Photonic architectures for high-performance data centers

IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Beausoleil, Raymond G ^a   McLaren, Moray ^b   Jouppi, Norman P ^a  

^a HEWLETT PACKARD LABORATORIES   (United States)

^b HEWLETT PACKARD LABORATORIES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Computer architecture; data centers; high performance computing; optical interconnects; photonic integrated circuits; routing and switching

Indexed keywords

DATA CENTERS; FABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES; HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING SYSTEMS; HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING; INTERCONNECT APPLICATIONS; LARGE-SCALE COMPUTING SYSTEMS; PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS; PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS;

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE; OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS; PHOTONIC DEVICES;

COMPUTER SYSTEMS;

EID: 84876008461     PISSN: 1077260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2012.2236080     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. M. Bohr, "A 30 year retrospective on Dennard's MOSFET scaling paper," IEEE Solid-State Circuits Newslett., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 11-13, Winter 2007.
2. Green500. (2010). The Green500 List: Environmentally Responsible Supercomputing [Online]. Available: http://www.green500.org
3. L. Barroso, "Warehouse-scale computing: Entering the teenage decade," in Proc. 38th Annu. Int. Symp. Comput. Archit., 2011.
4. T. Benson, A. Akella, and D. A. Maltz. (2010). Network traffic characteristics of data centers in the wild. in Proc. 10th Annu. Conf. Intern. Meas., pp. 267-280 [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1879141. 1879175
5. A. Vahdat, H. Liu, X. Zhao, and C. Johnson. (2011). The emerging optical data center. in Proc. Opt. Fiber Commun. Conf., p. OTuH2 [Online]. Available: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OFC-2011-OTuH2
6. R. Stevens and A. White, "Architectures and technologies for extreme scale computing," p. 37, Available: http://science.energy.gov/~/media/ ascr/pdf/program-documents/docs/Arch-tech-grand-challenges-report.pdf
7. D. Vantrease, R. Schreiber, M. Monchiero, M. McLaren, N. P. Jouppi, M. Fiorentino, A. Davis, N. Binkert, R. G. Beausoleil, and J. Ahn, "Corona: System implications of emerging nanophotonic technology," in Proc. 35th Int. Symp. Comput. Archit., Jun. 2008, pp. 153-164.
8. A. N. Udipi, N. Muralimanohar, R. Balasubramonian, A. Davis, and N. P. Jouppi. (2011). Combining memory and a controller with photonics through 3D-stacking to enable scalable and energy-efficient systems, in Proc. 38th Annu. Int. Symp. Comput. Archit., pp. 425-436 [Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2000064.2000115
9. J. Jeddeloh, and B. Keeth, "Hybrid memory cube new DRAM architecture increases density and performance," in Proc. VLSI Technol. (VLSIT), Symp., pp. 87-88, Jun. 12-14, 2012.
10. R. Williams, "How we found the missing memristor," IEEE Spectr., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 28-35, Dec. 2008.
11. J. H. Ahn, N. Binkert, A. Davis, M. McLaren, and R. S. Schreiber, "HyperX: Topology, routing, and packaging of efficient large-scale networks," in Proc. Conf. High Performance Comput. Netw. Storage Anal., 2009, pp. 1-11.
12. J. Jeddeloh and B. Keeth, "Hybrid memory cube new dram architecture increases density and performance," in Proc. Very Large Scale Integr. Technol., Jun. 2012, pp. 87 -88.
13. J. Kim, W. Dally, S. Scott, and D. Abts, "Technology-driven, highlyscalable dragonfly topology," in Proc. 35th Int. Symp. Comput. Archit., Jun. 2008, pp. 77-88.
14. N. Binkert, A. Davis, N. P. Jouppi, M. McLaren, N. Muralimanohar, R. Schreiber, and J. Ahn, "The role of optics in future high radix switch design," in Proc. 38th Int. Symp. Comput. Archit., Jun. 2011, pp. 437-448.
15. M. Lipson, "Guiding, modulating, and emitting light on silicon - Challenges and opportunities," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 4222-4238, Dec. 2005. (Pubitemid 43137029)
16. B. Jalali and S. Fathpour, "Silicon photonics," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 4600-4615, Dec. 2006. (Pubitemid 46357231)
17. R. Soref, "The past, present, and future of silicon photonics," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1678-1687, Nov./Dec. 2006. (Pubitemid 44956141)
18. M. Lipson, "Silicon photonics: The optical spice rack," Electron. Lett., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 576-578, Apr. 2009.
19. D. Liang and J. Bowers, "Photonic integration: Si or InP substrates?" Electron. Lett., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 578-581, Apr. 2009.
20. S. Yoo, "Future prospects of silicon photonics in next generation communication and computing systems," Electron. Lett., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 584- 588, Jun. 2009.
21. R. G. Beausoleil. (2011, Jul.). Large-scale integrated photonics for high-performance interconnects. J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst., [Online]. vol. 7, pp. 6:1-6:54, Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1970406.1970408
22. U. Fischer, T. Zinke, J.-R. Kropp, F. Arndt, and K. Petermann, "0.1 dB/cm waveguide losses in single-mode SOI rib waveguides," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 647-648, May 1996. (Pubitemid 126553078)
23. B. Lee, A. Biberman, J. Chan, and K. Bergman, "High-performance modulators and switches for silicon photonic networks-on-chip," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 6-22, Jan./Feb. 2010.
24. C. Batten, A. Joshi, J. Orcutt, A. Khilo, B. Moss, C. Holzwarth, M. Popovic, H. Li, H. Smith, J. Hoyt, F. Kartner, R. Ram, V. Stojanovic, and K. Asanovic, "Building many-core processor-to-DRAM networks with monolithic CMOS silicon photonics," IEEE Micro, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 8-21, Jul./Aug. 2009.
25. D. Liang and J. E. Bowers. (2010, Aug.). Recent progress in lasers on silicon," Nature Photon. [Online]. 4(8), pp. 511-517, Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.167
26. D. Liang, M. Fiorentino, T. Okumura, H.-H. Chang, D. T. Spencer, Y.-H. Kuo, A. W. Fang, D. Dai, R. G. Beausoleil, and J. E. Bowers. (2009). Electrically-pumped compact hybrid silicon microring lasers for optical interconnects. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 17(22), pp. 20355-20364, Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-22-20355
27. D. Liang, M. Fiorentino, S. Srinivasan, S. T. Todd, G. Kurczveil, J. E. Bowers, and R. G. Beausoleil, "Optimization of hybrid silicon microring lasers," IEEE Photon. J., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 580-587, Jun. 2011.
28. D. Liang, M. Fiorentino, S. Srinivasan, J. E.Bowers, andR. G.Beausoleil, "Low threshold electrically-pumped hybrid silicon microring lasers," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1528-1533, Nov. 2011.
29. D. Liang, M. Fiorentino, S. T. Todd, G. Kurczveil, R. G. Beausoleil, and J. E. Bowers, "Fabrication of silicon-on-diamond substrate and low-loss opticalwaveguides," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 657- 659, May 2011.
30. Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, J. Shakya, and M. Lipson. (2006). Cascaded silicon micro-ring modulators for WDM optical interconnection. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 14(20), pp. 9431-9435, Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI= oe-14-20-9431
31. J. Ahn, M. Fiorentino, R. G. Beausoleil, N. Binkert, A. Davis, D. Fattal, N. P. Jouppi, M. McLaren, C. M. Santori, R. S. Schreiber, S. M. Spillane, D. Vantrease, and Q. Xu, "Devices and architectures for photonic chipscale integration," Appl. Phys. A, vol. 95, pp. 989-997, 2009.
32. S. Manipatruni, L. Chen, and M. Lipson. (2010, Aug.). Ultra high bandwidth WDM using silicon microring modulators. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 18(16), pp. 16 858-16 867,Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe- 18-16-16858
33. G. T. Reed, G. Mashanovich, F. Y. Gardes, and D. J. Thomson. (2010, Aug.). Silicon optical modulators. Nature Photon. [Online]. 4(8), pp. 518-526, Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2010.179
34. A. Liu, L. Liao, D. Rubin, H. Nguyen, B. Ciftcioglu, Y. Chetrit, N. Izhaky, and M. Paniccia. (2007). High-speed optical modulation based on carrier depletion in a silicon waveguide. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 15(2), pp. 660-668, Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-2-660 (Pubitemid 46168516)
35. L. Liao, A. Liu, J. Basak, H. Nguyen, M. Paniccia, D. Rubin, Y. Chetrit, R. Cohen, and N. Izhaky, "40 Gbit/s silicon optical modulator for high speed applications," Electron. Lett., vol. 43, no. 22, Oct. 2007.
36. M. Watts, D. Trotter, R. Young, and A. Lentine, "Ultralow power silicon microdisk modulators and switches," in Proc. IEEE 5th Int. Conf. Group IV Photon., Sep. 2008, pp. 4-6.
37. W. A. Zortman, M. R.Watts,D. C. Trotter, R.W.Young, andA. L. Lentine, "Low-power high-speed silicon microdisk modulators," presented at the Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., San Jose, CA, USA, 2010, Paper CThJ4.
38. P. Dong, S. Liao, D. Feng, H. Liang, D. Zheng, R. Shafiiha, C.-C. Kung, W. Qian, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari. (2009, Dec.). Low Vpp, ultralow-energy, compact, high-speed silicon electro-optic modulator. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 17(25), pp. 22484- 22490, Available: http://www. opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-25-22484
39. P. Dong, S. Liao, H. Liang, W. Qian, X. Wang, R. Shafiiha, D. Feng, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari. (2010). Highspeed and compact silicon modulator based on a racetrack resonator with a 1 V drive voltage. Opt. Lett. [Online]. 35(19), pp. 3246-3248, Available: http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-35-19-3246
40. X. Zheng, J. Lexau, Y. Luo, H. Thacker, T. Pinguet, A. Mekis, G. Li, J. Shi, P. Amberg, N. Pinckney, K. Raj, R. Ho, J. E. Cunningham, and A. V. Krishnamoorthy. (2010). Ultra-low-energy all-CMOS modulator integrated with driver. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 18(3), pp. 3059-3070, Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-3-3059
41. M. Watts, W. Zortman, D. Trotter, R. Young, and A. Lentine, "Lowvoltage, compact, depletion-mode, silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 159-164, Jan./Feb. 2010.
42. S. Manipatruni, K. Preston, L. Chen, and M. Lipson. (2010). Ultra-low voltage, ultra-small mode volume silicon microring modulator. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 18(17), pp. 18235-18242, Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-17-18235
43. Z. Peng, D. Fattal, M. Fiorentino, and R. Beausoleil. (2010). CMOScompatible microring modulators for nanophotonic interconnect. in Proc. OSA Topical Meeting Integr. Photon. Res., p. IWA2 [Online]. Available: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=IPRSN-2010-IWA2
44. Q. Xu, S. Manipatruni, B. Schmidt, J. Shakya, and M. Lipson. (2007). 12.5 Gbit/s carrier-injection-based silicon micro-ring silicon modulators. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 15(2), pp. 430-436, Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract. cfm?URI=oe-15-2-430 (Pubitemid 46168487)
45. M. Georgas, J. Leu, B. Moss, C. Sun, and V. Stojanovic, "Addressing link-level design tradeoffs for integrated photonic interconnects," in Proc. IEEE Cust. Integr. Circuits Conf., Sep. 2011, pp. 1-8.
46. S. Manipatruni, R. K. Dokania, B. Schmidt, N. Sherwood-Droz, C. B. Poitras, A. B. Apsel, and M. Lipson. (2008, Oct.). Wide temperature range operation of micrometer-scale silicon electro-optic modulators. Opt. Lett. [Online]. 33(19), pp. 2185-2187, Available: http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI= ol-33-19-2185
47. C. T. DeRose, M. R. Watts, D. C. Trotter, D. L. Luck, G. N. Nielson, and R. W. Young, "Silicon microring modulator with integrated heater and temperature sensor for thermal control," presented at the Conf. Lasers Electro-Opt., San Jose, CA, USA, 2010, Paper CThJ3.
48. P. Dong, R. Shafiiha, S. Liao, H. Liang, N.-N. Feng, D. Feng, G. Li, X. Zheng, A. V. Krishnamoorthy, and M. Asghari. (2010, May). Wavelength-tunable silicon microring modulator. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 18(11), pp. 10941-10946, Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-11-10941
49. W. A. Zortman, D. C. Trotter, and M. R. Watts. (2010). Silicon photonics manufacturing. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 18(23), pp. 23598-23607, Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-23-23598
50. T. Tsuchizawa, K. Yamada, H. Fukuda, T. Watanabe, J. ichi Takahashi, M. Takahashi, T. Shoji, E. Tamechika, S. Itabashi, and H. Morita, "Microphotonics devices based on siliconmicrofabrication technology," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 232-240, Jan./Feb. 2005.
51. D. Vermeulen, S. Selvaraja, P. Verheyen, G. Lepage, W. Bogaerts, P. Absil, D. V. Thourhout, and G. Roelkens. (2010). High-efficiency fiberto- chip grating couplers realized using an advanced CMOS-compatible silicon-on-insulator platform. Opt. Exp. [Online]. 18(17), pp. 18278- 18283, Available: http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-17-18278
52. D. Fattal, J. Li, Z. Peng, M. Fiorentino, and R. G. Beausoleil. (2010, Jul.). Flat dielectric grating reflectors with focusing abilities." Nature Photon. [Online]. 4(7), pp. 466-470, Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ nphoton.2010.116