Leukemia 2004; 18: 1332-9.
87. Seggewiss R, Lore K, Greiner E, et al. Imatinib inhibits T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell proliferation and activation in a dosedependent manner. Blood 2005; 105: 2473-9.
88. Hamza NS, Lisgaris M, Yadavalli G, et al. Kinetics of myeloid and lymphocyte recovery and infectious complications after unrelated umbilical cord blood versus HLA-matched unrelated donor allogeneic transplantation in adults. Br J Haematol 2004; 124: 488-98.
89. Denning DW. Invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 781-803; quiz 4-5.
90. Beck O, Koehl U, Tramsen L, et al. Enumeration of functionally active anti-Aspergillus T-cells in human peripheral blood. J Immunol Methods 2008; 335: 41-5.
91. Einsele H, Roosnek E, Rufer N, et al. Infusion of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells for the treatment of CMV infection not responding to antiviral chemotherapy. Blood 2002; 99: 3916-22.
92. Wagner HJ, Cheng YC, Huls MH, et al. Prompt versus preemptive intervention for EBV lymphoproliferative disease. Blood 2004; 103: 3979-81.
93. Feuchtinger T, Matthes-Martin S, Richard C, et al. Safe adoptive transfer of virus-specific T-cell immunity for the treatment of systemic adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2006; 134: 64-76.
94. Feuchtinger T, Richard C, Joachim S, et al. Clinical grade generation of hexon-specific T cells for adoptive T-cell transfer as a treatment of adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Immunother 2008; 31: 199-206.
95. Perruccio K, Tosti A, Burchielli E, et al. Transferring functional immune responses to pathogens after haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation. Blood 2005; 106: 4397-406.
96. Beck O, Topp MS, Koehl U, et al. Generation of highly purified and functionally active human TH1 cells against Aspergillus fumigatus. Blood 2006; 107: 2562-9.
97. Tramsen L, Koehl U, Tonn T, et al. Clinical-scale generation of human anti-Aspergillus T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 43: 13-9.
98. Khanna N, Stuehler C, Conrad B, et al. Generation of a multipathogen-specific T-cell product for adoptive immunotherapy based on activation-dependent expression of CD154. Blood 2011; 118: 1121-31.
99. Stuehler C, Khanna N, Bozza S, et al. Cross-protective TH1 immunity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Blood 2011; 117: 5881-91.
100. Tramsen L, Beck O, Schuster FR, et al. Generation and characterization of anti-Candida T cells as potential immunotherapy in patients with Candida infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant. J Infect Dis 2007; 196: 485-92.
101. Schmidt S, Tramsen L, Perkhofer S, et al. Characterization of the Cellular Immune Responses to Rhizopus oryzae With Potential Impact on Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 135-9.
102. Appay V, Zaunders JJ, Papagno L, et al. Characterization of CD4(+) CTLs ex vivo. J Immunol 2002; 168: 5954-8.
103. Ramadan G, Konings S, Kurup VP, Keever-Taylor CA. Generation of Aspergillus-and CMV-specific T-cell responses using autologous fast DC. Cytotherapy 2004; 6: 223-34.
104. Vuddhakul V, Mai GT, McCormack JG, Seow WK, Thong YH. Suppression of neutrophil and lymphoproliferative responses in vitro by itraconazole but not fluconazole. Int J Immunopharmacol 1990; 12: 639-45.
105. Reyes E, Cardona J, Prieto A, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B and amphotericin B-deoxycholate show different immunoregulatory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 2003-10.
106. Kretschmar M, Geginat G, Bertsch T, Walter S, Hof H, Nichterlein T. Influence of liposomal amphotericin B on CD8 T-cell function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 2383-5.
107. Boggs JM, Chang NH, Goundalkar A. Liposomal amphotericin B inhibits in vitro T-lymphocyte response to antigen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 879-85.
108. Van Epps HL, Feldmesser M, Pamer EG. Voriconazole inhibits fungal growth without impairing antigen presentation or T-cell activation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 1818-23.
109. Tramsen L, Schmidt S, Koehl U, et al. No effect of antifungal compounds on functional properties of human antifungal TH1-cells. Transpl Infect Dis (in press)
110. Chaudhary N, Staab JF, Marr KA. Healthy Human T-Cell Responses to Aspergillus fumigatus Antigens. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e9036.
111. Latge JP. Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 310-50.
112. Hanley PJ, Cruz CR, Savoldo B, et al. Functionally active virusspecific T cells that target CMV, adenovirus, and EBV can be expanded from naive T-cell populations in cord blood and will target a range of viral epitopes. Blood 2009; 114: 1958-67.
113. Tramsen L, Schmidt S, Boenig H, et al. Clinical-scale generation of multi-specific antifungal T-cells targeting Candida, Aspergillus and Mucormycetes. Cytotherapy (in press)
114. Sun Y, Tawara I, Toubai T, Reddy P. Pathophysiology of acute graft-versus-host disease: recent advances. Transl Res 2007; 150: 197-214.
115. Rauser G, Einsele H, Sinzger C, et al. Rapid generation of combined CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell lines for adoptive transfer into recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplants. Blood 2004; 103: 3565-72.
116. Leen AM, Christin A, Myers GD, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte therapy with donor T cells prevents and treats adenovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections after haploidentical and matched unrelated stem cell transplantation. Blood 2009; 114: 4283-92.
117. Tiberghien P, Ferrand C, Lioure B, et al. Administration of herpes simplex-thymidine kinase-expressing donor T cells with a T-celldepleted allogeneic marrow graft. Blood 2001; 97: 63-72.
118. Bollard CM, Aguilar L, Straathof KC, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte therapy for Epstein-Barr virus+ Hodgkin's disease. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 1623-33.
119. Gafa V, Lande R, Gagliardi MC, et al. Human dendritic cells following Aspergillus fumigatus infection express the CCR7 receptor and a differential pattern of interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-23, and IL-27 cytokines, which lead to a Th1 response. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 1480-9.
120. Gafa V, Remoli ME, Giacomini E, Severa M, Grillot R, Coccia EM. Enhancement of anti-Aspergillus T helper type 1 response by interferon-beta-conditioned dendritic cells. Immunology 2010; 131: 282-8.
121. Gafa V, Remoli ME, Giacomini E, et al. In vitro infection of human dendritic cells by Aspergillus fumigatus conidia triggers the secretion of chemokines for neutrophil and Th1 lymphocyte recruitment. Microbes Infect 2007; 9: 971-80.
122. Lehrnbecher T, Koehl U, Wittekindt B, et al. Changes in host defence induced by malignancies and antineoplastic treatment: implication for immunotherapeutic strategies. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 269-78.
123. Maecker B, Mougiakakos D, Zimmermann M, et al. Dendritic cell deficiencies in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Leukemia 2006; 20: 645-9.
124. Markowicz S, Walewski J, Zajda K, et al. Recovery of dendritic cell counts and function in peripheral blood of cancer patients after chemotherapy. Cytokines Cell Mol Ther 2002; 7: 15-24.
125. Nencioni A, Brossart P. Cellular immunotherapy with dendritic cells in cancer: current status. Stem Cells 2004; 22: 501-13.
126. Bacci A, Montagnoli C, Perruccio K, et al. Dendritic cells pulsed with fungal RNA induce protective immunity to Candida albicans in hematopoietic transplantation. J Immunol 2002; 168: 2904-13.
127. Bozza S, Perruccio K, Montagnoli C, et al. A dendritic cell vaccine against invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation. Blood 2003; 102: 3807-14.
128. Montagnoli C, Perruccio K, Bozza S, et al. Provision of antifungal immunity and concomitant alloantigen tolerization by conditioned dendritic cells in experimental hematopoietic transplantation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2008; 40: 55-62.
129. Romani L, Puccetti P. Controlling pathogenic inflammation to fungi. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 5: 1007-17.
130. Hamadani M, Hofmeister CC, Jansak B, et al. Addition of infliximab to standard acute graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis following allogeneic peripheral blood cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008; 14: 783-9.
131. Romani L. Immunity to fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4: 1-23.
132. Romani L, Puccetti P, Bistoni F. Interleukin-12 in infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10: 611-36.
133. Seo KW, Kim DH, Sohn SK, et al. Protective role of interleukin-10 promoter gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 36: 1089-95.
134. Brouard J, Knauer N, Boelle PY, et al. Influence of interleukin-10 on Aspergillus fumigatus infection in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1988-91.
135. Carvalho A, Cunha C, Di Ianni M, et al. Prognostic significance of genetic variants in the IL-23/Th17 pathway for the outcome of T cell-depleted allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 45: 1645-52.
136. Niiya M, Niiya K, Kiguchi T, et al. Induction of TNF-alpha, uPA, IL-8 and MCP-1 by doxorubicin in human lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2003; 52: 391-8.
137. Mazur B, Mertas A, Sonta-Jakimczyk D, Szczepanski T, Janik-Moszant A. Concentration of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNFalpha in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after cessation of chemotherapy. Hematol Oncol 2004; 22: 27-34.
138. Nagai H, Guo J, Choi H, Kurup V. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha protect mice from invasive aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 1554-60.
139. Safdar A, Rodriguez G, Ohmagari N, et al. The safety of interferon-gamma-1b therapy for invasive fungal infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer 2005; 103: 731-9.
140. Safdar A, Rodriguez GH, Lichtiger B, et al. Recombinant interferon gamma1b immune enhancement in 20 patients with hematologic malignancies and systemic opportunistic infections treated with donor granulocyte transfusions. Cancer 2006; 106: 2664-71.
141. Roilides E, Dimitriadou-Georgiadou A, Sein T, Kadiltsoglou I, Walsh TJ. Tumor necrosis factor alpha enhances antifungal activities of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes against Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 5999-6003.
142. Mehrad B, Strieter RM, Standiford TJ. Role of TNF-alpha in pulmonary host defense in murine invasive aspergillosis. J Immunol 1999; 162: 1633-40.
143. Brieland JK, Jackson C, Menzel F, et al. Cytokine networking in lungs of immunocompetent mice in response to inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 1554-60.
144. Cenci E, Perito S, Enssle KH, et al. Th1 and Th2 cytokines in mice with invasive aspergillosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 564-70.
145. Roilides E, Tsaparidou S, Kadiltsoglou I, Sein T, Walsh TJ. Interleukin-12 enhances antifungal activity of human mononuclear phagocytes against Aspergillus fumigatus: implications for a gamma interferon-independent pathway. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 3047-50.
146. Toren A, Or R, Ackerstein A, Nagler A. Invasive fungal infections in lymphoma patients receiving immunotherapy following autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 20: 67-9.
147. Cenci E, Mencacci A, Casagrande A, Mosci P, Bistoni F, Romani L. Impaired antifungal effector activity but not inflammatory cell recruitment in interleukin-6-deficient mice with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 610-7.
148. Razonable RR, Henault M, Lee LN, et al. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines during amphotericin B exposure is mediated by coactivation of toll-like receptors 1 and 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 1617-21.
149. Razonable RR, Henault M, Watson HL, Paya CV. Nystatin induces secretion of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha by a toll-like receptor-dependent mechanism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 3546-9.
150. Langers I, Renoux VM, Thiry M, Delvenne P, Jacobs N. Natural killer cells: role in local tumor growth and metastasis. Biologics 2012; 6: 73-82.
151. Wood SM, Ljunggren HG, Bryceson YT. Insights into NK cell biology from human genetics and disease associations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68: 3479-93.
152. Gill S, Olson JA, Negrin RS. Natural killer cells in allogeneic transplantation: effect on engraftment, graft-versus-tumor, and graft-versus-host responses. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15: 765-76.
153. Biron CA. Natural killer cell regulation during viral infection. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25: 687-90.
154. Lieke T, Graefe SE, Klauenberg U, Fleischer B, Jacobs T. NK cells contribute to the control of Trypanosoma cruzi infection by killing free parasites by perforin-independent mechanisms. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 6817-25.
155. Small CL, McCormick S, Gill N, et al. NK cells play a critical protective role in host defense against acute extracellular Staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection in the lung. J Immunol 2008; 180: 5558-68.
156. Tomblyn M, Young JA, Haagenson MD, et al. Decreased infections in recipients of unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation from donors with an activating KIR genotype. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 16: 1155-61.
157. Gunzer M, Weishaupt C, Planelles L, Grabbe S. Two-step negative enrichment of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from murine spleen via nylon wool adherence and an optimized antibody cocktail. J Immunol Methods 2001; 258: 55-63.
158. Jimenez BE, Murphy JW. In vitro effects of natural killer cells against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast phase. Infect Immun 1984; 46: 552-8.
159. Marr KJ, Jones GJ, Zheng C, et al. Cryptococcus neoformans directly stimulates perforin production and rearms NK cells for enhanced anticryptococcal microbicidal activity. Infect Immun 2009; 77: 2436-46.
160. Murphy JW, McDaniel DO. In vitro reactivity of natural killer (NK) cells against Cryptococcus neoformans. J Immunol 1982; 128: 1577-83.
161. Bouzani M, Ok M, McCormick A, et al. Human NK cells display important antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, which is directly mediated by IFN-gamma release. J Immunol 2011; 187: 1369-76.
162. Schmidt S, Tramsen L, Hanisch M, et al. Human natural killer cells exhibit direct activity against Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae, but not against resting conidia. J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 430-5.
163. Aimanianda V, Bayry J, Bozza S, et al. Surface hydrophobin prevents immune recognition of airborne fungal spores. Nature 2009; 460: 1117-21.
164. Chai LY, Netea MG, Sugui J, et al. Aspergillus fumigatus conidial melanin modulates host cytokine response. Immunobiology 2010; 215: 915-20.
165. Kozel TR, Gotschlich EC. The capsule of cryptococcus neoformans passively inhibits phagocytosis of the yeast by macrophages. J Immunol 1982; 129: 1675-80.
166. Rappleye CA, Eissenberg LG, Goldman WE. Histoplasma capsulatum alpha-(1,3)-glucan blocks innate immune recognition by the beta-glucan receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104: 1366-70.
167. Ma LL, Wang CL, Neely GG, Epelman S, Krensky AM, Mody CH. NK cells use perforin rather than granulysin for anticryptococcal activity. J Immunol 2004; 173: 3357-65.
168. Obata-Onai A, Hashimoto S, Onai N, et al. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of human NK cells and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Int Immunol 2002; 14: 1085-98.
169. Duke RC, Persechini PM, Chang S, Liu CC, Cohen JJ, Young JD. Purified perforin induces target cell lysis but not DNA fragmentation. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 1451-6.
170. Law RH, Lukoyanova N, Voskoboinik I, et al. The structural basis for membrane binding and pore formation by lymphocyte perforin. Nature 2010; 468: 447-51.
171. Morrison BE, Park SJ, Mooney JM, Mehrad B. Chemokinemediated recruitment of NK cells is a critical host defense mechanism in invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1862-70.
172. Park SJ, Hughes MA, Burdick M, Strieter RM, Mehrad B. Early NK cell-derived IFN-{gamma} is essential to host defense in neutropenic invasive aspergillosis. J Immunol 2009; 182: 4306-12.
173. Abad A, Fernandez-Molina JV, Bikandi J, et al. What makes Aspergillus fumigatus a successful pathogen? Genes and molecules involved in invasive aspergillosis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2010; 27: 155-82.
174. Eichner RD, Al Salami M, Wood PR, Mullbacher A. The effect of gliotoxin upon macrophage function. Int J Immunopharmacol 1986; 8: 789-97.
175. Mullbacher A, Eichner RD. Immunosuppression in vitro by a metabolite of a human pathogenic fungus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81: 3835-7.
176. Stanzani M, Orciuolo E, Lewis R, et al. Aspergillus fumigatus suppresses the human cellular immune response via gliotoxinmediated apoptosis of monocytes. Blood 2005; 105: 2258-65.
177. Tsunawaki S, Yoshida LS, Nishida S, Kobayashi T, Shimoyama T. Fungal metabolite gliotoxin inhibits assembly of the human respiratory burst NADPH oxidase. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 3373-82.
178. Yamada A, Kataoka T, Nagai K. The fungal metabolite gliotoxin: immunosuppressive activity on CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunol Lett 2000; 71: 27-32.
179. Murciano C, Villamon E, O'Connor JE, Gozalbo D, Gil ML. Killed Candida albicans yeasts and hyphae inhibit gamma interferon release by murine natural killer cells. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 1403-6.
180. Murphy JW, Zhou A, Wong SC. Direct interactions of human natural killer cells with Cryptococcus neoformans inhibit granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 4564-71.
181. Richards JO, Chang X, Blaser BW, Caligiuri MA, Zheng P, Liu Y. Tumor growth impedes natural-killer-cell maturation in the bone marrow. Blood 2006; 108: 246-52.
182. Melamed R, Bar-Yosef S, Shakhar G, Shakhar K, Ben-Eliyahu S. Suppression of natural killer cell activity and promotion of tumor metastasis by ketamine, thiopental, and halothane, but not by propofol: mediating mechanisms and prophylactic measures. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 1331-9.
183. Ruggeri L, Mancusi A, Capanni M, et al. Donor natural killer cell allorecognition of missing self in haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: challenging its predictive value. Blood 2007; 110: 433-40.
184. Rubnitz JE, Inaba H, Ribeiro RC, et al. NKAML: a pilot study to determine the safety and feasibility of haploidentical natural killer cell transplantation in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 955-9.
185. Passweg JR, Koehl U, Uharek L, Meyer-Monard S, Tichelli A. Natural-killer-cell-based treatment in haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006; 19: 811-24.
186. van Wering ER, van der Linden-Schrever BE, Szczepanski T, et al. Regenerating normal B-cell precursors during and after treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: implications for monitoring of minimal residual disease. Br J Haematol 2000; 110: 139-46.
187. Orange JS, Grossman WJ, Navickis RJ, Wilkes MM. Impact of trough IgG on pneumonia incidence in primary immunodeficiency: A meta-analysis of clinical studies. Clin Immunol 2010; 137: 21-30.
188. Shortt J, Spencer A. Adjuvant rituximab causes prolonged hypogammaglobulinaemia following autologous stem cell transplant for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38: 433-6.
189. Vallerskog T, Gunnarsson I, Widhe M, et al. Treatment with rituximab affects both the cellular and the humoral arm of the immune system in patients with SLE. Clin Immunol 2007; 122: 62-74.
190. Lin PC, Hsiao LT, Poh SB, et al. Higher fungal infection rate in elderly patients (more than 80 years old) suffering from diffuse large B cell lymphoma and treated with rituximab plus CHOP. Ann Hematol 2007; 86: 95-100.
191. Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. Adjunctive immune therapy for fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1048-56.
192. Montagnoli C, Bozza S, Bacci A, et al. A role for antibodies in the generation of memory antifungal immunity. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33: 1193-204.
193. Neely AN, Holder IA. Effects of immunoglobulin G and low-dose amphotericin B on Candida albicans infections in burned mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 643-6.
194. Stratta RJ, Shaefer MS, Cushing KA, et al. A randomized prospective trial of acyclovir and immune globulin prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients receiving OKT3 therapy. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 55-63; discussion-4.
195. Klaesson S, Ringden O, Ljungman P, Aschan J, Hagglund H, Winiarski J. Does high-dose intravenous immune globulin treatment after bone marrow transplantation increase mortality in veno-occlusive disease of the liver? Transplantation 1995; 60: 1225-30.
196. Chaturvedi AK, Kavishwar A, Shiva Keshava GB, Shukla PK. Monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 directed against Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall glycoprotein protects against experimental murine aspergillosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12: 1063-8.
197. Maitta RW, Datta K, Chang Q, et al. Protective and nonprotective human immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan manifest different specificities and gene use profiles. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 4810-8.
198. Moragues MD, Omaetxebarria MJ, Elguezabal N, et al. A monoclonal antibody directed against a Candida albicans cell wall mannoprotein exerts three anti-C. albicans activities. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 5273-9.
199. Nosanchuk JD, Steenbergen JN, Shi L, Deepe GS, Jr., Casadevall A. Antibodies to a cell surface histone-like protein protect against Histoplasma capsulatum. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1164-75.
200. Larsen RA, Pappas PG, Perfect J, et al. Phase I evaluation of the safety and pharmacokinetics of murine-derived anticryptococcal antibody 18B7 in subjects with treated cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 952-8.
201. Matthews RC, Rigg G, Hodgetts S, et al. Preclinical assessment of the efficacy of mycograb, a human recombinant antibody against fungal HSP90. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 2208-16.
202. Pachl J, Svoboda P, Jacobs F, et al. A randomized, blinded, multicenter trial of lipid-associated amphotericin B alone versus in combination with an antibody-based inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 in patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 1404-13.
203. Herbrecht R, Fohrer C, Nivoix Y. Mycograb for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 1083; author reply-4.
204. Richie DL, Ghannoum MA, Isham N, Thompson KV, Ryder NS. Nonspecific effect of Mycograb on amphotericin B MIC. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56: 3963-4.
205. Gaziano R, Bozza S, Bellocchio S, et al. Anti-Aspergillus fumigatus efficacy of pentraxin 3 alone and in combination with antifungals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 4414-21.
206. Garlanda C, Hirsch E, Bozza S, et al. Non-redundant role of the long pentraxin PTX3 in anti-fungal innate immune response. Nature 2002; 420: 182-6.
207. Lo Giudice P, Campo S, Verdoliva A, et al. Efficacy of PTX3 in a rat model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54: 4513-5.
208. Stevens DA. Vaccinate against aspergillosis! A call to arms of the immune system. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 1131-6.
209. Cassone A. Fungal vaccines: real progress from real challenges. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8: 114-24.
210. Stevens DA, Clemons KV, Liu M. Developing a vaccine against aspergillosis. Med Mycol 2011; 49 Suppl 1: S170-6.
211. Spellberg B. Vaccines for invasive fungal infections. F1000 Med Rep 2011; 3: 13.
212. Singh N, Paterson DL. Aspergillus infections in transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18: 44-69.
213. Lin L, Ibrahim AS, Xu X, et al. Th1-Th17 Cells Mediate Protective Adaptive Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Infection in Mice. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5: e1000703.
214. Hennessey JP, Jr, Schmidt CS, Ibrahim A, et al. (2011). A Phase 1 clinical evaluation of NDV3, a vaccine to prevent disease caused by Candida spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. 51st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Chicago, American Society for Microbiology.
215. Vilanova M, Teixeira L, Caramalho I, et al. Protection against systemic candidiasis in mice immunized with secreted aspartic proteinase 2. Immunology 2004; 111: 334-42.
216. Edwards JE, Jr. Fungal cell wall vaccines: an update. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61: 895-903.
217. Devi SJ. Preclinical efficacy of a glucuronoxylomannan-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model. Vaccine 1996; 14: 841-4.
218. Pappagianis D. Evaluation of the protective efficacy of the killed Coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine in humans. The Valley Fever Vaccine Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 656-60.
219. Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Vaccines Against Coccidioidomycosis: Past and Current Developments The Journal of Invasive Fungal Infections 2011; 5: 99-109.
220. Liu M, Capilla J, Johansen ME, et al. Saccharomyces as a vaccine against systemic aspergillosis: 'the friend of man' a friend again? J Med Microbiol 2011; 60: 1423-32.
221. Ito JI, Lyons JM. Vaccination of corticosteroid immunosuppressed mice against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 869-71.
222. Ito JI, Lyons JM, Hong TB, et al. Vaccinations with recombinant variants of Aspergillus fumigatus Asp f 3 protect against invasive aspergillosis. Infection and Immunity 2006; 74: 5075-84.
223. Ito JI, Lyons JM, Diaz-Arevalo D, Hong TB, Kalkum M. Vaccine progress. Med Mycol 2009; 47 Suppl 1: S394-400.
224. Diaz-Arevalo D, Bagramyan K, Hong TB, Ito JI, Kalkum M. CD4+ T cells mediate the protective effect of the recombinant Asp f3-based anti-aspergillosis vaccine. Infect Immun 2011; 79: 2257-66.
225. Diaz-Arevalo D, Ito JI, Kalkum M. Protective Effector Cells of the Recombinant Asp f3 Anti-Aspergillosis Vaccine. Frontiers in Microbiology 2012; 3
226. Bozza S, Gaziano R, Lipford GB, et al. Vaccination of mice against invasive aspergillosis with recombinant Aspergillus proteins and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as adjuvants. Microbes Infect 2002; 4: 1281-90.
227. Champer J, Diaz-Arevalo D, Champer M, et al. Protein Targets for Broad-Spectrum Mycosis Vaccines: Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Aspergillus and Coccidioides and Comparisons with Other Fungal Pathogens. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2012; in press
228. Bowyer P, Denning DW. Genomic analysis of allergen genes in Aspergillus spp: the relevance of genomics to everyday research. Med Mycol 2007; 45: 17-26.
229. Schutte M, Thullier P, Pelat T, et al. Identification of a putative Crf splice variant and generation of recombinant antibodies for the specific detection of Aspergillus fumigatus. PLoS One 2009; 4: e6625.
230. Torosantucci A, Bromuro C, Chiani P, et al. A novel glycoconjugate vaccine against fungal pathogens. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 597-606.
231. Liu M, Machova E, Nescakova Z, et al. Vaccination with mannan protects mice against systemic aspergillosis. Med Mycol 2012
232. Bennett B, Check IJ, Olsen MR, Hunter RL. A comparison of commercially available adjuvants for use in research. J Immunol Methods 1992; 153: 31-40.
233. Cassone A, Rappuoli R. Universal vaccines: shifting to one for many. MBio 2010; 1
234. Liu M, Clemons KV, Johansen ME, Martinez M, Chen V, Stevens DA. Saccharomyces as a vaccine against systemic candidiasis. 50th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Boston 2010: Abstracts, no. G1-1656.
235. Capilla J, Clemons KV, Liu M, Levine HB, Stevens DA. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a vaccine against coccidioidomycosis. Vaccine 2009; 27: 3662-8.
236. Majumder T, Liu M, Chen V, et al. Killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae protects against lethal challenge with Cryptococcus grubii. 51st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago 2011: Abstracts, no. G1-769.
237. Orsborn KI, Shubitz LF, Peng T, et al. Protein expression profiling of Coccidioides posadasii by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis and evaluation of a newly recognized peroxisomal matrix protein as a recombinant vaccine candidate. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 1865-72.
238. Tarcha EJ, Basrur V, Hung CY, Gardner MJ, Cole GT. A recombinant aspartyl protease of Coccidioides posadasii induces protection against pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in mice. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 516-27.
239. Delgado N, Xue J, Yu JJ, Hung CY, Cole GT. A recombinant beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferase homolog of Coccidioides posadasii protects mice against coccidioidomycosis. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 3010-9.
240. Spellberg B, Ibrahim AS, Yeaman MR, et al. The antifungal vaccine derived from the recombinant N terminus of Als3p protects mice against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2008; 76: 4574-80.
241. Xin H, Dziadek S, Bundle DR, Cutler JE. Synthetic glycopeptide vaccines combining beta-mannan and peptide epitopes induce protection against candidiasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105: 13526-31.
242. Cassone A, Casadevall A. Recent progress in vaccines against fungal diseases. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012
243. Ito JI. T cell immunity and vaccines against invasive fungal diseases. Immunol Invest 2011; 40: 825-38.
244. Lehrnbecher T, Beck O, Koehl U, Tramsen L. Cultivated anti-Aspergillus T(H)1 cells. Med Mycol 2009; 47 Suppl 1: S170-4.
245. Stevens DA. Th1/Th2 in aspergillosis. Medical Mycology 2006; 44: S229-S35.
246. Chaturvedi AK, Kumar R, Kumar A, Shukla PK. A monoclonal IgM directed against immunodominant catalase B of cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus exerts anti-A. fumigatus activities. Mycoses 2009; 52: 524-33.
247. Hemmann S, Blaser K, Crameri R. Allergens of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida boidinii share IgE-binding epitopes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1956-62.
248. Kodzius R, Rhyner C, Konthur Z, et al. Rapid identification of allergen-encoding cDNA clones by phage display and high-density arrays. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2003; 6: 147-54.
249. Kurup VP, Banerjee B, Hemmann S, Greenberger PA, Blaser K, Crameri R. Selected recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergens bind specifically to IgE in ABPA. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 988-93.
250. Ramachandran H, Jayaraman V, Banerjee B, et al. IgE binding conformational epitopes of Asp f 3, a major allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus. Clin Immunol 2002; 103: 324-33.
251. Bozza S, Montagnoli C, Gaziano R, et al. Dendritic cell-based vaccination against opportunistic fungi. Vaccine 2004; 22: 857-64.
252. Moser M, Murphy KM. Dendritic cell regulation of TH1-TH2 development. Nat Immunol 2000; 1: 199-205.
253. LeibundGut-Landmann S, Gross O, Robinson MJ, et al. Syk-and CARD9-dependent coupling of innate immunity to the induction of T helper cells that produce interleukin 17. Nat Immunol 2007; 8: 630-8.
254. Schaffner A, Douglas H, Braude A. Selective protection against conidia by mononuclear and against mycelia by polymorphonuclear phagocytes in resistance to Aspergillus. Observations on these two lines of defense in vivo and in vitro with human and mouse phagocytes. J Clin Invest 1982; 69: 617-31.
255. Mircescu MM, Lipuma L, van Rooijen N, Pamer EG, Hohl TM. Essential role for neutrophils but not alveolar macrophages at early time points following Aspergillus fumigatus infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 200: 647-56.
256. Bouzani M, Einsele H, Loeffler J. Functional analysis is a paramount prerequisite for understanding the in vitro interaction of human natural killer cells with Aspergillus fumigatus. J Infect Dis 2012; 205: 1025-6; author reply 6-7.
257. Horowitz A, Newman KC, Evans JH, Korbel DS, Davis DM, Riley EM. Cross-talk between T cells and NK cells generates rapid effector responses to Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J Immunol 2010; 184: 6043-52.
258. Horowitz A, Behrens RH, Okell L, Fooks AR, Riley EM. NK cells as effectors of acquired immune responses: effector CD4+ T celldependent activation of NK cells following vaccination. J Immunol 2010; 185: 2808-18.
259. Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Xiao P, Tuero I, Patterson LJ, Robert-Guroff M. NK and CD4+ T Cell Cooperative Immune Responses Correlate with Control of Disease in a Macaque Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Model. J Immunol 2012; 189: 1878-85.
260. Barnes PJ. Corticosteroids: the drugs to beat. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533: 2-14.
261. Scheinman RI, Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK, Baldwin AS. Role of Transcriptional Activation of IκBα in Mediation of Immunosuppression by Glucocorticoids. Science 1995; 270: 283-6.
262. Auphan N, DiDonato JA, Rosette C, Helmberg A, Karin M. Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis. Science 1995; 270: 286-90.
263. Perkins ND. Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-kappaB and IKK function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8: 49-62.
264. Mercurio F, Murray BW, Shevchenko A, et al. IkappaB kinase (IKK)-associated protein 1, a common component of the heterogeneous IKK complex. Mol. Cell Biol. 1999; 19: 1526-38.
265. Choi JH, Brummer E, Kang YJ, Jones PP, Stevens DA. Inhibitor kappaB and nuclear factor kappaB in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antagonism of dexamethasone suppression of the macrophage response to Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. J Infect Dis 2006; 193: 1023-8.
266. Cheshire JL, Baldwin AS, Jr. Synergistic activation of NF-kappaB by tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon via enhanced I kappaB alpha degradation and de novo I kappaBbeta degradation. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17: 6746-54.
267. Ljungman P, Cordonnier C, Einsele H, et al. Vaccination of hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 44: 521-6.
268. Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15: 1143-238.
269. Pusic I, DiPersio JF. The use of growth factors in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Curr Pharm Des 2008; 14: 1950-61.
270. Pulsipher MA, Nagler A, Iannone R, Nelson RM. Weighing the risks of G-CSF administration, leukopheresis, and standard marrow harvest: ethical and safety considerations for normal pediatric hematopoietic cell donors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 46: 422-33.
271. Storek J, Dawson MA, Lim LC, et al. Efficacy of donor vaccination before hematopoietic cell transplantation and recipient vaccination both before and early after transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33: 337-46.
272. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ, et al. Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 348-59.