Soft tissue sarcomas-New approaches to diagnosis and classification

Current Problems in Cancer

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 45-61

  Lauer, Scott ^a,b   Gardner, Jerad M ^c,d,e  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS AT LITTLE ROCK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; MUCIN 4;

ANGIOSARCOMA; ARTICLE; ATYPICAL LIPOMATOUS TUMOR; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CARCINOGENESIS; CYTOGENETICS; DEDIFFERENTIATED LIPOSARCOMA; DERMATOFIBROSARCOMA PROTUBERANS; EPITHELIOID HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA; EPITHELIOID SARCOMA; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GIANT CELL FIBROBLASTOMA; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; KAPOSI SARCOMA; LEIOMYOSARCOMA; LIPOSARCOMA; LOW GRADE FIBROMYXOID SARCOMA; MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; MYXOSARCOMA; PATHOGENESIS; PLEOMORPHIC LIPOSARCOMA; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; WELL DIFFERENTIATED LIPOSARCOMA;

CARCINOMA; CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASMS; TRANSLOCATION, GENETIC;

EID: 84878501980     PISSN: 01470272     EISSN: 15356345     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2013.03.001     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Fletcher C.D.M., Unni K.K., Mertens F. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors, Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone 2002, IARC Press, Lyon.
2. Antonescu C.R. The role of genetic testing in soft tissue sarcoma. Histopathology 2006, 48:13-21.
3. Borden E.C., Baker L.H., Bell R.S., et al. Soft tissue sarcomas of adults: State of the translational science. Clin Cancer Res 2003, 9:1941-1956.
4. Guillou L., Aurias A. Soft tissue sarcomas with complex genomic profiles. Virchows Arch 2010, 456:201-217.
5. Perot G., Chibon F., Montero A., et al. Constant p53 pathway inactivation in a large series of soft tissue sarcomas with complex genetics. Am J Pathol 2010, 177:2080-2090.
6. Sharpless N.E., Ferguson D.O., O'Hagan R.C., et al. Impaired nonhomologous end-joining provokes soft tissue sarcomas harboring chromosomal translocations, amplifications, and deletions. Mol Cell 2001, 8:1187-1196.
7. Gisselsson D., Jonson T., Petersen A., et al. Telomere dysfunction triggers extensive DNA fragmentation and evolution of complex chromosome abnormalities in human malignant tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:12683-12688.
8. Scheel C., Schaefer K.L., Jauch A., et al. Alternative lengthening of telomeres is associated with chromosomal instability in osteosarcomas. Oncogene 2001, 20:3835-3844.
9. Fletcher C.D., Dal Cin P., de Wever I., et al. Correlation between clinicopathological features and karyotype in spindle cell sarcomas. A report of 130 cases from the CHAMP study group. Am J Pathol 1999, 154:1841-1847.
10. Mertens F., Fletcher C.D., Dal Cin P., et al. Cytogenetic analysis of 46 pleomorphic soft tissue sarcomas and correlation with morphologic and clinical features: A report of the CHAMP Study Group. Chromosomes and morphology. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998, 22:16-25.
11. Ladanyi M., Bridge J.A. Contribution of molecular genetic data to the classification of sarcomas. Hum Pathol 2000, 31:532-538.
12. Mertens F., Panagopoulos I., Mandahl N. Genomic characteristics of soft tissue sarcomas. Virchows Arch 2010, 456:129-139.
13. Bridge J.A., Cushman-Vokoun A.M. Molecular diagnostics of soft tissue tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011, 135:588-601.
14. Bridge J.A. Contribution of cytogenetics to the management of poorly differentiated sarcomas. Ultrastruct Pathol 2008, 32:63-71.
15. Tanas M.R., Goldblum J.R. Fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis of soft tissue neoplasms: A review. Adv Anat Pathol 2009, 16:383-391.
16. Lazar A., Abruzzo L.V., Pollock R.E., et al. Molecular diagnosis of sarcomas: Chromosomal translocations in sarcomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006, 130:1199-1207.
17. Demicco E.G., Maki R.G., Lev D.C., et al. New therapeutic targets in soft tissue sarcoma. Adv Anat Pathol 2012, 19:170-180.
18. Kanoe H., Nakayama T., Murakami H., et al. Amplification of the CDK4 gene in sarcomas: Tumor specificity and relationship with the RB gene mutation. Anticancer Res 1998, 18:2317-2321.
19. Fernandez A.P., Sun Y., Tubbs R.R., et al. FISH for MYC amplification and anti-MYC immunohistochemistry: Useful diagnostic tools in the assessment of secondary angiosarcoma and atypical vascular proliferations. J Cutan Pathol 2012, 39:234-242.
20. Mentzel T., Schildhaus H.U., Palmedo G., et al. Postradiation cutaneous angiosarcoma after treatment of breast carcinoma is characterized by MYC amplification in contrast to atypical vascular lesions after radiotherapy and control cases: Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of 66 cases. Mod Pathol 2012, 25:75-85.
21. Guo T., Zhang L., Chang N.E., et al. Consistent MYC and FLT4 gene amplification in radiation-induced angiosarcoma but not in other radiation-associated atypical vascular lesions. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011, 50:25-33.
22. Barrios C., Castresana J.S., Ruiz J., et al. Amplification of the c-myc proto-oncogene in soft tissue sarcomas. Oncology 1994, 51:13-17.
23. Kacker C., Marx A., Mossinger K., et al. High frequency of MYC gene amplification is a common feature of radiation-induced sarcomas. Further results from EORTC STBSG TL 01/01. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013, 52:93-98.
24. Corless C.L., Barnett C.M., Heinrich M.C. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: Origin and molecular oncology. Nat Rev Cancer 2011, 11:865-878.
25. Hollmann T.J., Hornick J.L. INI1-deficient tumors: Diagnostic features and molecular genetics. Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:e47-e63.
26. Lasota J., Miettinen M. Clinical significance of oncogenic KIT and PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology 2008, 53:245-266.
27. Lasota J., Miettinen M. KIT and PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Semin Diagn Pathol 2006, 23:91-102.
28. Debiec-Rychter M., Sciot R., Le Cesne A., et al. KIT mutations and dose selection for imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Eur J Cancer 2006, 42:1093-1103.
29. Aleixo P.B., Hartmann A.A., Menezes I.C., et al. Can MDM2 and CDK4 make the diagnosis of well differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma? An immunohistochemical study on 129 soft tissue tumours. J Clin Pathol 2009, 62:1127-1135.
30. Thway K., Flora R., Shah C., et al. Diagnostic utility of p16, CDK4, and MDM2 as an immunohistochemical panel in distinguishing well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas from other adipocytic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2012, 36:462-469.
31. Weaver J., Rao P., Goldblum J.R., et al. Can MDM2 analytical tests performed on core needle biopsy be relied upon to diagnose well-differentiated liposarcoma?. Mod Pathol 2010, 23:1301-1306.
32. Argani P., Lal P., Hutchinson B., et al. Aberrant nuclear immunoreactivity for TFE3 in neoplasms with TFE3 gene fusions: A sensitive and specific immunohistochemical assay. Am J Surg Pathol 2003, 27:750-761.
33. Argani P., Aulmann S., Illei P.B., et al. A distinctive subset of PEComas harbors TFE3 gene fusions. Am J Surg Pathol 2010, 34:1395-1406.
34. Cook J.R., Dehner L.P., Collins M.H., et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression in the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: A comparative immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 2001, 25:1364-1371.
35. Coffin C.M., Hornick J.L., Fletcher C.D. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: Comparison of clinicopathologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features including ALK expression in atypical and aggressive cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2007, 31:509-520.
36. West R.B., Corless C.L., Chen X., et al. The novel marker, DOG1, is expressed ubiquitously in gastrointestinal stromal tumors irrespective of KIT or PDGFRA mutation status. Am J Pathol 2004, 165:107-113.
37. Moller E., Hornick J.L., Magnusson L., et al. FUS-CREB3L2/L1-positive sarcomas show a specific gene expression profile with upregulation of CD24 and FOXL1. Clin Cancer Res 2011, 17:2646-2656.
38. Espinosa I., Lee C.H., Kim M.K., et al. A novel monoclonal antibody against DOG1 is a sensitive and specific marker for gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2008, 32:210-218.
39. Doyle L.A., Moller E., Dal Cin P., et al. MUC4 is a highly sensitive and specific marker for low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:733-741.
40. Doyle L.A., Wang W.L., Dal Cin P., et al. MUC4 is a sensitive and extremely useful marker for sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma: Association with FUS gene rearrangement. Am J Surg Pathol 2012, 36:1444-1451.
41. Taylor B.S., Barretina J., Maki R.G., et al. Advances in sarcoma genomics and new therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2011, 11:541-557.
42. Meyerson M., Gabriel S., Getz G. Advances in understanding cancer genomes through second-generation sequencing. Nat Rev Genet 2010, 11:685-696.
43. Maher C.A., Kumar-Sinha C., Cao X., et al. Transcriptome sequencing to detect gene fusions in cancer. Nature 2009, 458:97-101.
44. Maher C.A., Palanisamy N., Brenner J.C., et al. Chimeric transcript discovery by paired-end transcriptome sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106:12353-12358.
45. Beck A.H., Lee C.H., Witten D.M., et al. Discovery of molecular subtypes in leiomyosarcoma through integrative molecular profiling. Oncogene 2010, 29:845-854.
46. Skubitz K.M., Pambuccian S., Manivel J.C., et al. Identification of heterogeneity among soft tissue sarcomas by gene expression profiles from different tumors. J Transl Med 2008, 6:23.
47. Skubitz K.M., Francis P., Skubitz A.P., et al. Gene expression identifies heterogeneity of metastatic propensity in high-grade soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 2012, 118:4235-4243.
48. Robinson D.R., Wu Y.M., Kalyana-Sundaram S., et al. Identification of recurrent NAB2-STAT6 gene fusions in solitary fibrous tumor by integrative sequencing. Nat Genet 2013, 45:180-185.
49. Errani C., Zhang L., Sung Y.S., et al. A novel WWTR1-CAMTA1 gene fusion is a consistent abnormality in epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of different anatomic sites. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011, 50:644-653.
50. Tanas M.R., Sboner A., Oliveira A.M., et al. Identification of a disease-defining gene fusion in epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Sci Transl Med 2011, 3. 98ra82.
51. Evans H.L. Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. A report of two metastasizing neoplasms having a deceptively benign appearance. Am J Clin Pathol 1987, 88:615.
52. Evans H.L. Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: A clinicopathologic study of 33 cases with long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:1450.
53. Billings S.D., Giblen G., Fanburg-Smith J.C. Superficial low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (Evans tumor): A clinicopathologic analysis of 19 cases with a unique observation in the pediatric population. Am J Surg Pathol 2005, 29:204-210.
54. Guillou L., Benhattar J., Gengler C., et al. Translocation-positive low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: Clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of a series expanding the morphologic spectrum and suggesting potential relationship to sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma: A study from the French Sarcoma Group. Am J Surg Pathol 2007, 31:1387-1402.
55. Mertens F., Fletcher C.D.M., Antonescu C.R., et al. Clinicopathologic and molecular genetic characterization of low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, and cloning of a novel FUS/CREB3L1 fusion gene. Lab Invest 2005, 85:408-415.
56. Panagopoulos I., Tiziana Storlazzi C., Fletcher C.D.M., et al. The chimeric FUS/CREB3l2 gene is specific for low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004, 40:218-228.
57. Patel R.M., Downs-Kelly E., Dandekar M.N., et al. FUS (16p11) gene rearrangement as detected by fluorescence in-situ hybridization in cutaneous low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: A potential diagnostic tool. Am J Dermatopathol 2011, 33:140.
58. Lane K.L., Shannon R.J., Weiss S.W. Hyalinizing spindle cell tumor with giant rosettes: A distinctive tumor closely resembling low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1997, 21:1481-1488.
59. Reid R., de Silva M.V.C., Paterson L., et al. Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma and hyalinizing spindle cell tumor with giant rosettes share a common t (7; 16)(q34; p11) translocation. Am J Surg Pathol 2003, 27:1229-1236.
60. Folpe A.L., Lane K.L., Paull G., et al. Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma and hyalinizing spindle cell tumor with giant rosettes: A clinicopathologic study of 73 cases supporting their identity and assessing the impact of high-grade areas. Am J Surg Pathol 2000, 24:1353-1360.
61. Evans H.L. Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. A report of 12 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1993, 17:595.
62. Goodlad J.R., Mentzel T., Fletcher C.D.M. Low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: Clinicopathological analysis of eleven new cases in support of a distinct entity. Histopathology 2007, 26:229-237.
63. Evans H.L., Soule E.H., Winkelmann R.K. Atypical lipoma, atypical intramuscular lipoma, and well differentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma. A reappraisal of 30 cases formerly classified as well differentiated liposarcoma. Cancer 2006, 43:574-584.
64. Weiss S.W., Rao V.K. Well-differentiated liposarcoma (atypical lipoma) of deep soft tissue of the extremities, retroperitoneum, and miscellaneous sites: A follow-up study of 92 cases with analysis of the incidence of "dedifferentiation". Am J Surg Pathol 1992, 16:1051.
65. Binh M.B.N., Sastre-Garau X., Guillou L., et al. MDM2 and CDK4 immunostainings are useful adjuncts in diagnosing well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma subtypes: A comparative analysis of 559 soft tissue neoplasms with genetic data. Am J Surg Pathol 2005, 29:1340-1347.
66. Yoshida A., Ushiku T., Motoi T., et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of MDM2 and CDK4 distinguishes low-grade osteosarcoma from benign mimics. Mod Pathol 2009, 23:1279-1288.
67. Weaver J., Rao P., Goldblum J.R., et al. Can MDM2 analytical tests performed on core needle biopsy be relied upon to diagnose well-differentiated liposarcomas. Mod Pathol 2010, 23:1301-1306.
68. Macarenco R.S., Erickson-Johnson M., Wang X., et al. Retroperitoneal lipomatous tumors without cytologic atypia: Are they lipomas? A clinicopathologic and molecular study of 19 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2009, 33:1470.
69. Henricks W.H., Chu Y.C., Goldblum J.R., et al. Dedifferentiated liposarcoma: A clinicopathological analysis of 155 cases with a proposal for an expanded definition of dedifferentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 1997, 21:271.
70. Coindre J.M., Pedeutour F., Aurias A. Well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas. Virchows Archiv 2010, 456:167-179.
71. Gardner J.M., Dandekar M., Thomas D., et al. Cutaneous and subcutaneous pleomorphic liposarcoma: A clinicopathologic study of 29 cases with evaluation of MDM2 gene amplification in 26. Am J Surg Pathol 2012, 36:1047-1051.
72. Evans H.L. Liposarcoma a study of 55 cases with a reassessment of its classification. Am J Surg Pathol 1979, 3:507-524.
73. Kilpatrick S.E., Doyon J., Choong P.F.M., et al. The clinicopathologic spectrum of myxoid and round cell liposarcoma: A study of 95 cases. Cancer 1998, 77:1450-1458.
74. Panagopoulos I., Hoglund M., Mertens F., et al. Fusion of the EWS and CHOP genes in myxoid liposarcoma. Oncogene 1996, 12:489.
75. Crozat A., Aman P., Mandahl N., et al. Fusion of CHOP to a novel RNA-binding protein in human myxoid liposarcoma. Nature 1993, 363:640-644.
76. Downs-Kelly E., Goldblum J.R., Patel R.M., et al. The utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the diagnosis of myxoid soft tissue neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 2008, 32:8.
77. Holden C.A., Spittle M.F., Jones E.W. Angiosarcoma of the face and scalp, prognosis and treatment. Cancer 2006, 59:1046-1057.
78. Meis-Kindblom J.M., Kindblom L.G. Angiosarcoma of soft tissue: A study of 80 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1998, 22:683-697.
79. Falk S., Krishnan J., Meis J.M. Primary angiosarcoma of the spleen. A clinicopathologic study of 40 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1993, 17:959.
80. Tazelaar H.D., Locke T.J., McGregor C.G. Pathology of surgically excised primary cardiac tumors. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Mayo Clinic 1992, 957.
81. Maddox J.C., Evans H.L. Angiosarcoma of skin and soft tissue: A study of forty-four cases. Cancer 2006, 48:1907-1921.
82. Locker G.Y., Doroshow J.H., Zwelling L.A., et al. The clinical features of hepatic angiosarcoma: A report of four cases and a review of the English literature. Medicine 1979, 58:48.
83. Kahn H.J., Bailey D., Marks A. Monoclonal antibody D2-40, a new marker of lymphatic endothelium, reacts with Kaposi's sarcoma and a subset of angiosarcomas. Mod Pathol 2002, 15:434-440.
84. Miettinen M., Wang Z.F., Paetau A., et al. ERG transcription factor as an immunohistochemical marker for vascular endothelial tumors and prostatic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:432.
85. Miettinen M., Lindenmayer A.E., Chaubal A. Endothelial cell markers CD31, CD34, and BNH9 antibody to H-and Y-antigens-Evaluation of their specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of vascular tumors and comparison with von Willebrand factor. Mod Pathol 1994, 7:82.
86. Ohsawa M., Naka N., Tomita Y., et al. Use of immunohistochemical procedures in diagnosing angiosarcoma. Evaluation of 98 cases. Cancer 2006, 75:2867-2874.
87. Fletcher C.D., Beham A., Bekir S., et al. Epithelioid angiosarcoma of deep soft tissue: A distinctive tumor readily mistaken for an epithelial neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 1991, 15:915.
88. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994, 266:1865-1869.
89. Staskus K.A., Zhong W., Gebhard K., et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression in endothelial (spindle) tumor cells. J Virol 1997, 71:715-719.
90. Dupont C., Vasseur E., Beauchet A., et al. Long-term efficacy on Kaposi's sarcoma of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a cohort of HIV-positive patients. CISIH 92. Centre d'information et de soins de l'immunodeficience humaine. AIDS 2000, 14:987-993.
91. Brenn T., Fletcher C.D.M. Radiation-associated cutaneous atypical vascular lesions and angiosarcoma: Clinicopathologic analysis of 42 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2005, 29:983-996.
92. Rosai J., Akerman L.R. Intravenous atypical vascular proliferation: A cutaneous lesion simulating a malignant blood vessel tumor. Arch Dermatol 1974, 109:714-717.
93. Patton K.T., Deyrup A.T., Weiss S.W. Atypical vascular lesions after surgery and radiation of the breast: A clinicopathologic study of 32 cases analyzing histologic heterogeneity and association with angiosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2008, 32:943-950.
94. Manner J., Radlwimmer B., Hohenberger P., et al. MYC high level gene amplification is a distinctive feature of angiosarcomas after irradiation or chronic lymphedema. Am J Pathol 2010, 176:34-39.
95. Chase D.R., Enzinger F.M. Epithelioid sarcoma. Diagnosis, prognostic indicators, and treatment. Am J Surg Pathol 1985, 9:241.
96. Enzinger F.M. Epithelioid sarcoma. A sarcoma simulating a granuloma or a carcinoma. Cancer 1970, 26:1029-1041.
97. Guillou L., Wadden C., Coindre J.M., et al. "Proximal-type" epithelioid sarcoma, a distinctive aggressive neoplasm showing rhabdoid features: Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of a series. Am J Surg Pathol 1997, 21:130-146.
98. Miettinen M., Fanburg-Smith J.C., Virolainen M., et al. Epithelioid sarcoma: An immunohistochemical analysis of 112 classical and variant cases and a discussion of the differential diagnosis. Hum Pathol 1999, 30:934-942.
99. Chase D.R., Enzinger F.M., Weiss S.W., et al. Keratin in epithelioid sarcoma. An immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 1984, 8:435.
100. Hornick J.L., Dal Cin P., Fletcher C.D. Loss of INI1 expression is characteristic of both conventional and proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2009, 33:542-550.
101. Billings S.D., Folpe A.L., Weiss S.W. Epithelioid sarcoma-like hemangioendothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 2003, 27:48-57.
102. Billings S.D., Folpe A.L., Weiss S.W. Epithelioid sarcoma-like hemangioendothelioma (pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma). Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:1088. [author reply 1088-1089].
103. Hornick J.L., Fletcher C.D.M. Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma: A distinctive, often multicentric tumor with indolent behavior. Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:190.
104. Trombetta D., Magnusson L., von Steyern F.V., et al. Translocation t (7; 19)(q22; q13)-A recurrent chromosome aberration in pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma?. Cancer Genet 2011, 204:211-215.
105. Spillane A.J., Meirion Thomas J., Fisher C. Epithelioid sarcoma: The clinicopathological complexities of this rare soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2000, 7:218-225.
106. Callister M.D., Ballo M.T., Pisters P.W., et al. Epithelioid sarcoma: Results of conservative surgery and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 51:384.
107. Weiss S.W., Enzinger F.M. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma a vascular tumor often mistaken for a carcinoma. Cancer 1982, 50:970-981.
108. Weiss S.W., Ishak K.G., Dail D.H., et al. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and related lesions. Semin Diagn Pathol 1986, 3:259-287.
109. Mentzel T., Beham A., Calonje E., et al. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of skin and soft tissues: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 30 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1997, 21:363-374.
110. Makhlouf H.R., Ishak K.G., Goodman Z.D. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver. Cancer 2000, 85:562-582.
111. Gray M.H., Rosenberg A.E., Dickersin G.R., et al. Cytokeratin expression in epithelioid vascular neoplasms. Hum Pathol 1990, 21:212-217.
112. Mendlick M.R., Nelson M., Pickering D., et al. Translocation t (1; 3)(p36. 3; q25) is a nonrandom aberration in epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 2001, 25:684-687.
113. Wile A.G., Evans H.L., Romsdahl M.M. Leiomyosarcoma of soft tissue: A clinicopathologic study. Cancer 2006, 48:1022-1032.
114. Shmookler B.M., Lauer D.H. Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma. A clinicopathologic analysis of 36 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1983, 7:269.
115. Weiss S.W. Smooth muscle tumors of soft tissue. Adv Anat Pathol 2002, 9:351-359.
116. Fields J.P., Helwig E.B. Leiomyosarcoma of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Cancer 2006, 47:156-169.
117. Jensen M.L., Jensen O.M., Michalski W., et al. Intradermal and subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma: A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 41 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2006, 23:458-463.
118. Dahl I., Angervall L. Cutaneous and subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of 47 patients. Pathol Eur 1974, 9:307.
119. Kraft S., Fletcher C.D.M. Atypical intradermal smooth muscle neoplasms: Clinicopathologic analysis of 84 cases and a reappraisal of cutaneous "leiomyosarcoma". Am J Surg Pathol 2011, 35:599.
120. Taylor H.B., Helwig E.B. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. A study of 115 cases. Cancer 1962, 15:717-725.
121. Shmookler B.M., Enzinger F.M., Weiss S.W. Giant cell fibroblastoma. A juvenile form of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Cancer 2006, 64:2154-2161.
122. Terrier-Lacombe M.J., Guillou L., Maire G., et al. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, giant cell fibroblastoma, and hybrid lesions in children: Clinicopathologic comparative analysis of 28 cases with molecular data: A study from the French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group. Am J Surg Pathol 2003, 27:27-39.
123. Weiss S.W., Nickoloff B.J. CD-34 is expressed by a distinctive cell population in peripheral nerve, nerve sheath tumors, and related lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 1993, 17:1039.
124. Aiba S., Tabata N., Ishii H., et al. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a unique fibrohistiocytic tumour expressing CD34. Br J Dermatol 2006, 127:79-84.
125. Harvell J.D., Kilpatrick S.E., White W.L. Histogenetic relations between giant cell fibroblastoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: CD34 staining showing the spectrum and a simulator. Am J Dermatopathol 1998, 20:339-345.
126. 2-chain gene via fusion with collagen gene COL1A1 in dermatof ibrosarcoma protuberans and giant-cell fibroblastoma. Nat Genet 1997, 15:95-98.
127. Macarenco R.S., Zamolyi R., Franco M.F., et al. Genomic gains of COL1A1-PDFGB occur in the histologic evolution of giant cell fibroblastoma into dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008, 47:260-265.