Self-eating: Friend or foe? the emerging role of autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Margaritopoulos, George A ^a   Tsitoura, Eliza ^b   Tzanakis, Nikos ^a   Spandidos, Demetrios A ^b   Siafakas, Nikos M ^a   Sourvinos, George ^b   Antoniou, Katerina M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF HERAKLION   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; BECLIN 1; BEVACIZUMAB; CARBOPLATIN; CHLOROQUINE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; NELFINAVIR; PACLITAXEL; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BNIP3; RAPAMYCIN; SURFACTANT PROTEIN C; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TUBERIN;

APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGOSOME; AUTOPHAGY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; HUMAN; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS; MACROAUTOPHAGY; MICROAUTOPHAGY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN TENSION; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SMOKING; WESTERN BLOTTING; ANIMAL; PATHOLOGY;

ANIMALS; AUTOPHAGY; HUMANS; IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS;

EID: 84877298036     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/420497     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Margaritopoulos G. A., Romagnoli M., Poletti V., Siafakas N. M., Wells A. U., Antoniou K. M., Recent advances in the pathogenesis and clinical evaluation of pulmonary fibrosis. European Respiratory Review 2012 21 123 48 56
2. Vancheri C., Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an altered fibroblast proliferation linked to cancer biology. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 2012 9 153 157
3. Taniguchi H., Ebina M., Kondoh Y., Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. European Respiratory Journal 2010 35 821 829
4. Demedts M., Behr J., Buhl R., Costabel U., Dekhuijzen R., Jansen H. M., MacNee W., Thomeer M., Wallaert B., Laurent F., Nicholson A. G., Verbeken E. K., Verschakelen J., Flower C. D. R., Capron F., Petruzzelli S., De Vuyst P., Van Den Bosch J. M. M., Rodriguez-Becerra E., Corvasce G., Lankhorst I., Sardina M., Montanari M., High-dose acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The New England Journal of Medicine 2005 353 21 2229 2242 2-s2.0-28144459814 10.1056/NEJMoa042976 (Pubitemid 41697286)
5. Patel A. S., Lin L., Geyer A., Autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2012 7 e41394
6. Araya J., Kojima J., Takasaka N., Insufficient autophagy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. American Journal of Physiology 2013 4 1 56 69
7. Haspel J. A., Choi A. M., Autophagy:a core cellular process with emerging links to pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2011 184 1237 1246
8. Kim I., Rodriguez-Enriquez S., Lemasters J. J., Selective degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2007 462 2 245 253 2-s2.0-34249934085 10.1016/j.abb.2007.03.034 (Pubitemid 46876640)
9. Levine B., Eating oneself and uninvited guests: autophagy-related pathways in cellular defense. Cell 2005 120 2 159 162 2-s2.0-12944308330 10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.005 (Pubitemid 40174758)
10. Levine B., Sinha S., Kroemer G., Bcl-2 family members: dual regulators of apoptosis and autophagy. Autophagy 2008 4 5 600 606 2-s2.0-48249092267
11. Mizushima N., Komatsu M., Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues. Cell 2011 147 728 741
12. Itakura E., Kishi C., Inoue K., Mizushima N., Beclin 1 forms two distinct phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complexes with mammalian Atg14 and UVRAG. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2008 19 12 5360 5372 2-s2.0-59249089394 10.1091/mbc.E08-01-0080
13. Gutierrez M. G., Munafó D. B., Berón W., Colombo M. I., Rab7 is required for the normal progression of the autophagic pathway in mammalian cells. Journal of Cell Science 2004 117 13 2687 2697 2-s2.0-3242877218 10.1242/jcs.01114 (Pubitemid 38997252)
14. Jäger S., Bucci C., Tanida I., Ueno T., Kominami E., Saftig P., Eskelinen E. L., Role for Rab7 in maturation of late autophagic vacuoles. Journal of Cell Science 2004 117 20 4837 4848 2-s2.0-7244255989 10.1242/jcs.01370 (Pubitemid 39433449)
15. Ohsumi Y., Mizushima N., Two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems essential for autophagy. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 2004 15 2 231 236 2-s2.0-1342321743 10.1016/j.semcdb.2003.12.004 (Pubitemid 38251652)
16. He H., Dang Y., Dai F., Guo Z., Wu J., She X., Pei Y., Chen Y., Ling W., Wu C., Zhao S., Liu J. O., Yu L., Post-translational modifications of three members of the human MAP1LC3 family and detection of a novel type of modification for MAP1LC3B. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003 278 31 29278 29287 2-s2.0-0042206454 10.1074/jbc.M303800200 (Pubitemid 36935844)
17. Kabeya Y., Mizushima N., Ueno T., Yamamoto A., Kirisako T., Noda T., Kominami E., Ohsumi Y., Yoshimori T., LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing. EMBO Journal 2000 19 21 5720 5728 2-s2.0-0034329418
18. Swanlund J. M., Kregel K. C., Oberley T. D., Investigating autophagy: quantitative morphometric analysis using electron microscopy. Autophagy 2010 6 2 270 277 2-s2.0-77953530939 10.4161/auto.6.2.10439
19. Klionsky D. J., Abeliovich H., Agostinis P., Agrawal D. K., Aliev G., Askew D. S., Baba M., Baehrecke E. H., Bahr B. A., Ballabio A., Bamber B. A., Bassham D. C., Bergamini E., Bi X., Biard-Piechaczyk M., Blum J. S., Bredesen D. E., Brodsky J. L., Brumell J. H., Brunk U. T., Bursch W., Camougrand N., Cebollero E., Cecconi F., Chen Y., Chin L. S., Choi A., Chu C. T., Chung J., Clarke P. G. H., Clark R. S. B., Clarke S. G., Clavé C., Cleveland J. L., Codogno P., Colombo M. I., Cotomontes A., Cregg J. M., Cuervo A. M., Debnath J., Demarchi F., Dennis P. B., Dennis P. A., Deretic V., Devenish R. J., Di Sano F., Dice J. F., DiFiglia M., Dinesh-Kumar S., Distelhorst C. W., Djavaheri-Mergny M., Dorsey F. C., Dröge W., Dron M., Dunn W. A., Duszenko M., Eissa N. T., Elazar Z., Esclatine A., Eskelinen E. L., Fésüs L., Finley K. D., Fuentes J. M., Fueyo J., Fujisaki K., Galliot B., Gao F. B., Gewirtz D. A., Gibson S. B., Gohla A., Goldberg A. L., Gonzalez R., González-Estévez C., Gorski S., Gottlieb R. A., Häussinger D., He Y. W., Heidenreich K., Hill J. A., Høyer-Hansen M., Hu X., Huang W. P., Iwasaki A., Jäättelä M., Jackson W. T., Jiang X., Jin S., Johansen T., Jung J. U., Kadowaki M., Kang C., Kelekar A., Kessel D. H., Kiel J. A. K. W., Hong P. K., Kimchi A., Kinsella T. J., Kiselyov K., Kitamoto K., Knecht E., Komatsu M., Kominami E., Kondo S., Kovács A. L., Kroemer G., Kuan C. Y., Kumar R., Kundu M., Landry J., Laporte M., Le W., Lei H. Y., Lenardo M. J., Levine B., Lieberman A., Lim K. L., Lin F. C., Liou W., Liu L. F., Lopez-Berestein G., López-Otín C., Lu B., Macleod K. F., Malorni W., Martinet W., Matsuoka K., Mautner J., Meijer A. J., Meléndez A., Michels P., Miotto G., Mistiaen W. P., Mizushima N., Mograbi B., Monastyrska I., Moore M. N., Moreira P. I., Moriyasu Y., Motyl T., Münz C., Murphy L. O., Naqvi N. I., Neufeld T. P., Nishino I., Nixon R. A., Noda T., Nürnberg B., Ogawa M., Oleinick N. L., Olsen L. J., Ozpolat B., Paglin S., Palmer G. E., Papassideri I., Parkes M., Perlmutter D. H., Perry G., Piacentini M., Pinkas-Kramarski R., Prescott M., Proikascezanne T., Raben N., Rami A., Reggiori F., Rohrer B., Rubinsztein D. C., Ryan K. M., Sadoshima J., Sakagami H., Sakai Y., Sandri M., Sasakawa C., Sass M., Schneider C., Seglen P. O., Seleverstov O., Settleman J., Shacka J. J., Shapiro I. M., Sibirny A., Silva-Zacarin E. C. M., Simon H. U., Simone C., Simonsen A., Smith M. A., Spanel-Borowski K., Srinivas V., Steeves M., Stenmark H., Stromhaug P. E., Subauste C. S., Sugimoto S., Sulzer D., Suzuki T., Swanson M. S., Tabas I., Takeshita F., Talbot N. J., Tallóczy Z., Tanaka K., Tanaka K., Tanida I., Taylor G. S., Taylor J. P., Terman A., Tettamanti G., Thompson C. B., Thumm M., Tolkovsky A. M., Tooze S. A., Truant R., Tumanovska L. V., Uchiyama Y., Ueno T., Uzcátegui N. L., Van Der Klei I., Vaquero E. C., Vellai T., Vogel M. W., Wang H. G., Webster P., Wiley J. W., Xi Z., Xiao G., Yahalom J., Yang J. M., Yap G., Yin X. M., Yoshimori T., Yu L., Yue Z., Yuzaki M., Zabirnyk O., Zheng X., Zhu X., Deter R. L., Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes. Autophagy 2008 4 2 151 175 2-s2.0-38949108670 (Pubitemid 351231180)
20. Mizushima N., Yoshimori T., How to interpret LC3 immunoblotting. Autophagy 2007 3 6 542 545 2-s2.0-35848967804 (Pubitemid 350060049)
21. Pankiv S., Clausen T. H., Lamark T., Brech A., Bruun J. A., Outzen H., Øvervatn A., Bjørkøy G., Johansen T., P62/SQSTM1 binds directly to Atg8/LC3 to facilitate degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates by autophagy. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007 282 33 24131 24145 2-s2.0-34548259958 10.1074/jbc.M702824200 (Pubitemid 47328003)
22. Bjørkøy G., Lamark T., Pankiv S., Øvervatn A., Brech A., Johansen T., Monitoring autophagic degradation of p62/sqstm1. Methods in Enzymology 2009 451 181 197 2-s2.0-59249105964 10.1016/S0076-6879(08)03612-4
23. Mizushima N., Yoshimori T., Levine B., Methods in mammalian autophagy research. Cell 2010 140 3 313 326 2-s2.0-75749122303 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.028
24. Chen Z. H., Kim H. P., Sciurba F. C., Lee S. J., Feghali-Bostwick C., Stolz D. B., Dhir R., Landreneau R. J., Schuchert M. J., Yousem S. A., Nakahira K., Pilewski J. M., Lee J. S., Zhang Y., Ryter S. W., Choi A. M. K., Egr-1 regulates autophagy in cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2008 3 10 2-s2.0-53749087325 10.1371/journal.pone.0003316 e3316
25. Monick M. M., Powers L. S., Walters K., Lovan N., Zhang M., Gerke A., Hansdottir S., Hunninghake G. W., Identification of an autophagy defect in smokers' alveolar macrophages. Journal of Immunology 2010 185 9 5425 5435 2-s2.0-78149476302 10.4049/jimmunol.1001603
26. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
27. Hong P. K., Wang X., Chen Z. H., Lee S. J., Huang M. H., Wang Y., Ryter S. W., Choi A. M. K., Autophagic proteins regulate cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis: protective role of heme oxygenase-1. Autophagy 2008 4 7 887 895 2-s2.0-53549090696
28. Hwang J. W., Chung S., Sundar I. K., Yao H., Arunachalam G., McBurney M. W., Rahman I., Cigarette smoke-induced autophagy is regulated by SIRT1-PARP-1-dependent mechanism: implication in pathogenesis of COPD. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2010 500 2 203 209 2-s2.0-77954623119 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.013
29. Chen Z. H., Lam H. C., Jin Y., Autophagy protein microtubule associated protein 1 light chain-3b (LC3B) activates extrinsic apoptosis during cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010 107 18880 18885
30. Luciani A., Villella V. R., Esposito S., Brunetti-Pierri N., Medina D., Settembre C., Gavina M., Pulze L., Giardino I., Pettoello-Mantovani M., D'Apolito M., Guido S., Masliah E., Spencer B., Quaratino S., Raia V., Ballabio A., Maiuri L., Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition. Nature Cell Biology 2010 12 9 863 875 2-s2.0-77956396747 10.1038/ncb2090
31. Abdulrahman B. A., Khweek A. A., Akhter A., Autophagy stimulation by rapamycin suppresses lung inflammation and infection by burkholderia cenocepacia in a model of cystic fibrosis. Autophagy 2011 7 1359 1370
32. Deretic V., Singh S., Master S., Harris J., Roberts E., Kyei G., Davis A., de Haro S., Naylor J., Lee H. H., Vergne I., Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis and autophagy as a host defence mechanism. Cellular Microbiology 2006 8 5 719 727 2-s2.0-33645542679 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00705.x
33. Singh S. B., Davis A. S., Taylor G. A., Deretic V., Human IRGM induces autophagy to eliminate intracellular mycobacteria. Science 2006 313 5792 1438 1441 2-s2.0-33748506089 10.1126/science.1129577 (Pubitemid 44360272)
34. Gutierrez M. G., Master S. S., Singh S. B., Taylor G. A., Colombo M. I., Deretic V., Autophagy is a defense mechanism inhibiting BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in infected macrophages. Cell 2004 119 6 753 766 2-s2.0-10944253145 10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.038 (Pubitemid 40017683)
35. Lee S. J., Smith A., Guo L., Alastalo T. P., Li M., Sawada H., Liu X., Chen Z. H., Ifedigbo E., Jin Y., Feghali-Bostwick C., Ryter S. W., Kim H. P., Rabinovitch M., Choi A. M. K., Autophagic protein LC3B confers resistance against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2011 183 5 649 658 2-s2.0-79952217657 10.1164/rccm.201005-0746OC
36. Parkhitko A., Myachina F., Morrison T. A., Hindi K. M., Auricchio N., Karbowniczek M., Wu J. J., Finkel T., Kwiatkowski D. J., Yu J. J., Henske E. P., Tumorigenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex is autophagy and p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)-dependent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011 108 30 12455 12460 2-s2.0-79961059959 10.1073/pnas.1104361108
37. Zhang J. H., Fan C. D., Zhao B. X., Shin D. S., Dong W. L., Xie Y. S., Miao J. Y., Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4(5H)-one derivatives as potential agents against A549 lung cancer cells. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 2008 16 24 10165 10171 2-s2.0-56349098902 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.066 (Pubitemid 50331577)
38. He Q., Huang B., Zhao J., Zhang Y., Zhang S., Miao J., Knockdown of integrin β 4-induced autophagic cell death associated with P53 in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. FEBS Journal 2008 275 22 5725 5732 2-s2.0-54849431799 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06699.x
39. Gills J. J., LoPiccolo J., Tsurutani J., Shoemaker R. H., Best C. J. M., Abu-Asab M. S., Borojerdi J., Warfel N. A., Gardner E. R., Danish M., Hollander M. C., Kawabata S., Tsokos M., Figg W. D., Steeg P. S., Dennis P. A., Nelfinavir, a lead HIV protease inhibitor, is a broad-spectrum, anticancer agent that induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in vitro and invivo. Clinical Cancer Research 2007 13 17 5183 5194 2-s2.0-34548827350 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0161 (Pubitemid 47502088)
40. Tanjore H., Cheng D. S., Degryse A. L., Alveolar epithelial cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011 286 30972 30980
41. Kliment C. R., Oury T. D., Oxidative stress, extracellular matrix targets, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2010 49 5 707 717 2-s2.0-77955092333 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.036
42. Tzouvelekis A., Harokopos V., Paparountas T., Oikonomou N., Chatziioannou A., Vilaras G., Tsiambas E., Karameris A., Bouros D., Aidinis V., Comparative expression profiling in pulmonary fibrosis suggests a role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α in disease pathogenesis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2007 176 11 1108 1119 2-s2.0-36849029111 10.1164/rccm.200705-683OC (Pubitemid 350223757)
43. Yorimitsu T., Nair U., Yang Z., Klionsky D. J., Endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers autophagy. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2006 281 40 30299 30304 2-s2.0-33749579383 10.1074/jbc.M607007200 (Pubitemid 44537037)
44. Kiffin R., Bandyopadhyay U., Cuervo A. M., Oxidative stress and autophagy. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2006 8 1-2 152 162 2-s2.0-33644643603 10.1089/ars.2006.8.152 (Pubitemid 43324542)
45. Zhang H., Bosch-Marce M., Shimoda L. A., Mitochondrial autophagy is an HIF-1-dependent adaptive metabolic response to hypoxia. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2008 283 10892 10903
46. Xu C., Bailly-Maitre B., Reed J. C., Endoplasmic reticulum stress: cell life and death decisions. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005 115 10 2656 2664 2-s2.0-26444442450 10.1172/JCI26373 (Pubitemid 41434389)
47. Ogata M., Hino S., Saito A., Autophagy is activated for cell survival after endoplasmic reticulum stress. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2006 26 9220 9231 (Pubitemid 44904418)
48. Ding W. X., Ni H. M., Gao W., Differential effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagy on cell survival. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007 282 4702 4710 (Pubitemid 47101001)
49. Oh S. H., Lim S. C., Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy/apoptosis induced by capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) and dihydrocapsaicin is regulated by the extent of c-jun NH2-terminal kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in WI38 lung epithelial fibroblast cells. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2009 329 1 112 122 2-s2.0-63849308518 10.1124/jpet.108.144113
50. Nogee L. M., Dunbar A. E. III, Wert S. E., Askin F., Hamvas A., Whitsett J. A., A mutation in the surfactant protein C gene associated with familial interstitial lung disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001 344 8 573 579 2-s2.0-0035931973 10.1056/NEJM200102223440805 (Pubitemid 32167871)
51. Thomas A. Q., Lane K., Phillips J. III, Prince M., Markin C., Speer M., Schwartz D. A., Gaddipati R., Marney A., Johnson J., Roberts R., Haines J., Stahlman M., Loyd J. E., Heterozygosity for a surfactant protein C gene mutation associated with usual interstitial pneumonitis and cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in one kindred. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002 165 9 1322 1328 2-s2.0-0036570052 10.1164/rccm.200112-123OC (Pubitemid 34461748)
52. Wang W. J., Mulugeta S., Russo S. J., Beers M. F., Deletion of exon 4 from human surfactant protein C results in aggresome formation and generation of a dominant negative. Journal of Cell Science 2003 116 4 683 692 2-s2.0-0037442389 10.1242/jcs.00267 (Pubitemid 36231307)
53. Mulugeta S., Nguyen V., Russo S. J., Muniswamy M., Beers M. F., A surfactant protein C precursor protein BRICHOS domain mutation causes endoplasmic reticulum stress, proteasome dysfunction, and caspase 3 activation. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2005 32 6 521 530 2-s2.0-20044378690 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0009OC (Pubitemid 40770130)
54. Korfei M., Ruppert C., Mahavadi P., Epithelial endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in sporadic idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2008 178 838 846
55. Brunk U. T., Dalen H., Roberg K., Hellquist H. B., Photo-oxidative disruption of lysosomal membranes causes apoptosis of cultured human fibroblasts. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1997 23 4 616 626 2-s2.0-0030757986 10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00007-5 (Pubitemid 27287345)
56. Chen Y., McMillan-Ward E., Kong J., Israels S. J., Gibson S. B., Oxidative stress induces autophagic cell death independent of apoptosis in transformed and cancer cells. Cell Death and Differentiation 2008 15 1 171 182 2-s2.0-37349067228 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402233 (Pubitemid 350286185)
57. Scherz-Shouval R., Shvets E., Fass E., Shorer H., Gil L., Elazar Z., Reactive oxygen species are essential for autophagy and specifically regulate the activity of Atg4. EMBO Journal 2007 26 7 1749 1760 2-s2.0-34247186472 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601623 (Pubitemid 46624042)
58. Rahman I., Skwarska E., Henry M., Davis M., O'Connor C. M., Fitzgerald M. X., Greening A., MacNee W., Systemic and pulmonary oxidative stress in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1999 27 1-2 60 68 2-s2.0-0032812161 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00035-0 (Pubitemid 29353084)
59. Teramoto S., Fukuchi Y., Uejima Y., Shu C. Y., Orimo H., Superoxide anion formation and glutathione metabolism of blood in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Biochemical and Molecular Medicine 1995 55 1 66 70 2-s2.0-0029047898 10.1006/bmme.1995.1033
60. Daniil Z. D., Papageorgiou E., Koutsokera A., Kostikas K., Kiropoulos T., Papaioannou A. I., Gourgoulianis K. I., Serum levels of oxidative stress as a marker of disease severity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2008 21 1 26 31 2-s2.0-38049079133 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.10.005
61. Cantin A. M., Hubbard R. C., Crystal R. G., Glutathione deficiency in the epithelial lining fluid of the lower respiratory tract in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1989 139 2 370 372 2-s2.0-0024578662 (Pubitemid 19057410)
62. Behr J., Maier K., Degenkolb B., Krombach F., Vogelmeier C., Antioxidative and clinical effects of high-dose N-acetylcysteine in fibrosing alveolitis. Adjunctive therapy to maintenance immunosuppression. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1997 156 6 1897 1901 2-s2.0-0031449645 (Pubitemid 28011799)
63. Behr J., Degenkolb B., Krombach F., Vogelmeier C., Intracellular glutathione and bronchoalveolar cells in fibrosing alveolitis: effects of N-acetylcysteine. European Respiratory Journal 2002 19 5 906 911 2-s2.0-0036014536 10.1183/09031936.02.00204902 (Pubitemid 34567906)
64. Behr J., Demedts M., Buhl R., Lung function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-extended analyses of the IFIGENIA trial. Respiratory Research 2009 10, article 101
65. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network, Raghu G., Anstrom K. J., King T. E. Jr., Lasky J. A., Martinez F. J., Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis. The New England Journal of Medicine 2012 366 1968 1977
66. Bellot G., Garcia-Medina R., Gounon P., Chiche J., Roux D., Pouysségur J., Mazure N. M., Hypoxia-induced autophagy is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via their BH3 domains. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2009 29 10 2570 2581 2-s2.0-66349121718 10.1128/MCB.00166-09
67. Azad M. B., Chen Y., Henson E. S., Cizeau J., McMillan-Ward E., Israels S. J., Gibson S. B., Hypoxia induces autophagic cell death in apoptosis-competent cells through a mechanism involving BNIP3. Autophagy 2008 4 2 195 204 2-s2.0-38949119423 (Pubitemid 351231183)
68. Orvedahl A., Alexander D., Tallóczy Z., Sun Q., Wei Y., Zhang W., Burns D., Leib D. A., Levine B., HSV-1 ICP34.5 confers neurovirulence by targeting the Beclin 1 autophagy protein. Cell Host and Microbe 2007 1 1 23 35 2-s2.0-33947715151 10.1016/j.chom.2006.12.001 (Pubitemid 46506007)
69. Tallóczy Z., Jiang W., Virgin H. W. 4th, Regulation of starvation- and virus-induced autophagy by the eIF2alpha kinase signaling pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002 99 190 195 (Pubitemid 34060339)
70. He B., Gross M., Roizman B., The γ 134.5 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 complexes with protein phosphatase 1 α to dephosphorylate the α subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 and preclude the shutoff of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997 94 3 843 848 2-s2.0-0031017382
71. Mulvey M., Poppers J., Sternberg D., Mohr I., Regulation of eIF2 α phosphorylation by different functions that act during discrete phases in the herpes simplex virus type 1 life cycle. Journal of Virology 2003 77 20 10917 10928 2-s2.0-0141566327 10.1128/JVI.77.20.10917-10928.2003 (Pubitemid 37204285)
72. Chaumorcel M., Lussignol M., Mouna L., The human cytomegalovirus protein TRS1 inhibits autophagy via its interaction with Beclin 1. Journal of Virology 2012 86 2571 2584
73. Cuconati A., White E., Viral homologs of BCL-2: role of apoptosis in the regulation of virus infection. Genes and Development 2002 16 19 2465 2478 2-s2.0-0036791781 10.1101/gad.1012702
74. Tang Y. W., Johnson J. E., Browning P. J., Cruz-Gervis R. A., Davis A., Graham B. S., Brigham K. L., Oates J. A., Loyd J. E., Stecenko A. A., Herpesvirus DNA is consistently detected in lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2003 41 6 2633 2640 2-s2.0-0038519288 (Pubitemid 36712478)
75. Egan J. J., Stewart J. P., Hasleton P. S., Arrand J. R., Carroll K. B., Woodcock A. A., Epstein-Barr virus replication within pulmonary epithelial cells in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Thorax 1995 50 12 1234 1239 2-s2.0-0028807982
76. Stewart J. P., Egan J. J., Ross A. J., Kelly B. G., Lok S. S., Hasleton P. S., Woodcock A. A., The detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999 159 4 1336 1341 2-s2.0-0032958746 (Pubitemid 29202576)
77. Tsukamoto K., Hayakawa H., Sato A., Chida K., Nakamura H., Miura K., Involvement of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 in disease progression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 2000 55 11 958 961 2-s2.0-0033765017 10.1136/thorax.55.11.958
78. Lasithiotaki I., Antoniou K. M., Vlahava V. M., Detection of herpes simplex virus type-1 in patients with fibrotic lung diseases. PLoS One 2011 6 e27800
79. Vannella K. M., Luckhardt T. R., Wilke C. A., van Dyk L. F., Toews G. B., Moore B. B., Latent herpesvirus infection augments experimental pulmonary fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2010 181 5 465 477 2-s2.0-77649148257 10.1164/rccm.200905-0798OC
80. Mi S., Li Z., Yang H. Z., Blocking IL-17A promotes the resolution of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis via TGF-beta1- dependent and -independent mechanisms. The Journal of Immunology 2011 187 3003 3014
81. Collard H. R., The age of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2010 181 8 771 772 2-s2.0-77953036507 10.1164/rccm.201001-0049ED
82. Terman A., The effect of age on formation and elimination of autophagic vacuoles in mouse hepatocytes. Gerontology 1995 41 supplement 2 319 326 2-s2.0-0029560552 (Pubitemid 26019927)
83. Maher T. M., Wells A. U., Laurent G. J., Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: multiple causes and multiple mechanisms? European Respiratory Journal 2007 30 5 835 839 2-s2.0-38849178850 10.1183/09031936.00069307 (Pubitemid 351194784)