Games, simulations, and simulation games for learning: Definitions and distinctions

Educational Gameplay and Simulation Environments: Case Studies and Lessons Learned

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-26

  Sauvé, Louise ^a   Renaud, Lise ^b   Kaufman, David ^c  

^a Tel e University of Quebec   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875183114     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-61520-731-2.ch001     Document Type: Chapter

References (132)

1. Abaza, M., & Steyn, O. (2008). Role of computer serious games in education and training. In K. McFerrin, R. Weber, R. Carlsen, & D. A. Willis (Eds), Proceedings of 19th International Conference Annual of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education (pp. 1592-1599). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
2. Aldrich, C. (2004). Simulations and the future of learning. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
3. rd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
4. Alvarez, J. (2007). Du jeu video au serious game: Approches culturelle, pragmatique et formelle [Video games as serious games: Cultural, pragmatic and formal approaches]. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Université Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
5. Anderson, L. R., & Stafford, S. L. (2006). Does crime pay? A classroom demonstration of monitoring and enforcement. Southern Economic Journal, 72(4), 1016-1025.
6. Apkan, J. P. (2002). Which comes first: Computer simulation of dissection or a traditional laboratory practical method of dissection? Electronic Journal of Science Education, 6(4). Available at http://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/crowther/ejse/akpan2.pdf.
7. Apperley, T. H. (2006). Genre and game studies: Toward a critical approach to video game genres. Simulation & Gaming, 37(1), 6-23. doi:10.1177/1046878105282278
8. Arthur, D., Malone, S., & Nir, O. (2002). Optimal overbooking. The UMAP Journal, 23(3), 283-300.
9. Asakawa, T., & Gilbert, N. (2003). Synthesizing experiences: Lessons to be learned from Internetmediated simulation games. Simulation & Gaming, 34(1), 10-22. doi:10.1177/1046878102250455
10. Asal, V. (2005). Playing games with international relations. International Studies Perspectives, 6, 359-373. doi:10.1111/j.15283577.2005.00213.x
11. Atake, K. (2003). Using games to teach English in a Japanese junior high school. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED47948.
12. Bain, C., & Newton, C. (2003). Art games: Pre-service art educators construct learning experiences for the elementary art classroom. Art Education, 56(5), 33-40.
13. Bean, M. (2006). What is a simulation? Staff article for Forio Business Simulations. Retrieved from http://forio.com/resources/what-is-a-simulation
14. Beaufils, B. (2006). Intelligence artificielle et intelligence collective: Théorie des jeux [Artificial intelligence and collective intelligence: Theory of games. Lille: Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille. Retrieved from http://www2.lifl.fr/~beaufils/mri/theorie_des_jeux.bruno-3.pdf
15. Becta (2006). Engagement and motivation in games development processes. Research report. Available at www.becta.org.uk.
16. Bergeron, B. (2006). Developing serious games. Hingham, MA: Charles River Media.
17. Blasi, L., & Asfonso, B. (2006). Increasing the transfer of simulation technology from R&D into school settings: An approach to evaluation from overarching vision to individual artifact in education. Simulation & Gaming, 37(2), 245-267. doi:10.1177/1046878105284449
18. Bloomer, J. (1973). What have simulation and gaming got to do with programmed learning and educational technology? Programmed Learning and Educational Technology, 10(4), 224-234.
19. Borges, M. A. F., & Baranauskas, M. C. C. (1998). A user-centred approach to the design of an expert system for training. British Journal of Educational Technology, 29(1), 25-34. doi:10.1111/14678535.00043
20. Bradley, P. (2006). The history of simulation in medical education and possible future directions. Medical Education, 40(3), 254-262. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02394.x
21. Brand, S. (1968). Whole earth catalog. Menlo Park, CA: Portola Institute.
22. Brougère, G. (1999). Some elements relating to children's play and adult simulation/gaming. Simulation & Gaming, 30(2), 134-146. doi:10.1177/104687819903000204
23. Bryce, D. A., King, N. J., Graebner, C. F., & Myers, J. H. (1998). Evaluation of a diagnostic reasoning program (DxR): Exploring student perceptions and addressing faculty concerns. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 98(1). Available at www-jime.open.ac.uk/98/1
24. Casile, M., & Wheeler, J. V. (2005). The magnetic sentences industry game: A competitive in-class experience of business-level strategy. Journal of Management Education, 29(5), 696-713. doi:10.1177/1052562905277315
25. Chamberland, G., Lavoie, L., & Marquis, D. (1995). 20 formules pédagogiques [20 pedagogical forms]. Quebec, QC, Canada: Presses de l'Université du Québec.
26. Charriere, P., & Magnin, M. C. (1998). Simulations globales avec Internet: un atout majeur pour les départements de langues [Global simulations with the Internet: A major trump card for language departments]. The French Review, 72(2), 320-328.
27. Christopher, E. M. (1999). Simulations and games as subversive activities. Simulation & Gaming, 30(4), 441-455. doi:10.1177/104687819903000403
28. Cioffi, J., Purcal, N., & Arundell, F. (2005). A pilot study to investigate the effect of a simulation strategy on the clinical decision making of midwifery students. The Journal of Nursing Education, 44(3), 131-134.
29. Claudet, J. G. (1998). Using multimedia case simulations for professional growth of school leaders: Administrator Case Simulation Project. T.H.E. Journal, 25(11), 82-86.
30. Coles, C. D., Strickland, D. C., Padgett, L., & Bellmoff, L. (2007). Games that "work": Using computer games to teach alcohol-affected children about fire and street safety. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(5), 518-530. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.07.001
31. Corbeil, P. (1999). Learning from the children: Practical and theoretical reflections on playing and learning. Simulation & Gaming, 30(2), 163-180. doi:10.1177/104687819903000206
32. Corson, D. L., Young, C. A., McManus, A., & Erdem, M. (2006). Overcoming managers' perceptual shortcuts through improvisational theater games. Journal of Management Development, 25(3-4), 298-315. doi:10.1108/02621710610655792
33. Crawford, D. B. (1999). Managing the process of review: Playing "Baseball" in class. Intervention in School and Clinic, 35(2), 93-95. doi:10.1177/105345129903500205
34. Crookall, D. (1995) Simulation/Gaming: A guide to the literature. In D. Crookall & K. Arai (Eds.), Simulation and gaming across disciplines and cultures: ISAGA at a watershed (pp. 151-177). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
35. Crooks, S. M., & Eucker, T. R. (2001). "Fab 13": The learning factory. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 14(2), 108-124.
36. de Castell, S., & Jenson, J. (2006). Contagion: A preview of content design. In Proceedings of the IMAGINE Network Conf., Banff, AB, Canada.
37. de Freitas, S., Savill-Smith, C., & Attewell, J. (2006). Computer games and simulations for adult learning: Case studies from practice. London: Learning and Skills Research Centre, University of London.
38. De Grandmont, N. (2005). Pédagogie du jeu... philosophie du ludique [Game pedagogy...ludic philosophy]. Available at http://cf.geocities.com/ndegrandmont/index.htm.
39. Demetriadis, S., Karoulis, A., & Pombortis, A. (1999). "Graphical" jog through: Expert based methodology for user interface evaluation, applied in the case of an educational simulation interface. Computers & Education, 32(4), 285-299. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(99)00009-3
40. Dempsey, J. V., Haynes, L. L., Lucassen, B. A., & Casey, M. S. (2002). Forty simple computer games and what they could mean to educators. Simulation & Gaming, 33(2), 157-168. doi:10.1177/1046878102332003
41. Dempsey, J. V., Lucassen, B., & Rasmussen, K. (1996). The instructional gaming literature: Implications and 99 sources. Technical Report 96-1. College of Education, University of South Alabama. Retrieved March 7, 2001, from http://www.coe.usouthal.edu/TechReports/notes.html
42. Eaves, R. H., & Flagg, A. J. (2001). The U.S. Air Force pilot simulated medical unit: A teaching strategy with multiple applications. The Journal of Nursing Education, 40(3), 110-115.
43. Ebner, N., & Efron, Y. (2005, July). Using tomorrow's headlines for today's training: Creating pseudo-reality in conflict resolution simulation games. Negotiation Journal, 21(3), 377-393. doi:10.1111/j.1571-9979.2005.00070.x
44. Evans, D. R. (1979). Games and simulations in literacy training. Teheran: Hulton Educational Publications.
45. Eyraud, E. (1998). Le jeu dans l'apprentissage d'une langue vivante: Application à l'espagnol [The game in learning a living language: Application to Spanish]. Bulletin APLV - Strasbourg summary no. 60. Summary of unpublished master's thesis, LCE (Langue et Civilisation Etrangère) d'espagnol, Université Paris X Nanterre. Available from http://averreman.free.fr/aplv/num60jeu-espagnol.htm
46. Facer, K., Stanton, D., Joiner, R., Reid, J., Hull, R., & Kirk, D. (2004). Savannah: Mobile gaming and learning? Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20(6), 399-409. doi:10.1111/j.13652729.2004.00105.x
47. Feinstein, A. H., Mann, S., & Corsun, D. L. (2002). Charting the experiential territory: Clarifying definitions and uses of computer simulation, games, and role play. Journal of Management Development, 21(10), 732-744. doi:10.1108/02621710210448011
48. Fertig, G. (2001). Hard times and new deals: Teaching fifth graders about the Great Depression. Social Education, 65(1), 34-40.
49. Forrester, J. W. (1971). World dynamics. Cambrige, MA: Wright Allen Press.
50. Frasca, G. (2001). Videogames of the oppressed: Videogames as a mean for critical thinking and debate. Unpublished master's thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA.
51. Gaba, D. M., Howard, S. K., Fish, K. J., Smith, B. E., & Sowb, Y. A. (2001). Simulationbased training in anesthesia crisis resource management (ACRM): a decade of experience. Simulation & Gaming, 32(2), 175-193. doi:10.1177/104687810103200206
52. Garris, R., Ahlers, R., & Driskell, J. E. (2002). Games, motivation, and learning: A research and practice model. Simulation & Gaming, 33(4), 441-467. doi:10.1177/1046878102238607
53. Gillespie, P. H. (1973). Learning through simulation games. Paramus, NJ: Paulist Press.
54. Gorman, P. J. (2000). The future of medical education is no longer blood and guts, it is bits and bytes. American Journal of Surgery, 180(5), 353-356. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00514-6
55. Gosen, J., & Wabush, J. (1999). As teachers and researchers, where do we go from here? Simulation & Gaming, 30(3), 292-303. doi:10.1177/104687819903000305
56. nd ed, pp. 571-581). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
57. Gray, A. R., Topping, K. J., & Carcary, W. B. (1998). Individual and group learning of the Highway Code: Comparing board game and traditional methods. Educational Research, 40(1), 45-53.
58. Greenblat, C. S. (1988). Designing games and simulations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
59. Griffiths, M. (2002). The educational benefits of videogames. Education and Health, 20(3), 47-51.
60. Hays, R. T., & Singer, M. J. (1989). Simulation fidelity in training system design: Bridging the gap between reality and training. New York: Springer-Verlag.
61. Hostetter, O., & Madison, J. (2002). Video games - The necessity of incorporating video games as part of constructivist learning, Department of Educational Technology. Retrieved November 5, 2004 from http://www.game-research.com/art_games_contructivist.asp
62. Hunsaker, P. L. (2007). Using social simulations to assess and train potential leaders to make effective decisions in turbulent environments. Career Development International, 12(4), 341-360. doi:10.1108/13620430710756744
63. Impact Games. (2008). Peacemaker game. Retrieved April 25, 2008 from http://www.peacemakergame.com/game.php
64. Jacobs, J., Caudell, T., Wilks, D., Keep, M. F., Mitchell, S., Buchanan, H., et al. (2003). Integration of advanced technologies to enhance problem-based learning over distance: Project TOUCH. The Anatomical Record (Part B: New Anatomy), 270B, 16-22
65. Johnson, L. A., Wohlgemuth, B., Cameron, C. A., Caughman, F., Koertge, T., & Barna, J. (1998). Dental interactive simulations corporation (DISC): Simulations for education, continuing education, and assessment. Journal of Dental Education, 62(11), 919-928.
66. Jones, K. (1998). Hidden damage to facilitators and participants. Simulation & Gaming, 29(2), 165-172. doi:10.1177/1046878198292003
67. Juul, J. (2003). The game, the player, the world: Looking for a heart of gameness. Keynote presentation at DiGRA Level-up Conference, Utrecht, Belgium.
68. Kaptelinin, V., & Cole, M. (2001). Individual and collective activities in educational computer game playing. In T. Koschmann & R. Hall (Eds), CSCL2 Carrying forward the conversation (pp. 303-316). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
69. Kashibuchi, M., & Sakamoto, A. (2001). The educational effectiveness of a simulation/game in sex education. Simulation & Gaming, 32(3), 331-343. doi:10.1177/104687810103200304
70. Kasvi, J. J. (2000). Not just fun and games - Internet games as a training medium. In P. Kymäläinen & L. Seppänen (Eds.), Cosiga - Learning with computerised simulation games (pp. 23-34). HUT: Espoo.
71. Kiili, K. (2007). Foundation for problem-based gaming. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(3), 394-404. doi:10.1111/j.14678535.2007.00704.x
72. Kirriemuir, J., & McFarlane, A. (2004). Literature review in games and learning. Bristol, UK: NESTA Futurelab.
73. Kriz, W. C., & Hense, J. U. (2006). Theory-oriented evaluation for the design of and research in gaming and simulation. Simulation & Gaming, 37(2), 268-283. doi:10.1177/1046878106287950
74. Krolikowska, K., Kronenberg, J., Maliszewska, K., Sendzimir, J., Magnuszewski, P., & Dunajski, A. (2007). Role-playing simulation as a communication tool in community dialogue: Karkonosze Mountains case study. Simulation & Gaming, 38(2), 195-210. doi:10.1177/1046878107300661
75. Lainema, T., & Makkonen, P. (2003). Applying a constructivist approach to educational business games: Case REALGAME. Simulation & Gaming, 34(1), 131-149. doi:10.1177/1046878102250601
76. Landry, R. (2003). La simulation sur ordinateur [Computer simulation]. In B. Gauthier (Ed), Recherche sociale. De la problématique à la collecte de données (pp. 469-501). Québec, QC, Canada: Presses de l'Université du Québec.
77. Legendre, R. (2005). Dictionnaire actuel de l'éducation. Montréal, QC, Canada: Guérin.
78. Lhôte, J.-M. (1986). Dictionnaire des jeux de société [Dictionary of games in society]. Paris: Flammarion.
79. Lieberman, D. A. (1998). Health education video games for children and adolescents: Theory, design, and research findings. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Jerusalem.
80. Linsk, N. T., & Tunney, K. (1997). Learning to care: Use of practice simulation to train health social workers. Journal of Social Work Education, 33(3), 473-489.
81. Maier, F. H., & Grobler, A. (2000). What are we talking about? A taxonomy of computer simulations to support learning. System Dynamics Review, 16(2), 135-148. doi:10.1002/1099-1727(200022)16:2<135::AIDSDR193>3.0.CO;2-P
82. Malone, T. W., & Lepper, M. R. (1987). Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning. In R. E. Snow & M. J. Farr (Eds.), Aptitude, Learning and Instruction. Volume 3: Conative and Affective Process Analyses (pp. 223-253). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
83. Marks, M., Lehr, D., & Brastow, R. (2006). Cooperation versus free riding in a threshold public goods classroom experiment. The Journal of Economic Education, 37(2), 156-170. doi:10.3200/JECE.37.2.156-170
84. Medley, C. F., & Horne, C. (2005). Using simulation technology for undergraduate nursing education. The Journal of Nursing Education, 44(1), 31-34.
85. Michael, D., & Chen, S. (2006). Serious games: Games that educate, train, and inform. Boston MA: Thomson.
86. Milrad, M. (2002). Using construction kits, modeling tools and system dynamics simulations to support collaborative discovery learning. Educational Technology and Society, 5(4), 76-87.
87. Morton, P. G., & Tarvin, L. (2001). The pain game: Pain assessment, management, and related JCAHO Standards. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 32(5), 223-227.
88. Mzoughi, T., Herring, S. D., Foley, J. T., Morris, M. J., & Gilbert, P. J. (2007). WebTOP: A 3D interactive system for teaching and learning optics. Computers & Education, 49(1), 110-129. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2005.06.008
89. Nassar, K. (2002). Simulation gaming in construction: ER, the Equipment Replacement Game. Journal of Construction Education, 7(1), 16-30.
90. Newmann, W. W., & Twigg, J. L. (2000). Active engagement of the intro IR student: A simulation approach. PS: Political Science and Politic, 33(4), 835-842. doi:10.2307/420926
91. Nurmi, S. (2004). Are simulations useful for learning? Review article for ERNIST research project. Retrieved October 25, 2007, from http://insight-old.eun.org/eun.org2/eun/en/Insight_Research&Development/content.cfm?ov=33695&lang=en
92. Oblinger, D. G., & Oblinger, J. L. (2005). Educating the net generation. Washington, DC: Educause.
93. nd ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
94. Perez, B. E., & Gallardo, A. L. (2004, September). Empleo de juegos de simulación empresarial como herramienta para la innovación docente: Experiencia en control de gestión de la Diplomatura de Turismo [Managerial use of simulation games as tool for teaching innovation: Experience in a tourism diploma course]. Paper presented at the Asociación Española de Profesores Universitarios de Contabilidad (ASEPUC) IV Jornada de Docencia en Contabilidad, Seville.
95. Peters, V., Vissers, G., & Heijne, G. (1998). The validity of games. Simulation & Gaming, 29(1), 20-30. doi:10.1177/1046878198291003
96. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital game-based learning. New York and London: McGraw Hill.
97. Prensky, M. (2005a, December). Adopt and adapt: 21st-century schools need 21st-century technology. Edutopia. Available at http://www.edutopia.org/adopt-and-adapt
98. Prensky, M. (2005). Engage me or enrage me: What today's learners demand. EDUCAUSE Review, (September-October): 60-64.
99. Prensky, M. (2006). Don't bother me Mom - I'm learning! St Paul, MN: Continuum.
100. Renaud, L. (1987). Impact de certains éléments, à l'intérieur du jeu de simulation, sur les attitudes, les comportements et le transfert d'apprentissage des jeunes enfants face à la sécurité routièr [The impact of certain simulation game elements on the attitudes, behaviors, and transfer of learning in young children about road safety]. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
101. Rieber, L. P. (1996). Seriously considering play: Designing interactive learning environments based on blending of microworlds, simulations and games. Educational Technology Research and Development, 44(1), 43-58. doi:10.1007/BF02300540
102. Romme, A. G. L. (2002). Microworlds for management education and learning. Working paper. Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands. Available at http://www.unice.fr/sg/resources/articles/romme_2002_microworlds-management-edlearning.pdf
103. Saethang, T., & Kee, C. C. (1998). A gaming strategy for teaching the use of critical cardiovascular drugs. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 29(2), 61-65.
104. Salen, K., & Zimmerman, E. (2004). Rules of play. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
105. Salopek, J. J. (1999). Stop playing games. Training & Development, 53(2), 28-38.
106. Sandford, R., & Williamson, B. (2005). Games and learning. Bristol, UK: futurelab. Available at http://www.futurelab.org.uk/resources/publications_reports_articles/handbooks/Handbook133.
107. Sauvé, L. (1985). Simulation et transfert d'apprentissage. Une étude sur les niveaux de fidélité pour le transfert d'apprentissage [Simulation and the transfer of learning: A study of the level of fidelity for the transfer of learning. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. Sauvé, L (2004). Guide de recension des écrits. ApprentisSAGE par les jeux [Guide for a literature review: Learning with games].Québec, QC, Canada: SAVIE.
108. Sauvé, L., & Chamberland, G. (2000). Jeux, jeux de simulation et jeux de rôle: une analyse exploratoire et pédagogique [Games, simulation games and role-playing games: An exploratory pedogical analysis. Cours TEC 1280: Environnement d'apprentissage multimédia sur l'inforoute Québec, QC, Canada: Télé-université.
109. Sauvé, L., Renaud, L., Kaufman, D., & Marquis, J.-S. (2007). Distinguishing between games and simulations: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 10(3), 244-256.
110. Sauvé, L., Renaud, L., Kaufman, D., Samson, D., Bluteau-Dore, V., Dumais, C., et al. (2005). Revue systématique des écrits (1998-2004) sur les fondements conceptuels du jeu, de la simulation et du jeu de simulation. [Systematic review of the literature (1998-2004) on the conceptual foundations of games, simulations, and simulation games]. Québec, QC, Canada: SAGE and SAVIE.
111. Sauvé, L., & St-Pierre, C. (2003). Recension des écrits sur les jeux éducatifs [Review of the literature on educational games]. Research report. Québec, QC, Canada: Télé-université and SAVIE.
112. Sawyer, B. (2004, April) So what are serious games? Paper presented at the Computer Game Technology Conference 2004, Toronto, ON, Canada.
113. Sawyer, B. (2007, May). Ben Sawyer talks about Serious Games at E3. Online: http://seriousgames.ning.com/video/video/show?id=630751:Video:6502(0'32" to 0'39").
114. Scherpereel, C. M. (2005). Changing mental models: Business simulation exercises. Simulation & Gaming, 36(5), 388-403. doi:10.1177/1046878104270005
115. Schuytema, P. (2007). Game design: A practical approach. Boston, MA: Charles River Media.
116. Shaffer, D. W. (2006). Epistemic frames for epistemic games. Computers & Education, 46(3), 223-234. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2005.11.003
117. Shaffer, D. W., Squire, K. R., Halverson, R., & Gee, J. P. (2004). Video games and the future of learning, Research report, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Academic Advanced Distributed Learning Co-Laboratory. Available at http://www.academiccolab.org/resources/gappspaper1.pdf.
118. Squire, K., Jenkins, H., Holland, W., Miller, H., O'Driscoll, A., & Tan, K. P. (2003). Design principles of next-generation digital gaming for education. Educational Technology, 43(5), 17-23.
119. Stolovitch, H. D. (1983). Notes de cours: jeux de simulation [Course notes: Simulation games]. Montreal, QC, Canada: Université de Montréal, Section de technologie éducationnelle.
120. Stolovitch, H. D., & Thiagarajan, S. (1980). Frame games. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
121. Swanson, M. A., & Ornelas, D. (2001). Health jeopardy: A game to market school health services. The Journal of School Nursing, 17(3), 166-169. doi:10.1177/10598405010170030901
122. Usta, E., Akbas, O., Cakir, R., & Ozdemir, S. (2008). The effects of computer games on high school students' perception of confidence. In K. McFerrin et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education International Conference 2008 (pp. 1833-1840). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
123. Van Eck, R. (2006). The effect of contextual pedagogical advisement and competition on middleschool students' attitude toward mathematics and mathematics instruction using a computer-based simulation game. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 25(1), 165-195.
124. Wikipédia. (2008a). Jeu [Game]. Retrieved September12, 2008 from http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu.
125. Wikipédia. (2008b). Serious Game. Retrieved January 7, 2008 from http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_game
126. Wikipedia (2007). Simulation. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation
127. Wolfe, J., & Crookall, D. (1998). Developing a scientific knowledge of simulation/gaming. Simulation & Gaming, 29(1), 7-19. doi:10.1177/1046878198291002
128. Yaoyuenyong, C., Hadikusumo, B. H. W., Ogunlana, S. O., & Siengthai, S. (2005). Virtual construction negotiation game - An interactive learning tool for project management negotiation skill training. International Journal of Business & Management Education, 13(2), 21-36.
129. Yeo, G. K., & Tan, S. T. (1999). Toward a multilingual, experiential environment for learning decision technology. Simulation & Gaming, 30(1), 70-82. doi:10.1177/104687819903000108
130. Yilmaz, L., Ören, T., & Aghaee, N.-G. (2006). Intelligent agents, simulation and gaming. Simulation & Gaming, 37(3), 339-349. doi:10.1177/1046878106289089
131. Zhu, H., Zhou, X., & Yin, B. (2001). Visible simulation in medical education: Notes and discussion. Simulation & Gaming, 3(3), 362-369. doi:10.1177/104687810103200306
132. Zyda, M. (2005). From visual simulation to virtual reality to games. Computer, 38(9), 25-32. doi:10.1109/MC.2005.297