Piroxicam-β-cyclodextrin: A GI safer piroxicam

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 20, Issue 19, 2013, Pages 2415-2437

  Scarpignato, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Coxibs; CV risk; GI risk; NSAIDs; Piroxicam; Piroxicam cyclodextrin; Safety

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; BETA CYCLODEXTRIN; CELECOXIB; DICLOFENAC; DIFLUNISAL; ETODOLAC; ETORICOXIB; FENOPROFEN; FLURBIPROFEN; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; KETOPROFEN; KETOROLAC; LUMIRACOXIB; MECLOFENAMIC ACID; MELOXICAM; NAPROXEN; NIFLUMIC ACID; NIMESULIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PIROXICAM; PLACEBO; ROFECOXIB; SALICYLATE SODIUM; SULINDAC; SUPROFEN; TOLMETIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALDECOXIB; ZOMEPIRAC;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC PAIN; COMPLEX FORMATION; CONSTIPATION; DIARRHEA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INJURY; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG CAPSULE; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG HYDROXYLATION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SOLUBILITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DUODENUM ULCER; DYSMENORRHEA; DYSPEPSIA; EFFERVESCENT TABLET; ENZYME INHIBITION; ESOPHAGUS INJURY; ESTERIFICATION; FECES COLOR; GASTRIC HYPERACIDITY; GASTRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HEADACHE; HEARTBURN; HUMAN; HYDROPHILICITY; HYDROPHOBICITY; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER DISEASE; LOW BACK PAIN; MELENA; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PAIN; PAIN THRESHOLD; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PEPTIC ULCER; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECTUM HEMORRHAGE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKIN DISEASE; STOMACH EROSION; STOMACH MUCOSA; STOMACH MUCOSA LESION; STOMACH PH; STOMACH SCINTISCANNING; STOMACH ULCER; STOMATITIS; SWALLOWING; TOOTH PAIN; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; BETA-CYCLODEXTRINS; DYSMENORRHEA; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES; PAIN; PIROXICAM;

EID: 84877943183     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990115     Document Type: Article

References (201)

1. Aronson, J.K. Meyler's Side Effects of Analgesics and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Elsevier, Amsterdam; 2009. p. 1-500.
2. Lanas, A.; Hunt, R. Prevention of anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal damage: benefits and risks of therapeutic strategies. Ann. Med., 2006, 38, 415-428. (Pubitemid 44484879)
3. Scarpignato, C.; Hunt, R.H. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugrelated injury to the gastrointestinal tract: clinical picture, pathogenesis, and prevention. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am., 2010, 39, 433-464.
4. Chan, F.K.; Abraham, N.S.; Scheiman, J.M.; Laine, L. Management of patients on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a clinical practice recommendation from the First International Working Party on Gastrointestinal and Cardiovascular Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Anti-platelet Agents. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2008, 103, 2908-2918.
5. Lanza, F.L.; Chan, F.K.; Quigley, E.M. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2009, 104, 728-38.
6. Hunt, R.H.; Bazzoli, F. Review article: should NSAID/low-dose aspirin takers be tested routinely for H. pylori infection and treated if positive? Implications for primary risk of ulcer and ulcer relapse after initial healing. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 19. [Suppl 1], 9-16. (Pubitemid 38253486)
7. Kiltz, U.; Zochling, J.; Schmidt, W.E.; Braun, J. Use of NSAIDs and infection with Helicobacter pylori-what does the rheumatologist need to know? Rheumatology (Oxford), 2008, 47, 1342-1347.
8. Moore, R.A.; Derry, S.; Phillips, C.J.; McQuay, H.J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cyxlooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors (coxibs) and gastrointestinal harm: review of clinical trials and clinical practice. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 2006, 7, 79.
9. Lanas, A.; Ferrandez, A. Inappropriate prevention of NSAIDinduced gastrointestinal events among long-term users in the elderly. Drugs Aging, 2007, 24, 121-131. (Pubitemid 46327571)
10. Rostom, A.; Dube, C.; Wells, G.; Tugwell, P.; Welch, V.; Jolicoeur, E.; McGowan, J. Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2002, 4, CD002296.
11. Rostom, A.; Moayyedi, P.; Hunt, R. Canadian consensus guidelines on long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy and the need for gastroprotection: benefits versus risks. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 2009, 29, 481-496.
12. Wallace, J.L. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: after the smoke has cleared. Dig. Liver Dis., 2002, 34, 89-94. (Pubitemid 34202063)
13. Scheiman, J.M. Balancing risks and benefits of cyclooxygenase-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am., 2009, 38, 305-314.
14. Blandizzi, C.; Tuccori, M.; Colucci, R.; Fornai, M.; Antonioli, L.; Ghisu, N.; Del Tacca, M. Role of coxibs in the strategies for gastrointestinal protection in patients requiring chronic non-steroidal antiinflammatory therapy. Pharmacol. Res., 2009, 59, 90-100.
15. Scarpignato, C.; Biarnason, I.; Bretagne, J-F.; de Pouvourville, G.; García, Rodríquez, L.A.; Goldstein, J.L.; Müller, P.; Simon, B. Working team report: towards a GI safer antiinflammatory therapy. Gastroenterology Int., 1999, 12, 186-215. (Pubitemid 30042468)
16. Lichtenberger, L.M.; Barron, M.; Marathi, U. Association of phosphatidylcholine and NSAIDs as a novel strategy to reduce gastrointestinal toxicity. Drugs Today (Barc.), 2009, 45, 877-890.
17. Rainsford, K.D. NSAID gastropathy: novel physicochemical approaches for reducing gastric mucosal injury by drug complexation with cyclodextrins. Drug Invest., 1990, 2. [Suppl 4], 3-10.
18. McGettigan, P.; Henry, D. Cardiovascular risk and inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a systematic review of the observational studies of selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2. JAMA, 2006, 296, 1633-1644. (Pubitemid 44511610)
19. Kearney, P.M.; Baigent, C.; Godwin, J.; Halls, H.; Emberson, J.R.; Patrono, C. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ, 2006, 332, 1302-1308.
20. Trelle, S.; Reichenbach, S.; Wandel, S.; Hildebrand, P.; Tschannen, B.; Villiger, PM.; Egger, M.; Jüni, P. Cardiovascular safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ, 2011, 342, c7086.
21. Hunt, R.H.; Lanas, A.; Stichtenoth, D.O.; Scarpignato, C. Myths and facts in the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann. Med., 2009, 41, 423-437.
22. Callfee, J.E. The Vioxx fallout. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, AEI on-line, http://www.aei.org/article/society-and-culture/ the-vioxx-fallout (accessed 30 April, 2012)
23. Sun, S.X.; Lee, K.Y.; Bertram, C.T.; Goldstein, J.L. Withdrawal of COX-2 selective inhibitors rofecoxib and valdecoxib: impact on NSAID and gastroprotective drug prescribing and utilization. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2007, 23, 1859-1866. (Pubitemid 47300385)
24. Alacqua, M.; Trifirò, G.; Cavagna, L.; Caporali, R.; Montecucco, C.M.; Moretti, S.; Tari, D.U.; Galdo, M.; Caputi, A.P.; Arcoraci, V. Prescribing pattern of drugs in the treatment of osteoarthritis in Italian general practice: the effect of rofecoxib withdrawal. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 59, 568-574. (Pubitemid 351563541)
25. Brogden, R.N.; Heel, R.C.; Speight, T.M.; Avery, G.S. Piroxicam. A reappraisal of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs, 1984, 28, 292-323. (Pubitemid 14040422)
26. Woolf, T.F.; Radulovic, L.L. Oxicams: metabolic disposition in man and animals. Drug Metab. Rev., 1989, 21, 255-276. (Pubitemid 20109495)
27. Edwards, J.E.; Loke, Y.K.; Moore, R.A.; McQuay, H.J. Single dose piroxicam for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2000, 4, CD002762.
28. Ando, G.A.; Lombardino, J.G. Piroxicam-A literature review of new results from laboratory and clinical studies. Eur. J. Rheumatol. Inflamm., 1983, 6, 3-23. (Pubitemid 13117536)
29. Public Citizen. Testimony of Sidney M. Wolfe, MD, Before the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee on the Petition to Ban Piroxicam (Feldene) (HRG Publication#1373) http://www.citizen.org/publications/release.cfm?ID=5568, (lastly accessed on December 28, 2012).
30. Anonimous. Piroxicam should remain on US market. Reactions Weekly, 1995, 2, 575.
31. EMEA. European Medicines Agency recommends restricted use of piroxicam. 25 June 2007 http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/press/pr/26514407en. pdf, (lastly accessed on December 28, 2012).
32. Henry, D.; Lim, L.L.; Garcia, Rodriguez, L.A.; Perez, Gutthann, S.; Carson, J.L.; Griffin, M.; Savage, R.; Logan, R.; Moride, Y.; Hawkey, C.; Hill, S.; Fries, J. Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a collaborative meta-analysis. BMJ, 1996, 312, 1563-1566. (Pubitemid 26188573)
33. Hernandez-Diaz, S.; Rodriguez, L.A. Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding/perforation: an overview of epidemiologic studies published in the 1990s. Arch. Intern. Med., 2000, 160, 2093-2099. (Pubitemid 30482713)
34. Lewis, S.C.; Langman, M.J.; Laporte, J.R.; Matthews, J.N.; Rawlins, M.D.; Wiholm, B.E. Dose-response relationships between individual nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis based on individual patient data. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2002, 54, 320-326.
35. Henry, D.; McGettigan, P. Epidemiology overview of gastrointestinal and renal toxicity of NSAIDs. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 2003, 135, 43-49. (Pubitemid 36458878)
36. Lanas, A.; Serrano, P.; Bajador, E.; Fuentes, J.; Sàinz, R. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with non-aspirin cardiovascular drugs, analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2003, 15, 173-178. (Pubitemid 36269782)
37. Laporte, J.R.; Ibáñez, L.; Vidal, X.; Vendrell, L.; Leone, R. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with the use of NSAIDs: newer versus older agents. Drug Saf., 2004, 27, 411-420. (Pubitemid 38608459)
38. Lanas, A.; García-Rodríguez, L.A.; Arroyo, M.T.; Gomollón, F.; Feu. F.; González-Pérez, A.; Zapata, E.; Bástida, G.; Rodrigo, L.; Santolaria, S.; Güell, M.; de Argila, C.M.; Quintero, E.; Borda, F.; Piqué, J.M.; Asociación Española de Gastroenterología. Risk of upper gastrointestinal ulcer bleeding associated with selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, traditional non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin and combinations. Gut, 2006, 55, 1731-1738. (Pubitemid 44893570)
39. Garcia, Rodriguez, L.A. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, ulcers and risk: a collaborative meta-analysis. Semin. Arthritis Rehum., 1997, 26, 16-20.
40. Bollini, P.; Garcia, Rodriguez, L.A.; Perez, Gutthann, S; Walker, A.M. The impact of research quality and study design on epidemiologic estimates of the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on upper gastrointestinal tract disease. Arch. Intern. Med., 1992, 152, 1289-1295.
41. Singh, G.; Scarpignato, C.; Richy, F.; Arana, A.; Lanas, A.; Triadafilopoulos, G. Bias and observational studies: the case of NSAID-induced GI complications. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2007, 66 [Suppl 2], 273.
42. Richy, F.; Bruyere, O.; Ethgen, O.; Rabenda, V.; Bouvenot, G.; Audran, M.; Herrero-Beaumont, G.; Moore, A.; Eliakim, R.; Haim, M.; Reginster, J.Y. Time dependent risk of gastrointestinal complications induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use: a consensus statement using a meta-analytic approach. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2004, 63, 759-766. (Pubitemid 38850444)
43. C.E.B.M. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, 2005.
44. Richy, F.; Scarpignato, C.; Lanas, A.; Reginster, J.Y. Efficacy and safety of piroxicam revisited. A global meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Pharmacol. Res., 2009, 60, 254-263.
45. Helin-Salmivaara, A.; Virtanen, A.; Vesalainen, R.; Gronroos, J.M.; Klaukka, T.; Idanpaan-Heikkila, J.E.; Huupponen, R. NSAID use and the risk of hospitalization for first myocardial infarction in the general population: a nationwide case-control study from Finland. Eur. Heart. J., 2006, 27, 1657-1663. (Pubitemid 44025350)
46. McGettigan, P.; Henry, D. Cardiovascular risk with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review of population-based controlled observational studies. PLoS. Med., 2011, 8, e1001098.
47. Shau, W.Y.; Chen, H.C.; Chen, S.T.; Chou, H.W.; Chang, C.H.; Kuo, C.W.; Lai, M.S. Risk of new acute myocardial infarction hospitalization associated with use of oral and parenteral non-steroidal anti-inflammation drugs (NSAIDs): a case-crossover study of Taiwan's National Health Insurance claims database and review of current evidence. BMC. Cardiovasc. Disord., 2012, 12, 4.
48. Pope, J.E.; Anderson, J.J.; Felson, D.T. A meta-analysis of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on blood pressure. Arch. Intern. Med., 1993, 153, 477-484. (Pubitemid 23064991)
49. García, Rodríguez, L.A.; Perez, Gutthann, S.; Walker, A.M.; Lueck, L. The role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in acute liver injury. BMJ, 1992, 305, 865-688.
50. García, Rodríguez, L.A.; Williams, R.; Derby, L.E.; Dean, A.D.; Jick, H. Acute liver injury associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the role of risk factors. Arch. Intern. Med., 1994, 154, 311-316. (Pubitemid 24055884)
51. Lanza, F.L.; Walker, A.M.; Bortnichak, B.A.; Gause, D.O.; Dreyer, N.A. Incidence of symptomatic liver function abnormalities in a cohort of NSAID users. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., 1995, 4, 231-237.
52. Traversa, G.; Bianchi, C.; Da Cas, R.; Abraha, I.; Menniti-Ippolito, F:, Venegoni, M. Cohort study of hepatotoxicity associated with nimesulide and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ, 2003, 327, 18-22. (Pubitemid 36801886)
53. Naldi, L.; Conforti, A.; Venegoni, M.; Troncon, M.G.; Caputi, A.; Ghiotto, E.; Cocci, A.; Moretti, U.; Velo, G.; Leone, R. Cutaneous reactions to drugs. An analysis of spontaneous reports in four Italian regions. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1999, 48, 839-846.
54. Singh, G.; Vadhavkar, S.; Mithal, A.; Triadafilopoulos, G. Persistence with treatment suggests that the use of piroxicam in clinical practice is more valuable than previously perceived. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2008, 67. [Suppl 2], 394.
55. Arellano, F.M.; Yood, M.U.; Wentworth, C.E.; Oliveria, S.A.; Rivero, E.; Verma, A.; Rothman, K.J. Use of cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors (COX-2) and prescription non-steroidal anti-inflamma tory drugs (NSAIDs) in UK and USA populations. Implications for COX-2 cardiovascular profile. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug. Saf., 2006, 15, 861-872. (Pubitemid 44941639)
56. Scarpignato, C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: how do they damage gastroduodenal mucosa? Dig. Dis., 1995, 13 [Suppl 1], 9-39.
57. Wallace, J.L. Pathogenesis of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol., 2001, 15, 691-703. (Pubitemid 32982360)
58. Scarpignato, C.; Pelosini, I. Prevention and treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastro-duodenal damage: rationale for the use of antisecretory compounds. Ital. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 1999, 31. [Suppl 1], S63-72. (Pubitemid 29248588)
59. Plachetka, J.; Morelli, G.; Hines, C.; BorIand, J.; Kyke, M.; Littlefield, D.; Gardner, J.D. Integrated gastric acidity can predict the prevention of naproxen-induced gastroduodenal pathology in normal subjects. Gastroenterology, 2003, 124. [Suppl 1], A510.
60. Wallace, J.L.; McKnight, W.; Reuter, B.K.; Vergnolle, N. NSAIDinduced gastric damage in rats: requirement for inhibition of both cyclooxygenase 1 and 2. Gastroenterology, 2000, 119, 706-714.
61. Tanaka, A.; Araki, H.; Komoike, Y.; Hase, S.; Takeuchi, K. Inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 is required for development of gastric damage in response to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J. Physiol. Paris, 2001, 95, 21-27. (Pubitemid 33020214)
62. Peskar, B.M. Role of cyclooxygenase isoforms in gastric mucosal defence. J. Physiol. Paris, 2001, 95, 3-9. (Pubitemid 33020212)
63. Bjarnason, I.; Scarpignato, C.; Takeuchi, K.; Rainsford, K.D. Determinants of the short-term gastric damage caused by NSAIDs in man. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 2007, 26, 95-106. (Pubitemid 46889838)
64. Warner, T.D.; Mitchell, J.A. Cyclooxygenases: new forms, new inhibitors, and lessons from the clinic. FASEB J., 2004, 18, 790-804. (Pubitemid 38544498)
65. Aabakken, L.; Olaussen, B.; Mowinckel, P.; Osnes, M. Gastroduodenal lesions associated with two different piroxicam formulations. An endoscopic comparison. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 1992, 27, 1049-1054. (Pubitemid 23000819)
66. Rainsford, K.D. Profile and mechanisms of gastrointestinal and other side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Am. J. Med., 1999, 107, 27S-35S.
67. Fiorucci, S. Prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory druginduced ulcer: looking to the future. Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am., 2009, 38, 315-332.
68. Lee, C.R.; Balfour, J.A. Piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in rheumatic diseases and pain states. Drugs, 1994, 48, 907-929.
69. Abdel-Tawab, M.; Zettl, H.; Schubert-Zsilavecz, M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a critical review on current concepts applied to reduce gastrointestinal toxicity. Curr. Med. Chem., 2009, 16, 2042-2063.
70. Ventura, C.A.; Giannone, I.; Paolino, D.; Pistarà, V.; Corsaro, A.; Puglisi, G. Preparation of celecoxib-dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex: characterization and in vitro permeation study. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2005, 40, 624-631. (Pubitemid 40797558)
71. Singh, I.; Aboul-Enein, H.Y. Influence of water soluble polymers on hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complexation of rofecoxib. Pharmazie, 2007, 62, 284-286. (Pubitemid 46596373)
72. Cram, D.J. The design of molecular hosts, guests and their complexes. Science, 1988, 240, 760-767.
73. Lehn, J-M. Supramolecular chemistry: receptors, catalysts and carriers. Science, 1985, 227, 849-856. (Pubitemid 15090454)
74. Nobel Prize WebSite. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987, Cram, D.J.; Lehn, J-M.; Pedersen, C.J. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel-prizes/chemistry/ laureates/1987, (lastly accessed on December 28, 2012).
75. Del Valle, E.M.M. Cyclodextrins and their uses: a review. Process Biochemistry, 2004, 39, 1033-1046. (Pubitemid 38527174)
76. Lasagna, L. Macrocyclic molecules and their pharmacological applications. Eur. J. Rheumatol. Inflamm., 1993, 12, 3-5.
77. Loftsson, T.; Jarho, P.; Másson, M.; Järvinen, T. Cyclodextrins in drug delivery. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 2005, 2, 335-351. (Pubitemid 41130887)
78. Szejtli, J. Medicinal applications of cyclodextrins. Med. Res. Rev., 1994, 14, 353-386. (Pubitemid 24142073)
79. Stella, V.J.; Rajewski, R.A. Cyclodextrins: their future in drug formulation and delivery. Pharm. Res., 1997, 14, 556-567. (Pubitemid 27220271)
80. Rajewski, R.A.; Stella, V.J. Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. 2. In vivo drug delivery. J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 1142-1169. (Pubitemid 26372882)
81. Woodcock, B.; Acerbi, G.D.; Merz, P.G.; Rietbrock, S.; Rietbrock, N. Supermolecular inclusion of piroxicam with beta-cyclodextrin: pharmacokinetic properties in man. Eur. J. Rheumatol. Inflamm., 1993, 12, 12-28.
82. Redenti, E.; Peveri, T.; Zanol, M.; Ventura, P.; Gnappi, G.; Montenero, A. A study on the differentiation between amorphous piroxicam:-cyclodextrin complex and a mixture of the 2 amorphous components. Int. J. Pharm., 1996, 129, 289-294.
83. Chiesi-Villa, A.; Rizzoli, C.; Amari, G.; Delcanale, M.; Redenti, E.; Ventura, P. The crystal structure of the inclusion complex of the sodium salt of piroxicam with-cyclodextrin. Supramol. Chem., 1998, 10, 111-119. (Pubitemid 128579687)
84. Kurozumi, M.; Nambu, N.; Nagai, T. Inclusion compounds of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory and other slightly water soluble drugs with alpha-and beta-cyclodextrins in powdered form. Chem. Pharm. Blull. (Tokio), 1975, 23, 3062-3068.
85. Lin, S.Y.; Kao, Y.H. Solid particulates of drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes directly prepared by spray-drying technique. Int. J. Pharm., 1989, 56, 249-259.
86. van Hees, T.; Piel, G.; Evrard, B.; Otte, X.; Thunus, L.; Delattre, L. Application of supercritical carbon dioxide for the preparation of a piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion compound. Pharm. Res., 1999, 16, 1864-1870. (Pubitemid 30040703)
87. Gerlóczy, A.; Fónagy, A.; Keresztes, P.; Perlaky, L.; Szejtli, J. Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of orally adm inistered 14C-beta-cyclodextrin in rat. Arzneimittelforschung, 1985, 35, 1042-1047. (Pubitemid 15033420)
88. Szejtli, J. Introduction and general overview of cyclodextrin chemistry. Chem. Rev., 1998, 98, 1743-1754.
89. Cadel, S.; Bongrani, S. Beta-cyclodextrin complexation improves absorption and gastric tolerability of piroxicam. Acta. Physiol. Hung., 1990, 75. [Suppl], 45-46. (Pubitemid 20317878)
90. Zecchi, V.; Orienti, I.; Fini, A. Control of NDAID dissolution by beta-cyclodextrin complexation. Pharm. Acta. Helv., 1988, 63, 299-302. (Pubitemid 19070566)
91. Lanas, A.; Scarpignato, C. Microbial flora in NSAID-induced intestinal damage: a role for antibiotics? Digestion, 2006, 73. [Suppl 1], 136-150.
92. Lister, R.E.; Acerbi, D.; Cadel, S. Supermolecular inclusion of piroxicam with beta-cyclodextrin: a review of its pharmacological properties in laboratory animals. Eur. J. Rheumatol. Inflamm., 1993, 12, 6-11.
93. Toyoda, K.; Shoda, T.; Uneyama, C.; Takada, K.; Takahashi, M. Carcinogenicity study of beta-cyclodextrin in F344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 1997, 35, 331-336. (Pubitemid 27266007)
94. Irie, T.; Uekama, K. Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins. III. Toxicological issues and safety evaluation. J. Pharm. Sci., 1997, 86, 147-162. (Pubitemid 27078377)
95. Stella, V.J.; Quanren, H. Cyclodextrins. Toxicol. Pathol., 2008, 36, 30-42.
96. Acerbi, D.; Labecq, E. Jr.; Rondelli, I.; Stockis, A.; Ventura, P. Rapid oral absorption profile of piroxicam from its ?-cyclodextrin complex. Drug Invest., 1990, 2. [Suppl 4], 50-55.
97. Golub, A.L.; Frost, R.W.; Betlach, C.J.; Gonzalez, M.A. Physiologic considerations in drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1986, 78, 689-694. (Pubitemid 17170582)
98. Kimura, T.; Higaki, K. Gastrointestinal transit and drug absorption. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2002, 25, 149-164. (Pubitemid 39592096)
99. Olkkola, K.T.; Brunetto, A.V.; Mattila, M.J. Pharmacokinetics of oxicam nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 1994, 26, 107-120. (Pubitemid 24064235)
100. Acerbi, D. Pharmacokinetic profile of Piroxicam-?-cyclodextrin. Drug Invest., 1990, 2. [Suppl 4], 42-49
101. Acerbi, D.; Bonati, C.; Boscarino, G.; Bufalino, L.; Cesari, F.; D'Ambrosio, E.; Mansanti, P.; Scali, G. Pharmacokinetic study on piroxicam at the steady-state in elderly subjects and younger adults after administration of piroxicam beta-cyclodextrin. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res., 1988, 8, 175-180.
102. Rugstad, H.E.; Hundal, O.; Holme, I.; Herland, OB.; Husby, G.; Giercksky, K.E. Piroxicam and naproxen plasma concentrations in patients with osteoarthritis: relation to age, sex, efficacy and adverse events. Clin. Rheumatol., 1986, 5, 389-398. (Pubitemid 17137974)
103. Verbeeck, R.K.; Richardson, C.J.; Blocka, K.L. Clinical pharmacokinetics of piroxicam. J. Rheumatol., 1986, 13, 789-796. (Pubitemid 16015649)
104. Bannwart, B.; Bertin, P.; Péhourcq, F.; Schaeverbeke, T.; Gillet, P.; Lefrançois, G.; Trèves, R.; Dehais, J.; Netter, P.; Gaucher, A. Piroxicam concentrations in plasma and synovial fluid after a single dose of piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2001, 39, 33-36. (Pubitemid 32048060)
105. Read, N.W.; Sugden, K. Gastrointestinal dynamics and pharmacology for the optimum design of controlled-release oral dosage forms. Crit. Rev.Ther. Drug Carrier Syst., 1988, 4, 221-263. (Pubitemid 18003661)
106. Locatelli, I.; Nagelj, Kovacic, N.; Mrhar, A.; Bogataj, M. Gastric emptying of non-disintegrating solid drug delivery systems in fasted state: relevance to drug dissolution. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 2010, 7, 967-976.
107. Lindberg, N.O.; Hansson, H. Effervescent Pharmaceuticals Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Volume-1, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2002, 1037-1049.
108. Mohrle, R. Effervescent tablets in Liberman, H.; Lachman, L.; and Schwartz, J.; Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Tablets, Volume 1, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2002, pp. 285-326.
109. Eichman, J.D.; Robinson, J.R. Mechanistic studies on effervescentinduced permeability enhancement. Pharm. Res., 1998, 15, 925-930. (Pubitemid 28307836)
110. Schindler, J.S.; Kelly, J.H.; Swallowing disorders in the elderly. Laryngoscope, 2002, 112, 589-602. (Pubitemid 34285921)
111. Lock, G. Physiology and pathology of the oesophagus in the elderly patient. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol., 2001, 15, 919-941. (Pubitemid 34110601)
112. Bersani, Amado, C.A.; Taniguchi, S.F.; Sudo, L.S.; Kimura, E.; Oga, S. Effect pf piroxicam-cyclodextrin complex on experimental inflammation. Gen. Pharmacol., 1995, 26, 809-813.
113. Cadel, S.; Bongrani, S. Toxicological profile of Piroxicam-cyclodextrin. Drug. Invest., 1990, 2. [Suppl 4], 37-41.
114. Alsarra, I.A.; Ahmed, M.O.; Alanazi, F.K.; Eltahir, K.E.; Alsheikh, A.M.; Neau, S.H. Influence of cyclodextrin complexation with NSAIDs on NSAID/cold stress-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Int. J. Med. Sci., 2010, 7, 232-239.
115. Cooper, S.A.; Beaver, W.T. A model to evaluate mild analgesics in oral surgery outpatients. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 1976, 20, 241-250.
116. Fornai, M.; Colucci, R.; Graziani, F.; Cei, S.; Antonioli, L.; Tonelli, M.; Vassalle, C.; Blandizzi, C.; Gabriele, M.; Del Tacca, M. Cyclooxygenase-2 induction after oral surgery does not entirely account for analgesia after selective blockade of cyclooxygenase 2 in the preoperative period. Anesthesiology, 2006, 104, 152-157.
117. Ridgway, D. Analgesics for acute pain: Meeting the United States Food and Drug Administration's requirements for proof of efficacy. Clin. J. Pain, 2004, 20, 123-132. (Pubitemid 38544030)
118. Abdel, Wahab, M.H.; Kennedy, J.G. The effect of rate of increase of electrical current on the sensation thresholds of teeth. J. Dent. Res., 1987, 66, 799-801.
119. Bauduin, H.; Famaey, J.P. Comparison of the analagesic effects of-cyclodextrin-piroxicam, sodium naproxen, and potassium diclofenac utilizing the dental pain model. J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother., 1995, 3, 19-29. (Pubitemid 26014626)
120. Wang, D.; Miller, R.; Zheng, J.; Chuanpu, H. Comparative population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis for piroxicambeta-cyclodextrin and piroxicam. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2000, 40, 1257-1266.
121. Lanza, F.L.; Graham, D.Y.; Davis, R.E.; Rack, M.F. Endoscopic comparison of cimetidine and sucralfate for prevention of naproxen-induced acute gastroduodenal injury. Effect of scoring method. Dig. Dis. Sci., 1990, 35, 1494-1499.
122. Müller, P.; Simon, B. Comparative endoscopic study of gastroduodenal tolerance of piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin vs piroxicam. Z. Rheumatol., 1997, 56, 76-79. [German]. (Pubitemid 27279449)
123. Santucci, L.; Fiorucci, S.; Chiucchiu, S.; Sicilia, A.; Bufalino, L., Morelli, A.; Placebo-controlled comparison of piroxicam-betacyclodextrin, piroxicam, and indomethacin on gastric potential difference and mucosal injury in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci., 1992, 37, 1825-1832. (Pubitemid 23026472)
124. Patoia, L.; Clausi, G.; Farroni, F.; Alberti, P.; Fugiani, P.; Bufalino, L. Comparison of faecal blood loss, upper gastrointestinal mucosal integrity and symptoms after piroxicam beta-cyclodextrin, piroxicam and placebo administration. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1989, 36, 599-604. (Pubitemid 19175872)
125. Korman, M.G.; Bolin, T.D.; Szabo, S.; Hunt, R.H.; Marks, I.N.; Glise, H. Sucralfate: the Bangkok review. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 1994, 9; 412-415. (Pubitemid 24227918)
126. Vasquez, T.E.; Pretorius, H.T.; Greenspan, G. Radiolabeled sucralfate: a review of clinical efficacy. Nucl. Med. Commun., 1987, 8, 327-334. (Pubitemid 17092723)
127. Nervetti, A.; Ambanelli, U.; Ugolotti, G. Assessment of gastric mucosal damage by a new inclusion complex of piroxicam with-cyclodextrin: a functional study by a scintigraphic method. J. Drug. Dev., 1991, 4. [Suppl 1], 39-42.
128. Scarpignato, C.; Pelosini, I.; Bruley, des Varannes, S. La différence de potentiel oesophagienne: un marqueur de l'intégrité muqueuse. Hepato-gastro., 1998, 5, 213-221. (Pubitemid 28258740)
129. Scarpignato, C.; Corradi, C.; Gandolfi, M.A.; Galmiche, J.P. A new technique for continuous measurement and recording of gastric potential difference in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods, 1995, 34, 63-72.
130. Scarpignato, C.; Galmiche, J.P. Simultaneous measurement and recording of gastric potential difference and intragastric pH in man. Dig. Dis., 1990, 8. [Suppl 1], 60-70.
131. Moore, R.A.; Derry, S.; McQuay, H.J. Faecal blood loss with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitors: systematic review of randomized trials using autologous chromium-labelled erythrocytes. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2008, 10, R7.
132. Arvidsson, B.; Magnusson, B.; Sölvell, Magnusson, A. Acetylsalicylic acid and gastrointestinal bleeding measurement of blood loss using a modified radioactive chromium method. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 1975, 10, 155-160.
133. Warrington, S.; Debbas, N.; Farthing, M.; Horton, M.; Umile, A. Piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin: effects on gastrointestinal blood loss and gastric mucosal appearance in healthy men. Int. J. Tiss. Reac., 1991, 13, 243-248.
134. Mäntyselkä, P.; Kumpusalo, E.; Ahonen, R.; Kumpusalo, A.; Kauhanen, J.; Viinamäki, H.; Halonen, P.; Takala, J. Pain as a reason to visit the doctor: a study in Finnish primary health care. Pain, 2001, 89, 175-180. (Pubitemid 32146396)
135. Jones, R.B.N.; Culpepper, L.; Gass, D.; Grol, R.; Mant, D.; Silagy, C. ed. The nature of primary medical care. London, Oxford University Press, 2003.
136. Prescription Cost Analysis Engalnd 2006. Vol. 2008, Information Centre for Health and Social Care, 2007.
137. American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Osteoarthritis Guidelines. Recommendations for the medical management of osteoarthritis of the hip and knee: 2000 update. Arthritis. Rheum., 2000, 43, 1905-1915.
138. Simon, L.S.; Lipman, A.G.; Jacox, A.K.; et al. Pain in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile chronic arthritis. In: Clinic Practice Guideline, no. 2. American Pain Society (APS), Glenview, IL, 2002, 1-179.
139. Jordan, K.M.; Arden, N.K.; Doherty, M.; Bannwarth, B.; Bijlsma, J.W.; Dieppe, P.; Gunther, K.; Hauselmann, H.; Herrero-Beaumont, G.; Kaklamanis, P.; Lohmander, S.; Lee, B.; Lequesne, M.; Mazieres, B.; Martin-Mola, E.; Pavelka, K.; Pendleton, A.; Punzi, L.; Serni, U.; Swoboda, B.; Verbruggen, G.; Zimmerman-Gorska, I.; Dougados, M. Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials ESCISIT. EULAR recommendations 2003: an evidence-based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis [Report of a task force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT)]. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2003, 62, 1145-1155. (Pubitemid 37500619)
140. Zhang, W.; Jones, A.; Doherty, M. Does paracetamol (acetaminophen) reduce the pain of osteoarthritis? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2004, 63, 901-907. (Pubitemid 38961912)
141. Graham, G.G.; Day, R.O.; Graudins, A.; Mohamudally, A. FDA proposals to limit the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol (acetaminophen): are they reasonable? Inflammopharmacology, 2010, 18, 47-55.
142. González-Pérez, A.; Rodríguez, L.A. Upper gastrointestinal complications among users of paracetamol. Basic. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2006, 98, 297-303.
143. Chan, A.T.; Manson, J.E.; Albert, C.M.; Chae, C.U.; Rexrode, K.M.; Curhan, G.C.; Rimm, E.B.; Willett, W.C.; Fuchs, C.S. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and the risk of cardiovascular events. Circulation, 2006, 113, 1578-1587. (Pubitemid 43739417)
144. Curhan, G.C.; Willett, W.C.; Rosner, B.; Stampfer, M.J. Frequency of analgesic use and risk of hypertension in younger women. Arch. Intern. Med., 2002, 162, 2204-2208. (Pubitemid 35231589)
145. Forman, J.P.; Rimm, E.B.; Curhan, G.C. Frequency of analgesic use and risk of hypertension in men. Arch. Intern. Med., 2007, 167, 394-399. (Pubitemid 46333941)
146. Hinz, B.; Cheremina, O.; Brune, K. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man. FASEB J., 2008, 22, 383-390. (Pubitemid 351225574)
147. Manzini, C.U.; Masci, M.T.; Oliani, C.; Setti, T.; Manzini, E. Analgesic activity of piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin complex (granulate formulation) in the treatment of osteoarthritic pain. Arch. Med. Int., 1989, 41, 289-297. (Pubitemid 20387179)
148. La Montagna, G.; Parenti, M.; Oliani, C.; Filippi, F.; Tirri, G. Betacyclodextrin-piroxicam in the treatment of the active phase of osteoarthritic Pathology. Riv. Eur. Sci. Med. Farmacol., 1990, 12, 265-272.
149. Riccieri, V.; Spadaro, A.; Zoppini, A. Use of the complex piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin in osteoarthritic pathology: a controlled study vs. diclofenac sodium. Arch. Med. Int., 1990, 42, 189-199.
150. Ambanelli, U.; Nervetti, A.; et al. Piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: a prospective study. Curr. Ther. Res., 1990, 48, 58-68. (Pubitemid 20230534)
151. Bonardelli, P.; Oliani, C.; Monici, Preti, P.A.; Pellicanò, P.; Quattrocchi, G. Efficacy and gastrointestinal tolerability of betacyclodextrin-piroxicam and tenoxicam in the treatment of chronic osteoarthritis. Clin. Ther., 1990, 12, 547-555.
152. Tamburro, P.; Galasso, G. The pain-relieving effect of piroxicambeta-cyclodextrin in the treatment of acute musculoskeletal and articular pain. A controlled clinical trial. Il Rheumatologo, 1989, 10.
153. La Montagna, G.; Tirri, G.; Cacace, E.; Perpignano, G.; Covelli, M.; Pipitone, V.; D'agostino, P.; Magarò, M.; Ferraccioli, G.; Mascia, M.T.; Manzini, E.; Minari, C.; Barreca, C.; Marcolongo, R.; Parsece, E.; Colombo, B. Quality of life assessment during six months of NSAID treatment [Gonarthrosis and Quality of Life (GOAL) Study]. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 1998, 16, 49-54. (Pubitemid 28133481)
154. Chang, S.T.; Chen, L.C.; Chang, C.C.; Chu, H.Y.; Tsai, K.C. Effects of piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin sachets on abnormal postural sway in patients with chronic low back pain. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 2008, 33, 495-506.
155. Harel, Z. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2008, 1135, 185-195. (Pubitemid 351862123)
156. French, L. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents: diagnosis and treatment. Paediatr. Drugs, 2008, 10, 1-7.
157. Zahradnik, H.P.; Hanjalic-Beck, A.; Groth, K. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and hormonal contraceptives for pain relief from dysmenorrhea: a review. Contraception, 2010, 81, 185-196.
158. Marjoribanks, J.; Proctor, M.; Farquhar, C.; Derks, R.S. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2010, 1, CD001751.
159. Costa, S. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor piroxicam betacyclodextrin in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Curr. Ther. Res., 1987, 42, 156-164. (Pubitemid 17109859)
160. Dawood, M.Y. Efficacy and safety of piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin (PBCD, Brexidol)-comparison studies with ibuprofen, naproxen sodium and placebo in the relief of moderate or severe abdominal pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. Today's Therapeutic Trends, 1999, 17, 273-288. (Pubitemid 30003018)
161. Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine. Acute pain management: scientific evidence. 2nd ed. 2005. http://www.anzca.edu.au/publications/acutepain.htm (accessed 17 Dec, 2006).
162. van den Bosch, J.E.; Bonsel, G.J.; Moons, K.G.; Kalkman, C.J. Effect of postoperative experiences on willingness to pay to avoid postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting. Anesthesiology, 2006, 104, 1033-1039.
163. Harmer, M.; Davies, K.A. The effect of education, assessment and a standardised proscription on postoperative pain management. Anaesthesia, 1998, 53, 424-430. (Pubitemid 28223070)
164. Svensson, C.I.; Yaksh, T.L. The spinal phospholipasecyclooxygenase- prostanoid cascade in nociceptive processing. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2002, 42, 553-583. (Pubitemid 34162547)
165. Elia, N.; Lysakowski, C.; Tramer, M.R. Does multimodal analgesia with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and patient-controlled analgesia morphine offer advantages over morphine alone? Meta-analyses of randomized trials. Anesthesiology, 2005, 103, 1296-1304. (Pubitemid 41692514)
166. Michelacci, M.; Boscarino, G.; Acerbi, D.; Bufalino, L.; Gardini, F. Analgesic effect and pharmacokinetics of a piroxicam betacyclodextrin oral formulation in post-surgical pain. Clin. Trials J., 1990, 27, 176-186.
167. Simone, C.; Oliani, C. Beta-cyclodextrin-piroxicam: efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of pain after bone and joint surgery. Curr. Ther. Res., 1990, 47, 541-547. (Pubitemid 20104064)
168. Martens, M. Oral beta-cyclodextrin-piroxicam versus intramuscular piroxicam for postoperative pain after orthopedic surgery. Curr. Ther. Res., 1994, 55, 396-400. (Pubitemid 24176117)
169. Dolci, G.; Ripari, M.; Pacifici, L.; Umile, A. Evaluation of piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin, piroxicam, paracetamol and placebo in post-operative oral surgery pain. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res., 1994, 14, 185-191.
170. Marcucci, M.; Panelli, G.; Cambini, S. Clinical experience in the treatment of dental pain. Clin. J. Pain, 1991, 7. [Suppl 1], S72-S76.
171. Lauretti, G.R.; Mattos, A.L.; Lima, I.C. Tramadol and betacyclodextrin piroxicam: effective multimodal balanced analgesia for the intra-and postoperative period. Reg. Anesth., 1997, 22, 243-248.
172. Giacovazzo, M.; Martelletti, P.; Zaurito, V. Piroxicam-betacyclodextrin in the treatment of headache: acute analgesic effect and prevention of onset of headache attacks. Giorn. Neuropsicofarmacologia, 1990, 12, 27-33.
173. Davoli, L.; Ciotti, G.; Biondi, M.; Passeri, M. Piroxicam- betacyclodextrin in the treatment of low-back pain: controlled sudy vs estodolac. Curr. Ther. Res., 1989, 46, 940-947. (Pubitemid 19285556)
174. Ganzit, G.P.; Gribaudo, C.G.; Verzini, F.; Monici, Preti, P.A.; Oliani, C. Piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin in acute sports injuries: controlled study versus naproxen sodium. Curr. Ther. Res., 1989, 46, 452-461. (Pubitemid 19232513)
175. Galasso, G.; Tamburro, P.; Vecchiet, L. Analgesic activity of betacyclodextrin-piroxicam and tenoxicam in acute soft tissue injuries. Adv. Ther., 1990, 71, 43-50. (Pubitemid 20139477)
176. Castiglione, G.N. PSUR on piroxicam-?-cyclodextrin. Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, [2008 and subsequent summary bridging reports].
177. Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 2012. Piroxicam-beta-cyclodextrin prescribing information.
178. Van der Linden, M.W.; Gaugris, S.; Kuipers, E.J.; Van den Bemt, B.J.; van Herk-Sukel, M.P.; Herings, R.M. Gastroprotection among new chronic users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a study of utilization and adherence in The Netherlands. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2009, 25, 195-204.
179. Herlitz, J.; Tóth, P.P.; Naesdal, J. Low-dose aspirin therapy for cardiovascular prevention: quantification and consequences of poor compliance or discontinuation. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs, 2010, 10, 125-141.
180. Hunt, R.H.; Choquette, D.; Craig, B.N.; De Angelis, C.; Habal, F.; Fulthorpe, G.; Stewart, J.I.; Turpie, A.G.G.; Davis, P. Approach to managing musculoskeletal pain: Acetaminophen, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, or traditional NSAIDs? Can. Fam. Physician, 2007, 53, 1177-1184. (Pubitemid 47236003)
181. Rostom, A.; Muir, K.; Dubé, C.; Jolicoeur, E.; Boucher, M.; Joyce, J.; Tugwell, P.; Wells, G.W. Gastrointestinal safety of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: a Cochrane Collaboration systematic review. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2007, 5, 818-828.
182. Wang, X.; Tian, H.J.; Yang, H.K.; Wanyan, P.; Peng, Y.J. Metaanalysis: cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are no better than nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with proton pump inhibitors in regard to gastrointestinal adverse events in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2011, 23, 876-880.
183. Hawkey, C.J.; Skelly, M.M. Gastrointestinal safety of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2002, 8, 1077-1089. (Pubitemid 34498636)
184. Hawkey, C.; Talley, N.J.; Yeomans, N.D.; Jones, R.; Sung, J.J.; Långström, G.; Naesdal, J.; Scheiman, J.M.; NASA1 SPACE1 Study Group. Improvements with esomeprazole in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms taking non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2005, 100, 1028-1036. (Pubitemid 40769038)
185. Hawkey, C.J.; Jones, R.H.; Yeomans, N.D.; Scheiman, J.M.; Talley, N.J.; Goldstein, J.L.; Ahlbom, H.; Naesdal, J. Efficacy of esomeprazole for resolution of symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation in continuous users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 2007, 25, 813-821. (Pubitemid 46434908)
186. Scheiman, J.M.; Yeomans, N.D.; Talley, N.J.; Vakil, N.; Chan, F.K.; Tulassay, Z.; Rainoldi, J.L.; Szczepanski, L.; Ung, K.A.; Kleczkowski, D.; Ahlbom, H.; Naesdal, J.; Hawkey, C. Prevention of ulcers by esomeprazole in at-risk patients using non-selective NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2006, 101, 701-710.
187. Purcell, H. Ibuprofen and cardiovascular safety: where do we stand? J. R. Soc. Med., 2007, 100. [Suppl 48], 7-10. (Pubitemid 351204440)
188. Krötz, F.; Struthmann, L. A Review on the risk of myocardial infarction associated with the NSAID diclofenac. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets, 2010, 10, 53-65.
189. Burmester, G.; Lanas, A.; Biasucci, L.; Hermann, M.; Lohmander, S.; Olivieri, I.; Scarpignato, C.; Smolen, J.; Hawkey, C.; Bajkowski, A.; Berenbaum, F.; Breedveld, F.; Dieleman, P.; Dougados, M.; MacDonald, T.; Mola, E.M.; Mets, T.; Van den Noortgate, N.; Stoevelaar, H. The appropriate use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in rheumatic disease: opinions of a multidisciplinary European expert panel. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2011, 70, 818-822.
190. Antman, E.M.; Bennett, J.S.; Daugherty, A.; Furberg, C.; Roberts, H.; Taubert, K.A.; American Heart Association. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2007, 115, 1634-1642. (Pubitemid 46648649)
191. Brooks, P.M.; Day, R.O. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugsdifferences and similarities. N. Engl. J. Med., 1991, 324, 1716-1725.
192. Gaynor, B.J.; Constantine J.W. The effect of piroxicam on platelet aggregation. Experientia, 1979, 35, 797-798. (Pubitemid 9196332)
193. Cronberg, S.; Wallmark, E.; Söderberg, I. Effect on platelet aggregation of oral administration of 10 non-steroidal analgesics to humans. Scand. J. Haematol., 1984, 33, 155-159. (Pubitemid 14068687)
194. Drvota, V.; Vesterqvist, O.; Gréen, K. Effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs on the in vivo synthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclin in humans. Adv. Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot. Res., 1991, 21A, 153-156.
195. Koytchev, R.; Alken, R.G.; Gromnica-Ihle, E. Serum concentration of piroxicam and inhibition of platelet aggregation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and M. Bechterew. Agents Actions, 1994, 43, 48-52. (Pubitemid 24368184)
196. Nadell, J.; Bruno, J.; Varady, J.; Segre, E.J. Effect of naproxen and of aspirin on bleeding time and platelet aggregation. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1974, 14, 176-182.
197. Schiff, M.; Hochberg, M.C.; Oldenhof, J.; Brune, K. Platelet inhibitory effects of OTC doses of naproxen sodium compared with prescription dose naproxen sodium and low-dose aspirin. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2009, 25, 2471-2477.
198. Leese, P.T.; Hubbard, R.C.; Karim, A.; Isakson, P.C.; Yu, S.S.; Geis, G.S. Effects of celecoxib, a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on platelet function in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2000, 40, 124-132.
199. Van Hecken, A.; Schwartz, J.I.; Depré, M.; De Lepeleire, I.; Dallob, A.; Tanaka, W.; Wynants, K.; Buntinx, A.; Arnout, J.; Wong, P.H.; Ebel, D.L.; Gertz, B.J.; De Schepper, P.J. Comparative inhibitory activity of rofecoxib, meloxicam, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen on COX-2 versus COX-1 in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2000, 40, 1109-1120.
200. White, W.B.; West, C.R.; Borer, J.S.; Gorelick, P.B.; Lavange, L.; Pan, S.X.; Weiner, E.; Verburg, K.M. Risk of cardiovascular events in patients receiving celecoxib: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am. J. Cardiol., 2007, 99, 91-98. (Pubitemid 44969347)
201. Strand, V. Are COX-2 inhibitors preferable to non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with risk of cardiovascular events taking low-dose aspirin? Lancet, 2007, 370, 2138-2151. (Pubitemid 350296305)