DNA damage repair and tolerance: A role in chemotherapeutic drug resistance

British Journal of Biomedical Science

Volumn 70, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 31-40

  Salehan, M R ^a   Morse, H Ruth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antineoplastic agents; DNA damage; DNA repair; Drug resistance

Indexed keywords

ABELSON KINASE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BCL2 RELATED PROTEIN A1; CD98 ANTIGEN; CHLORMETHINE; CISPLATIN; CYTARABINE; DNA POLYMERASE; GEMCITABINE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; INTERLEUKIN 6; LUNG RESISTANCE PROTEIN; MELPHALAN; MITOMYCIN; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1; MYC PROTEIN; POLYMERASE BETA; POLYMERASE ETA; POLYMERASE KAPPA; POLYMERASE ZETA; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEIN C JUN; PROTEIN FOS; PROTEIN P53; TEMOZOLOMIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CELL FUNCTION; CELL SURVIVAL; CPG ISLAND; DNA DAMAGE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA REPAIR; DNA SYNTHESIS; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; EXCISION REPAIR; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENOTOXICITY; ONCOGENE H RAS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR;

EID: 84876949974     PISSN: 09674845     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2013.11669927     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Canitrot Y, Cazaux C, Frechet M et al. Overexpression of DNA polymerase β in cell results in a mutator phenotype and a decreased sensitivity to anticancer drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 12586-90. (Pubitemid 28483808)
2. Kyle RA. Diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma and related disorders. Prog Hematol 1986; 14: 257-82.
3. Durie BG, Salmon SE. The current status and future prospectus of treatment of multiple myeloma. Clin Haematol 1982; 11: 181-210.
4. Yang HH, Ma MH, Vescio RA, Berenson JR. Overcoming drug resistance in multiple myeloma: the emergence of therapeutic approaches to induce apoptosis. J Clin Oncol 2003; 22 (22): 4239-47. (Pubitemid 46606195)
5. Dalton WS, Durie BGM, Alberts DS, Gerlach JH, Cress AE. Characterization of a new drug-resistant human myeloma cell line that expresses P-Glycoprotein. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 5125-30. (Pubitemid 16008277)
6. Mulcahy RT, Bailey HH, Gipp JJ. Up-regulation of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity in melphalan-resistant human multiple myeloma cells expressing increased glutathione levels. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 34: 67-71. (Pubitemid 24194561)
7. Huschtscha L, Bartierl WA, Ross CE, Tattersall MH. Characteristics of cancer cell death after exposure to cytotoxic drugs in vitro. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 54-60. (Pubitemid 26026260)
8. Walker PR, Smith C, Youdale T, Leblanc J, Whitfield JF, Sikorska M. Topoisomerase II-reactive chemotherapeutic drugs induce apoptosis in thymocytes. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 1078-85.
9. Takenaka K, Ogi T, Okada T et al. Involvement of vertebrate Polkappa in translesion DNA synthesis across DNA monoalkylation damage. J Biol Chem 2006; 281 (4): 2000-4. (Pubitemid 43845787)
10. Chen YW, Cleaver JE, Hanaoka F, Chang CF, Chou KM. A novel role of DNA polymerase eta in modulating cellular sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4 (4): 257-65.
11. Boudsocq F, Benaim P, Canitrot Y et al. Modulation of cellular response to cisplatin by a novel inhibitor of DNA polymerase beta. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 67 (5): 1485-92. (Pubitemid 40594147)
12. Bassett E, King NM, Bryant MF et al. The role of DNA polymerase eta in translesion synthesis past platinum-DNA adducts in human fibroblasts. Cancer Res 2004; 64 (18): 6469-75. (Pubitemid 39297902)
13. Takezawa J, Ishimi Y, Yamada K. Proteasome inhibitors remarkably prevent translesion replication in cancer cells but not normal cells. Cancer Sci 2008; 99 (5): 863-71. (Pubitemid 351997586)
14. McElwain TJ, Powles RL. High-dose intravenous melphalan for plasma-cell leukaemia and myeloma. Lancet 1983; 2: 822-4. (Pubitemid 13013370)
15. Alexanian R, Aut A, Khan A et al. Treatment for multiple myeloma with different melphalan dose regimens. JAMA 1969; 208 (9): 1680-5.
16. Chanan-Khan AA, Lonial S, Weber D et al. Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone improves survival and time-to-progression in patients ≥65 years old with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Int J Hematol 2012; 96 (2): 254-62.
17. Bellamy WT, Dalton WS, Gleason MC et al. Development and characterisation of a melphalan-resistant human multiple myeloma cell line. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 995-1002.
18. Kartalou M, Essigmann JM. Mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin. Mutat Res 2001; 478: 23-43. (Pubitemid 32530848)
19. Wyler B, Shao Y, Scheneider E et al. Intermittent exposure to doxorubicin in vitro selects for multifactrial non-P-glycoprotein-associated multidrug resistance in RPMI 8226 human myeloma cells. Br J Haematol 1997; 97: 65-75. (Pubitemid 27179565)
20. Cole SP, Bhardwaj G, Gerlach JH et al. Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multi-drug resistant human lung cancer cell line. Science 1992; 258: 1650-4. (Pubitemid 23012438)
21. Borst P, Evers R, Kool M et al. The multidrug resistance-associated proteins. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1295-302.
22. Moscow JA, Swanson CA, Cowan KH. Decreased melphalan accumulation in a human breast cancer cell line selected for resistance to melphalan. Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 732-7. (Pubitemid 23301278)
23. Harada N, Nagasaki A, Hata H et al. Down-regulation of CD98 in melphalan-resistant myeloma cells with reduced drug uptake. Acta Haematol 2000; 103: 144-51.
24. Gupta V, Singh SV, Ahmad H, Medh RD, Awasthi YC. Glutathione and glutathione s-transferases in a human plasma cell line resistant to melphalan. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38 (12): 1993-2000. (Pubitemid 19149193)
25. Kohn KW, Spears CL, Doty P. Inter-strand crosslinking of DNA by nitrogen mustard. J Mol Biol 1966; 19 (2): 266-88.
26. Eastman A. Cross-linking of glutathione to DNA by cancer chemotherapeutic platinum coordination complexes. Chem Biol Interact 1987; 61: 241-8. (Pubitemid 17071620)
27. Rabik CA, Dolan ME. Molecular mechanisms of resistance and toxicity associated with platinating agents. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33 (1): 9-23. (Pubitemid 46137553)
28. Stewart DJ. Mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin and carboplatin. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 63: 12-31. (Pubitemid 46810280)
29. Robinson MJ, Cobb MH. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997; 9: 180-6. (Pubitemid 27135985)
30. Neri A, Murphy JP, Cro L et al. Ras oncogene mutation in multiple myeloma. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 1715-25. (Pubitemid 19284568)
31. Isonishi S, Hom DK, Thiebaut FB et al. Expression of the c-Ha-ras oncogene in mouse NIH 3T3 cells induces resistance to cisplatin. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 5903-9.
32. Kedar PS, Lowy DR, Widen SG, Wilson SH. Transfected human beta-polymerase promoter contains a ras-responsive element. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10 (7): 3852-6.
33. Rowley M, Liu P, Van Ness B. Heterogeneity in therapeutic response of genetically altered myeloma cell lines to interleukin 6, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, and melphalan. Blood 2000; 96: 3175-80.
34. Hoang B, Zhu L, Shi Y et al. Oncogenic RAS mutations in myeloma cells selectively induce cox-2 expression, which participates in enhanced adhesion to fibronectin and chemoresistance. Blood 2006; 107 (11): 4484-90. (Pubitemid 43801376)
35. Kharbanda S, Yuan ZM, Weichselbaum R, Kufe D. Determination of cell fate by c-Abl activation in the response to DNA damage. Oncogene 1998; 17: 3309-18. (Pubitemid 29043983)
36. Fan S, El-Deiry S, Bae I et al. The p53 gene mutations are associated with decreased sensitivity of human lymphoma cells to DNA-damaging agents. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 5824-30.
37. Eliopoulos AG, Kerr DJ, Herod J et al. The control of apoptosis and drug resistance in ovarian cancer: influence of p53 and Bcl-2. Oncogene 1995; 11: 1217-28.
38. Perego P, Giarola M, Righetti SC et al. Association between cisplatin resistance and mutations of p53 gene and reduced bax expression in ovarian carcinoma cell systems. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 556-62. (Pubitemid 26043653)
39. Muret J, Yacoub M, Terrier P et al. p53 status correlates with histopathological reponse in patients with soft tissue sarcomas treated using isolated limb perfusion with TNF-alpha and melphalan. Ann Oncol 2008; 19 (4): 793-800. (Pubitemid 351461053)
40. Hurley LH. DNA and its associated processes as targets for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 188-200. (Pubitemid 37328788)
41. Chen Q, Van der Sluis PC, Boulware D, Hazelhurst LA, Dalton WS. The FA/BRCA pathway is involved in melphalan-induced DNA interstrand cross-link repair and accounts for melphalan resistance in multiple myeloma cells. Blood 2005; 106 (2): 698-705. (Pubitemid 40981268)
42. Lehmann AR, Niimi A, Ogi T et al. Translesion synthesis: Y-family polymerases and the polymerase switch. DNA Repair (Amst) 2007; 6: 891-9. (Pubitemid 46880470)
43. Ohmori H, Friedberg EC, Fuchs RP et al. The Y-family of DNA polymerases. Mol Cell 2001; 8 (1): 7-8. (Pubitemid 32772900)
44. Dimopoulos MA, Souliotis VL, Anagnostopoulos A et al. Melphalan-induced DNA damage in vitro as a predictor for clinical outcome in multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2007; 92 (11): 1505-12. (Pubitemid 350144126)
45. Albertella MR, Lau A, O'Connor MJ. The overexpression of specialised DNA polymerases in cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 4: 583-93. (Pubitemid 40462046)
46. Kelland LR, Mistry P, Abel G et al. Establishment and characterization of an in vitro model of acquired resistance to cisplatin in a human testicular nonseminomatous germ cell line. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 1710-6.
47. Chao CC, Lee YL, Cheng PW, Lin-Chao S. Enhanced host cell reactivation of damaged plasmid DNA in HeLa cells resistant to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II). Cancer Res 1991; 51: 601-5.
48. Sheibani N, Jennerwein MM, Eastman A. DNA repair in cells sensitive and resistant to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II): host cell reactivation of damaged plasmid. Biochemistry 1989; 28 (7): 3120-4. (Pubitemid 19099495)
49. Van Gent DC, Hoeijmakers JH, Kanaar R. Chromosomal stability and the DNA double-stranded break connection. Nat Rev Genet 2001; 2: 196-206. (Pubitemid 33674018)
50. Borek C, Morgan WF, Ong A, Cleaver JE. Inhibition of malignant transformation in vitro by inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984; 81 (1): 243-7. (Pubitemid 14180865)
51. Mitra S, Hazra TK, Roy R et al. Complexities of DNA base excision repair in mammalian cells. Mol Cell 1997; 7: 305-12. (Pubitemid 127486210)
52. Eisenbrand G, Müller N, Denkel E, Sterzel W. DNA adducts and DNA damage by antineoplastic and carcinogenic N-nitrosocompounds. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1986; 112 (3): 196-204. (Pubitemid 17043658)
53. Nemec AA, Wallace SS, Sweasy JB. Variant base excision repair proteins: contributors to genomic instability. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20 (5): 320-8.
54. Trivedi RN, Wang XH, Jelezcova E, Goellner EM, Tang JB, Sobol RW. Human methyl purine DNA glycosylase and DNA polymerase beta expression collectively predict sensitivity to temozolomide. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74 (2): 505-16.
55. Friedberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W. DNA repair and mutagenesis. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 1995.
56. Yoshizawa K, Jelezcova E, Brown AR et al. Gastrointestinal hyperplasia with altered expression of DNA polymerase beta. Cancer Sci 2009; 100 (7): 1180-5.
57. Friedberg EC. How nucleotide excision repair protects against cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1 (1): 22-33. (Pubitemid 33741878)
58. Shen X, Li L. Mutagenic repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks. Environ Mol Mutagen 2010; 51 (6): 493-9.
59. Wood RD. Mammalian nucleotide excision repair proteins and interstrand crosslink repair. Environ Mol Mutagen 2010; 51 (6): 520-6.
60. Reed E. Platinum-DNA adduct, nucleotide excision repair and platinum based anti-cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 1998; 24: 331-4.
61. Fukui K. DNA mismatch repair in eukaryotes and bacteria. J Nucleic Acids 2010 July 27; 2010. doi:10.4061/2010/260512.
62. Lin X, Trang J, Okuda T, Howel SB. DNA polymerase zeta accounts for the reduced cytotoxicity and enhanced mutagenicity of cisplatin in human colon carcinoma cells that have lost DNA mismatch repair. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12 (2): 563-8. (Pubitemid 43166150)
63. Masuda K, Banno K, Yanokura M et al. Relationship between DNA mismatch repair deficiency and endometrial cancer. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011: 256063. doi: 10.4061/2011/256063.
64. Drummond JT, Li GM, Longley MJ, Modrich P. Isolation of an hMSH2-p160 heterodimer that restores DNA mismatch repair to tumor cells. Science 1995; 268 (5219): 1909-12.
65. Aebi S, Fink D, Gordon R et al. Resistance to cytotoxic drugs in DNA mismatch repair-deficient cells. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3 (10): 1763-7. (Pubitemid 27444715)
66. Gerson SL. MGMT: its role in cancer aetiology and cancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 296-307. (Pubitemid 38525285)
67. Pegg AE, Byers TL. Repair of DNA containing O6-alkylguanine. FASEB J 1992; 6: 2302-10.
68. Friedman HS, Dolan ME, Pegg AE et al. Activity of temozolomide in the treatment of central nervous system tumor xenografts. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2853-7.
69. Baer JC, Freeman AA, Newlands ES. Depletion of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase correlates with potentiation of temozolomide and CCNU toxicity in human tumour cells. Br J Cancer 1993; 67: 1299-302. (Pubitemid 23172868)
70. Lange SS, Takata K-I, Wood RD. DNA polymerases and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11 (2): 96-110.
71. Fischhaber PL, Friedberg EC. How are specialized (low-fidelity) eukaryotic polymerases selected and switched with high-fidelity polymerases during translesion DNA synthesis? DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 4: 279-83. (Pubitemid 39601416)
72. Plosky BS, Woodgate R. Switching from high-fidelity replicases to low-fidelity lesion bypass polymerases. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2004; 14: 113-9. (Pubitemid 38520137)
73. Wu F, Lin X, Okuda T, Howell SB. DNA polymerase ζ regulates cisplatin cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and the rate of development of cisplatin resistance. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 8029-35. (Pubitemid 39446939)
74. Zhang Y, Yuan F, Xin H et al. Human DNA polymerase κ synthesize DNA with extraordinarily low fidelity. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (21): 4147-56.
75. Zhang Y, Yuan F, Xin H et al. Error-free and error-prone lesion bypass by human DNA polymerase κ in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28 (21): 4138-46.
76. Lehmann AR. Replication of damaged DNA by translesion synthesis in human cells. FEBS Lett 2005; 579: 873-6. (Pubitemid 40361857)
77. Shimizu M, Gruz P, Kamiya H et al. Erroneous incorporation of oxidized DNA precursors by Y-family DNA polymerases. EMBO Rep 2003; 4 (3): 269-73. (Pubitemid 36511722)
78. Prakash S, Prakash L. Translesion DNA synthesis in eukaryotes: a one- or two-polymerase affair. Genes Dev 2002; 16 (15): 1872-83. (Pubitemid 34832917)
79. Yang J, Chen Z, Liu Y, Hickey RJ, Malkas LH. Altered DNA polymerase iota expression in breast cancer cells leads to a reduction in DNA replication fidelity and a higher rate of mutagenesis. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 5597-607. (Pubitemid 39095555)
80. Bavoux C, Hoffmann JS, Cazaux C. Adaptation to DNA damage and the stimulation of genetic instability: the double-edged sword mammalian DNA polymerase κ. Biochimie 2005; 87 (7): 637-46. (Pubitemid 40884626)
81. Choi J, Angel KC, Guengerich FP. Translesion synthesis across bulky N2-alkylguanine DNA adducts by human DNA polymerase κ. J Biol Chem 2006; 281 (30): 21062-72. (Pubitemid 44115447)
82. Gerlach VL, Feaver WJ, Fischharbert PL, Friedberg EC. Purification and characterisation of polκ, a DNA polymerase encoded by the DINB1 gene. J Biol Chem 2001; 276 (1): 92-8. (Pubitemid 32050293)
83. Albertella MR, Green CM, Lehmann AR et al. A role for polymerase η in the cellular tolerance to cisplatin-induced damage. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 9799-806. (Pubitemid 41541457)
84. Doles J, Oliver TG, Cameron ER et al. Suppression of Rev3, the catalytic subunit of Polζ, sensitizes drug-resistant lung tumors to chemotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107 (48): 20786-91.
85. Minko IG, Harbut MB, Kozekov ID et al. Role for DNA polymerase in the processing of N2-N2-guanine interstrand cross-links. J Biol Chem 2008; 283 (25): 17075-82.
86. Vaisman A, Chaney SG. The efficiency and fidelity of translesion synthesis past cisplatin and oxaliplatin GpG adducts by human DNA polymerase beta. J Biol Chem 2000; 275 (17): 13017-25. (Pubitemid 30241462)
87. Nojima K, Hochegger H, Saberi A et al. Chemotherapeutic crosslinking agents in vertebrate cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 11704-11.
88. Stachelek GC, Dalal S, Donigan KA, Hegan DC, Sweasy JB, Glazer PM. Potentiation of temozolomide cytotoxicity by polymerase β inhibition is increased in the absence of BRCA2. Cancer Res 2010; 70 (1): 409-17.
89. Yamanaka K, Dorjsuren D, Eoff RL et al. A comprehensive strategy to discover inhibitors of the translesion synthesis DNA polymerase κ. PLoS One 2012; 7 (10): e45032.
90. Yasui M, Suzuki N, Laxmi YR, Shibutani S. Translesion synthesis past tamoxifen-derived DNA adducts by human DNA polymerases η and κ. Biochemistry 2006; 45 (39): 12167-74. (Pubitemid 44497836)
91. Zhao Y, Biertümpfel C, Gregory MT, Huaa Y-J, Hanaoka F, Yang W. Structural basis of human DNA polymerase κ-mediated chemoresistance to cisplatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109 (19): 7269-74.
92. Vaisman A, Frank EG, Iwai S et al. Sequence context-dependent replication of DNA templates containing UV-induced lesions by human DNA polymerase iota. DNA Repair (Amst) 2003; 2 (9): 991-1006. (Pubitemid 37088161)
93. Zmudzka BZ, Fornace A, Collins J, Wilson SH. Characterization of DNA polymerase beta mRNA: cell-cycle and growth response in cultured human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 16 (20): 9587-96.
94. Fornace AJ, Zmudzka B, Hollander MC, Wilson SH. Induction of β-polymerase mRNA by DNA-damaging agents in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9 (4): 851-3. (Pubitemid 19038888)
95. Canitrot Y, Frechet M, Servant L, Cazaux C, Hoffmann J. Overexpression of DNA polymerase β: a genomic stability enhancer process. FASEB J 1999; 13: 1107-11. (Pubitemid 29249737)
96. Pelletier H, Sawaya M, Kumar A, Wilson S, Kraut J. Structures of ternary complexes of rat DNA polymerase beta, a DNA-template-primer, and ddCTP. Science 1994; 264 (5167): 1891-903.
97. Chary P, Beard WA, Wilson SH, Lloyd RS. DNA polymerase β gap-filling translesion DNA synthesis. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25: 2744-54.
98. Sancar A, Lindsey-Boltz LA, Unsal-Kacmaz K, Linn S. Molecular mechanisms of mammalian DNA repair and the DNA damage checkpoints. Annu Rev Biochem 2004; 73: 39-85. (Pubitemid 39050363)
99. Hu H, Horton JK, Gryk MR et al. Identification of small molecule synthetic inhibitors of DNA polymerase by NMR chemical shift mapping. J Biol Chem 2004; 279 (38): 39736-44. (Pubitemid 39258242)
100. Bergoglio V, Canitrot Y, Hogarth L et al. Enhanced expression and activity of DNA polymerase β in human ovarian tumor cells: impact on sensitivity towards antitumor agents. Oncogene 2001; 20: 6181-7. (Pubitemid 32964430)
101. Wong H, Wilson DM 3rd. XRCC1 and DNA polymerase, interaction contributes to cellular alkylating-agent resistance and single-strand break repair. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95: 794-804. (Pubitemid 41420166)
102. Ochs K, Sobol RW, Wilson SH, Kaina B. Cells deficient in DNA polymerase β are hypersensitive to alkylating agent-induced apoptosis and chromosomal breakage. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1544-51. (Pubitemid 29160124)
103. Hoffmann JS, Pillaire MJ, Maga G, Podust V, Hübscher U, Villani G. DNA polymerase beta bypasses in vitro a single d(GpG)-cisplatin adduct placed on codon 13 of the HRAS gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92 (12): 5356-60.
104. Lone S, Townson SA, Uljon SN et al. Human DNA polymerase kappa encircles DNA: implications for mismatch extension and lesion bypass. Mol Cell 2007; 25 (4): 601-14.
105. Johnson RE, Prakash S, Prakash L. The human DINB1 gene encodes the DNA polymerase poli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97 (8): 3838-43. (Pubitemid 30226048)
106. Ogi T, Mimura J, Hikida M, Fujimoto H, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Ohmori H. Expression of human and mouse genes encoding polkappa: testis-specific developmental regulation and AhR-dependent inducible transcription. Genes Cells 2001; 6: 943-53. (Pubitemid 33100029)
107. O-Wang J, Kawamura K, Tada Y et al. DNA polymerase kappa, implicated in spontaneous and DNA damage-induced mutagenesis, is overexpressed in lung cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61 (14): 5366-9.
108. Wang Y, Seimiya M, Kawamura K et al. Elevated expression of DNA polymerase kappa in human lung cancer is associated with p53 inactivation: negative regulation of POLK promoter activity by p53. Int J Oncol 2004; 25 (1): 161-5.
109. Bavoux C, Leopoldino AM, Bergoglio V et al. Up-regulation of the error-prone DNA polymerase κ promotes pleiotropic genetic alterations and tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2005; 65 (1): 325-30. (Pubitemid 40070825)
110. Broughton BC, Cordonnier A, Kleijer WJ et al. Molecular analysis of mutations in DNA polymerase eta in xeroderma pigmentosum-variant patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 815-20. (Pubitemid 34106593)
111. Yoon J-H, Prakash L, Prakash S. Highly error-free role of DNA polymerase in the replicative bypass of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in mouse and human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106 (43): 18219-24.
112. Alt A, Lammens K, Chiocchini C et al. Bypass of DNA lesions generated during anticancer treatment with cisplatin by DNA polymerase η. Science 2007; 318: 967-70. (Pubitemid 350098991)
113. Lawrance C, Hinkle D. DNA polymerase ζ and the control of DNA damage induced mutagenesis in eukaryotes. Cancer Surv 1996; 28: 21-31. (Pubitemid 27023749)
114. Johnson RE, Washington MT, Haracska L, Prakash S, Prakash L. Eukaryotic polymerases ι and ζ act sequentially to bypass DNA lesions. Nature 2000; 406: 1015-9.
115. Vaisman A, Masutani C, Hanaoka F, Chaney SG. Efficient translesion replication past oxaliplatin and cisplatin GpG adducts by human DNA polymerase η. Biochemistry 2000; 39: 4575-80. (Pubitemid 30225320)
116. Iwatsuki M, Mimori K, Yokobori T et al. Platinum agent resistance gene, POLB, is a prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2009; 100 (3): 261-6.
117. Cancer Research UK (www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/ types/leukaemia/incidence).
118. Sunters A, Springer CJ, Bagshawe KD et al. The cytotoxicity, DNA crosslinking ability and DNA sequence selectivity of the aniline mustards melphalan, chlorambucil and 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino] benzoic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44: 59-64.
119. Srivastava DK, Berg BJ, Prasad R et al. Mammalian abasic site base excision repair. Identification of the reaction sequence and rate-determining steps. J Biol Chem 1998; 273 (33): 21203-9. (Pubitemid 28385410)
120. Collins AR. The comet assay for DNA damage and repair. Mol Biotechnol 2004; 26: 249-61.
121. Barakat K, Tuszynski J. Relaxed complex scheme suggests novel inhibitors for the lyase activity of DNA polymerase beta. J Mol Graphics Model 2011; 29: 702-16.