Translational approaches towards cancer gene therapy: Hurdles and hopes

BioImpacts

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 127-143

  Barar, Jaleh ^a   Omidi, Yadollah ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer therapy; nanomedicine; Targeted gene Therapy; Translational medicine

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; CANCER VACCINE; CARBOPLATIN; CGP 69846A; CGT A310; CISPLATIN; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; E1B PROTEIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; LIPOFECTIN; MODIFIED VACCINIA VIRUS ANKARA 5T4 VACCINE; MYC PROTEIN; NAKED DNA; OBLIMERSEN; ONCOLYTIC ADENOVIRUS; PACLITAXEL; PEMETREXED; PEXASTIMOGENE DEVACIREPVEC; PLASMID DNA; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN C FOS; PROTEIN KINASE B BETA; RAF PROTEIN; RETROVIRUS VECTOR; RIBOZYME; SIPULEUCEL T; TALIMOGENE LAHERPAREPVEC; TG 4010; TRETAZICAR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL CANCER; ANTISENSE THERAPY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BLADDER CANCER; BREAST CANCER; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER GENE THERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CELL THERAPY; CHEMOSENSITIVITY; COLORECTAL CANCER; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; GENE DIRECTED ENZYME PRODRUG THERAPY; GENE SILENCING; GENE TARGETING; GENE TRANSFER; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENETICS; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MELANOMA; METASTASIS; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NANOMEDICINE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PLEURA MESOTHELIOMA; PROSTATE CANCER; RNA INTERFERENCE; SUICIDE GENE THERAPY; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

ANIMALIA; LONCHOCARPUS GLAUCIFOLIUS;

EID: 84874512835     PISSN: 22285652     EISSN: 22285660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5681/bi.2012.025     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Abaza MS, Al-Saffar A, Al-Sawan S and Al-Attiyah R. 2008. c-myc antisense oligonucleotides sensitize human colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Tumour Biol, 29(5), 287-303.
2. Adiseshaiah PP, Hall JB and McNeil SE. 2010. Nanomaterial standards for efficacy and toxicity assessment. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 2(1), 99-112.
3. Ahn SG, Kim HS, Jeong SW, Kim BE, Rhim H, Shim JY, et al.2002. Sox-4 is a positive regulator of Hep3B and HepG2 cells' apoptosis induced by prostaglandin (PG)A(2) and delta(12)-PGJ(2). Exp Mol Med, 34(3), 243-9.
4. Aigner A. 2008. Cellular delivery in vivo of siRNA-based therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des, 14(34), 3603-19.
5. Amano S, Gu C, Koizumi S, Tokuyama T and Namba H. 2011. Tumoricidal bystander effect in the suicide gene therapy using mesenchymal stem cells does not injure normal brain tissues. Cancer Lett, 306(1), 99-105.
6. Arteaga CL and Holt JT. 1996. Tissue-targeted antisense c-fos retroviral vector inhibits established breast cancer xenografts in nude mice. Cancer Res, 56(5), 1098-1103.
7. Barar J, Hamzeiy H, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, Hashemi-Aghdam SE and Omidi Y. 2009. Genomic signature and toxicogenomics comparison of polycationic gene delivery nanosystems in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Daru, 17(3), 139-147.
8. Ben-Efraim S. 1996. Cancer immunotherapy: hopes and pitfalls: a review Anticancer Res, 16(5B), 3235-40.
9. Benlloch M, Mena S, Ferrer P, Obrador E, Asensi M, Pellicer JA, et al.2006. Bcl-2 and Mn-SOD antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and a glutamine-enriched diet facilitate elimination of highly resistant B16 melanoma cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and chemotherapy. J Biol Chem, 281(1), 69-79.
10. Berindan-Neagoe I, Balacescu O, Burz C, Braicu C, Balacescu L, Tudoran O, et al.2009. p53 gene therapy using RNA interference. J BUON, 14 Suppl 1S51-9.
11. Bianco R, Ciardiello F and Tortora G. 2005. Chemosensitization by antisense oligonucleotides targeting MDM2. Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 5(1), 51-6.
12. Bodles-Brakhop AM and Draghia-Akli R. 2008. DNA vaccination and gene therapy: optimization and delivery for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Vaccines, 7(7), 1085-101.
13. Bran G, Gotte K, Riedel K, Hormann K and Riedel F. 2011. IL-6 antisense-mediated growth inhibition in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line. In Vivo, 25(4), 579-84.
14. Candolfi M, Kroeger KM, Muhammad AK, Yagiz K, Farrokhi C, Pechnick RN, et al.2009. Gene therapy for brain cancer: combination therapies provide enhanced efficacy and safety. Curr Gene Ther, 9(5), 409-21.
15. Cao G, Su J, Lu W, Zhang F, Zhao G, Marteralli D, et al.2001. Adenovirus-mediated interferon-beta gene therapy suppresses growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer in nude mice. Cancer Gene Ther, 8(7), 497-505.
16. Chang Q, Qin R, Huang T, Gao J and Feng Y. 2006. Effect of antisense hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha on progression, metastasis, and chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer. Pancreas, 32(3), 297-305.
17. Chen H, Ma X, Li Z, Shi Q, Zheng W, Liu Y, et al.2012. Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes enables efficient intracellular delivery of siRNA targeting MDM2 to inhibit breast cancer cells growth. Biomed Pharmacother, 66(5), 334-8.
18. Chu CS, Boyer J, Schullery DS, Gimotty PA, Gamerman V, Bender J, et al.2012. Phase I/II randomized trial of dendritic cell vaccination with or without cyclophosphamide for consolidation therapy of advanced ovarian cancer in first or second remission. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 61(5), 629-41.
19. Chu S, Yuan X, Li Z, Jiang P and Zhang J. 2006. C-Met antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibits growth of glioma cells. Surg Neurol, 65(6), 533-8; discussion 538.
20. Chung TD, Mauceri HJ, Hallahan DE, Yu JJ, Chung S, Grdina WL, et al.1998. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-based gene therapy enhances radiation cytotoxicity in human prostate cancer. Cancer Gene Ther, 5(6), 344-9.
21. Cunningham CC, Holmlund JT, Geary RS, Kwoh TJ, Dorr A, Johnston JF, et al.2001. A Phase I trial of H-ras antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 2503 administered as a continuous intravenous infusion in patients with advanced carcinoma. Cancer, 92(5), 1265-71.
22. Dandekar DS and Lokeshwar BL. 2004. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression by Tet-inducible COX-2 antisense cDNA in hormone-refractory prostate cancer significantly slows tumor growth and improves efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Clin Cancer Res, 10(23), 8037-47.
23. Dass CR, Choong PF and Khachigian LM. 2008. DNAzyme technology and cancer therapy: cleave and let die. Mol Cancer Ther, 7(2), 243-51
24. De Milito A and Fais S. 2005. Tumor acidity, chemore si stance and proton pump inhibitors. Future Oncol, 1(6), 779-86.
25. Devi GR. 2006. siRNA-based approaches in cancer therapy. Cancer Gene Ther, 13(9), 819-29.
26. Di Lorenzo G, Buonerba C and Kantoff PW. 2011. Immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 8(9), 551-61. Dougherty GJ and Dougherty ST. 2009. Exploiting the tumor microenvironment in the development of targeted cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther, 16(3), 279-90.
27. Dougherty GJ and Dougherty ST. 2009. Exploiting the tumor microenvironment in the development of targeted cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther, 16(3), 279-90.
28. Endo S, Zeng Q, Burke NA, He Y, Melhem MF, Watkins SF, et al.2000. TGF-alpha antisense gene therapy inhibits head and neck squamous cell carcinoma growth in vivo. Gene Ther, 7(22), 1906-14.
29. Fidias P, Pennell NA, Boral AL, Shapiro GI, Skarin AT, Eder JP, Jr., et al.2009. Phase I study of the c-raf-1 antisense oligonucleotide ISIS 5132 in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with previously untreated, advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol, 4(9), 1156-62.
30. Freytag SO, Stricker H, Peabody J, Pegg J, Paielli D, Movsas B, et al.2007. Five-year follow-up of trial of replication-competent adenovirus-mediated suicide gene therapy for treatment of prostate cancer. Mol Ther, 15(3), 636-42.
31. Gao J, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Song J, Chen H, Li W, et al.2012a. EGFR- specific PEGylated immunoliposomes for active siRNA delivery in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomaterials, 33(1), 270-82.
32. Gao Z, Zhang L, Hu J and Sun Y. 2012b. Mesenchymal stem cells: a potential targeted-delivery vehicle for anti-cancer drug, loaded nanoparticles. Nanomedicine.
33. Gomez DE, Vazquez AM and Alonso DF. 2012. Cancer Antigen Prioritization: A Road Map to Work in Defining Vaccines Against Specific Targets. A Point of View. Front Oncol, 266.
34. Gondi CS and Rao JS. 2009. Concepts in in vivo siRNA delivery for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol, 220(2), 285-91.
35. Grosenbaugh DA, Leard AT, Bergman PJ, Klein MK, Meleo K, Susaneck S, et al.2011. Safety and efficacy of a xenogeneic DNA vaccine encoding for human tyrosinase as adjunctive treatment for oral malignant melanoma in dogs following surgical excision of the primary tumor. Am J Vet Res, 72(12), 1631-8.
36. Guo S and Huang L. 2011. Nanoparticles Escaping RES and Endosome: Challenges for siRNA Delivery for Cancer Therapy. J Nanomaterilas, 20111-12.
37. Hara I, Nagai H, Miyake H, Yamanaka K, Hara S, Micallef MJ, et al.2000. Effectiveness of cancer vaccine therapy using cells transduced with the interleukin-12 gene combined with systemic interleukin-18 administration. Cancer Gene Ther, 7(1), 83-90.
38. He SB, Yuan Y, Wang L, Yu MJ, Zhu YB and Zhu XG. 2011. Effects of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 specific siRNA on the proliferation and apoptosis of colon cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 30109.
39. Heidel JD and Schluep T. 2012. Cyclodextrin-containing polymers: versatile platforms of drug delivery materials. J Drug Deliv, 2012262731.
40. Hermanson GT. 2008. Bioconjugate Techniques. Amesterdam, Elsevier Inc. .
41. Hobbs SK, Monsky WL, Yuan F, Roberts WG, Griffith L, Torchilin VP, et al.1998. Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95(8), 4607-12.
42. Hollins AJ, Benboubetra M, Omidi Y, Zinselmeyer BH, Schatzlein AG, Uchegbu IF, et al.2004. Evaluation of generation 2 and 3 poly(propylenimine) dendrimers for the potential cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Pharm Res, 21(3), 458-66.
43. Hollins AJ, Omidi Y, Benter IF and Akhtar S. 2007. Toxicogenomics of drug delivery systems: Exploiting delivery system-induced changes in target gene expression to enhance siRNA activity. J Drug Target, 15(1), 83-8.
44. Hu YL, Fu YH, Tabata Y and Gao JQ. 2010. Mesenchymal stem cells: a promising targeted-delivery vehicle in cancer gene therapy. J Control Release, 147(2), 154-62.
45. Huber ML, Haynes L, Parker C and Iversen P. 2012. Interdisciplinary critique of sipuleucel-T as immunotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 104(4), 273-9.
46. Huo X, Ren L, Shang L, Wang X and Wang J. 2011. Effect of WT1 antisense mRNA on the induction of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cells. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 32(6), 651-6.
47. Im SA, Kim JS, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Liu TJ, Cho MS, et al.2001. Inhibition of breast cancer growth in vivo by antiangiogenesis gene therapy with adenovirus-mediated antisense-VEGF. Br J Cancer, 84(9), 1252-7.
48. Iversen PL, Arora V, Acker AJ, Mason DH and Devi GR. 2003. Efficacy of antisense morpholino oligomer targeted to c-myc in prostate cancer xenograft murine model and a Phase I safety study in humans. Clin Cancer Res, 9(7), 2510-9.
49. Jaschinski F, Rothhammer T, Jachimczak P, Seitz C, Schneider A and Schlingensiepen KH. 2011. The antisense oligonucleotide trabedersen (AP 12009) for the targeted inhibition of TGF-beta2. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 12(12), 2203-13.
50. Jason TL, Berg RW, Vincent MD and Koropatnick J. 2007. Antisense targeting of thymidylate synthase (TS) mRNA increases TS gene transcription and TS protein: effects on human tumor cell sensitivity to TS enzyme-inhibiting drugs. Gene Expr, 13(4-5), 227-39.
51. JGM-ClinicalTrials 2012. The Journal of Gene Medicine Clinical Trial site. John Wiley & Son (http://www.abedia.com/wiley/index.html), accessed on 12 Aug 2012.
52. Jiang HL, Hong SH, Kim YK, Islam MA, Kim HJ, Choi YJ, et al.2011. Aerosol delivery of spermine-based poly(amino ester)/Akt1 shRNA complexes for lung cancer gene therapy. Int J Pharm, 420(2), 256-65.
53. Kafil V and Omidi Y. 2011. Cytotoxic impacts of linear and branched polyethylenimine nanostructures in A431 cells. BioImpacts, 1(1), 23-30
54. Keilholz U. 2007. Antigen-specific cancer vaccines. Recent Results Cancer Res, 176213-8.
55. Kim KY, Kim SU, Leung PC, Jeung EB and Choi KC. 2010. Influence of the prodrugs 5-fluorocytosine and CPT-11 on ovarian cancer cells using genetically engineered stem cells: tumor-tropic potential and inhibition of ovarian cancer cell growth. Cancer Sci, 101(4), 955-62.
56. King RJB and Robins MW. 2006. Cancer Biology. Harlow, Pearson Education Limited.
57. Klatzmann D, Valery CA, Bensimon G, Marro B, Boyer O, Mokhtari K, et al.1998. A phase I/II study of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase "suicide" gene therapy for recurrent glioblastoma. Study Group on Gene Therapy for Glioblastoma. Hum Gene Ther, 9(17), 2595-604.
58. Klos KS and Yu D. 2004. Liposomal mediated transfer of ErbB2 antisense DNA: coming of age in the war against cancer. Cancer Biol Ther, 3(2), 205-6.
59. Lazennec G and Katzenellenbogen BS. 1999. Expression of human estrogen receptor using an efficient adenoviral gene delivery system is able to restore hormone-dependent features to estrogen receptor- negative breast carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 149(1-2), 93-105.
60. Li C, Sasaroli D, Chen X, Hu J, Sandaltzopoulos R, Omidi Y, et al.2010. Tumor vascular biomarkers: new opportunities for cancer diagnostics. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers, 8(4-5), 253-71.
61. Li N, Nguyen HH, Byrom M and Ellington AD. 2011. Inhibition of cell proliferation by an anti-EGFR aptamer. PLoS One, 6(6), e20299.
62. Li Y, Wang J, Wientjes MG and Au JL. 2012. Delivery of nanomedicines to extracellular and intracellular compartments of a solid tumor. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 64(1), 29-39.
63. Li YQ, Tao KS, Ren N and Wang YH. 2005. Effect of c-fos antisense probe on prostaglandin E2-induced upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA in human liver cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol, 11(28), 4427-30.
64. Lin MT, Wang F, Uitto J and Yoon K. 2001. Differential expression of tissue-specific promoters by gene gun. The British journal of dermatology, 144(1), 34-9.
65. Liu X, Li J, Tian Y, Xu P, Chen X, Xie K, et al.2010. Enhanced pancreatic cancer gene therapy by combination of adenoviral vector expressing c-erb-B2 (Her-2/neu)-targeted immunotoxin with a replication-competent adenovirus or etoposide. Hum Gene Ther, 21(2), 157-70.
66. Loriot Y, Mordant P, Brown BD, Bourhis J, Soria JC and Deutsch E. 2010. Inhibition of BCL-2 in small cell lung cancer cell lines with oblimersen, an antisense BCL-2 oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN): in vitro and in vivo enhancement of radiation response. Anticancer Res, 30(10), 3869-78.
67. Mathe G. 1987. Passive, adoptive, and active immunotherapy: a review of clinical trials in cancer. Cancer Detect Prev Suppl, 1279-90. McManus MT and Sharp PA. 2002. Gene silencing in mammals by small interfering RNAs. Nat Rev Genet, 3(10), 737-47.
68. Moulder SL, Symmans WF, Booser DJ, Madden TL, Lipsanen C, Yuan L, et al.2008. Phase I/II study of G3139 (Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide) in combination with doxorubicin and docetaxel in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 14(23), 7909-16.
69. Nakhlband A, Barar J, Bidmeshkipour A, Heidari HR and Omidi Y. 2010. Bioimpacts of anti epidermal growth factor receptor antisense complexed with polyamidoamine dendrimers in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells. J Biomed Nanotech, 6(4), 360-9. NIH-ClinicalTrials 2012. ClinicalTrials
70. (http://www.clinicaltrials. gov/), accessed on 12 Aug 2012.
71. Ning T, Yan X, Lu ZJ, Wang GP, Zhang NG, Yang JL, et al.2009. Gene therapy with the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin in an orthotopic lung cancer murine model. Hum Gene Ther, 20(2), 103-11.
72. Omidi Y. 2011a. Smart Multifunctional Theranostics: Simultaneous Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer. BioImpacts, 1(3), 145-147.
73. Omidi Y. 2011b. Translational Researches Require Effective Protocols for Knowledge and Technology Transfer and Integration. BioImpacts, 1(2), 71-73.
74. Omidi Y and Barar J. 2009. Induction of human alveolar epithelial cell growth factor receptors by dendrimeric nanostructures. Int J Toxicol, 28(2), 113-22.
75. Omidi Y and Barar J. 2011. Toxicogenomics of Nonviral Cationic Gene Delivery Nanosystems, In: Non-viral Gene Therapy. YUAN X (Ed.) Rijeka, InTech Open Access Publisher, 547-576.
76. Omidi Y and Barar J. 2012. Impacts of Blood-Brain Barrier in Drug Delivery and Targeting of Brain Tumors. BioImpacts, 2(1), 5-22.
77. Omidi Y, Barar J and Akhtar S. 2005a. Toxicogenomics of cationic lipid-based vectors for gene therapy: impact of microarray technology. Curr Drug Deliv, 2(4), 429-41.
78. Omidi Y, Barar J, Heidari HR, Ahmadian S, Yazdi HA and Akhtar S. 2008. Microarray analysis of the toxicogenomics and the genotoxic potential of a cationic lipid-based gene delivery nanosystem in human alveolar epithelial a549 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods, 18(4), 369-78.
79. Omidi Y, Hollins AJ, Benboubetra M, Drayton R, Benter IF and Akhtar S. 2003. Toxicogenomics of non-viral vectors for gene therapy: a microarray study of lipofectin- and oligofectamine-induced gene expression changes in human epithelial cells. J Drug Target, 11(6), 311-23.
80. Omidi Y, Hollins AJ, Drayton RM and Akhtar S. 2005b. Polypropylenimine dendrimer-induced gene expression changes: the effect of complexation with DNA, dendrimer generation and cell type. J Drug Target, 13(7), 431-43.
81. Palucka K and Banchereau J. 2012. Cancer immunotherapy via dendritic cells. Nat Rev Cancer, 12(4), 265-77.
82. Perez JR, Higgins-Sochaski KA, Maltese JY and Narayanan R. 1996. Antisense rel A in Cancer. Methods Mol Med, 1183-99.
83. Pinheiro C, Sousa B, Albergaria A, Paredes J, Dufloth R, Vieira D, et al.2011. GLUT1 and CAIX expression profiles in breast cancer correlate with adverse prognostic factors and MCT1 overexpression. Histol Histopathol, 26(10), 1279-86.
84. Ponnazhagan S, Mahendra G, Kumar S, Shaw DR, Stockard CR, Grizzle WE, et al.2004. Adeno-associated virus 2-mediated antiangiogenic cancer gene therapy: long-term efficacy of a vector encoding angiostatin and endostatin over vectors encoding a single factor. Cancer Res, 64(5), 1781-7.
85. Prabha S, Sharma B and Labhasetwar V. 2012. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth by nanoparticle-mediated p53 gene therapy in mice. Cancer Gene
86. Steiner MS, Anthony CT, Lu Y and Holt JT. 1998. Antisense c-myc retroviral vector suppresses established human prostate cancer. Hum Gene Ther, 9(5), 747-55.
87. Stevenson FK, Ottensmeier CH and Rice J. 2010. DNA vaccines against cancer come of age. Curr Opin Immunol, 22(2), 264-70.
88. Suggs WD, Olson SC, Madnani D, Patel S and Veith FJ. 1999. Antisense oligonucleotides to c-fos and c-jun inhibit intimal thickening in a rat vein graft model. Surgery, 126(2), 443-9.
89. Sun X, Vale M, Jiang X, Gupta R and Krissansen GW. 2010. Antisense HIF-1alpha prevents acquired tumor resistance to angiostatin gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther, 17(8), 532-40.
90. Swisher SG and Roth JA. 2002. p53 Gene therapy for lung cancer. Curr Oncol Rep, 4(4), 334-40.
91. Tandle A, Blazer DG, 3rd and Libutti SK. 2004. Antiangiogenic gene therapy of cancer: recent developments. J Transl Med, 2(1), 22.
92. Tomanin R and Scarpa M. 2004. Why do we need new gene therapy viral vectors? Characteristics, limitations and future perspectives of viral vector transduction. Curr Gene Ther, 4(4), 357-72.
93. Tsuchida T, Kijima H, Oshika Y, Tokunaga T, Abe Y, Yamazaki H, et al.1998. Hammerhead ribozyme specifically inhibits mutant K-ras mRNA of human pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 253(2), 368-73.
94. Vallieres L. 2009. Trabedersen, a TGFbeta2-specific antisense oligonucleotide for the treatment of malignant gliomas and other tumors overexpressing TGFbeta2. IDrugs, 12(7), 445-53.
95. Vassaux G and Martin-Duque P. 2004. Use of suicide genes for cancer gene therapy: study of the different approaches. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 4(4), 519-30.
96. Wacheck V and Zangemeister-Wittke U. 2006. Antisense molecules for targeted cancer therapy. CritRev OncolHematol, 59(1), 65-73.
97. Wang FQ, Barfield E, Dutta S, Pua T and Fishman DA. 2009. VEGFR- 2 silencing by small interference RNA (siRNA) suppresses LPA- induced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) invasion. Gynecol Oncol, 115(3), 414-23.
98. Wang WB, Zhou YL, Heng DF, Miao CH and Cao YL. 2008. Combination of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and canstatin gene suppression therapy on breast tumor xenograft growth in mice. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 110(2), 283-95.
99. Weber GF. 2007. Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer. Dordrecht, Springer.
100. Wiechen K. 2001. c-erbB-2 Antisense Oligonucleotides Inhibit Serum- Induced Cell Spreading of Ovarian Cancer Cells. Methods Mol Med, 39769-74.
101. Wieczorek M, Paczkowska A, Guzenda P, Majorek M, Bednarek AK and Lamparska-Przybysz M. 2008. Silencing of Wnt-1 by siRNA induces apoptosis of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther, 7(2), 268-74.
102. Xu M, Kumar D, Stass SA and Mixson AJ. 1998. Gene therapy with p53 and a fragment of thrombospondin I inhibits human breast cancer in vivo. Mol Genet Metab, 63(2), 103-9.
103. Yamanaka K, Rocchi P, Miyake H, Fazli L, So A, Zangemeister- Wittke U, et al.2006. Induction of apoptosis and enhancement of chemosensitivity in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells using bispecific antisense oligonucleotide targeting Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL genes. BJU Int, 97(6), 1300-8.
104. Yao B, He QM, Tian L, Xiao F, Jiang Y, Zhang R, et al.2005. Enhanced antitumor effect of the combination of tumstatin gene therapy and gemcitabine in murine models. Hum Gene Ther, 16(9), 1075-86.
105. Yi BR, Choi KJ, Kim SU and Choi KC. 2012a. Therapeutic potential of stem cells expressing suicide genes that selectively target human breast cancer cells: Evidence that they exert tumoricidal effects via tumor tropism (Review). Int J Oncol, 41(3), 798-804.
106. Yi BR, Kim SU, Kim YB, Lee HJ, Cho MH and Choi KC. 2012b. Antitumor effects of genetically engineered stem cells expressing yeast cytosine deaminase in lung cancer brain metastases via their tumor- tropic properties. Oncol Rep, 27(6), 1823-8.
107. Yoon H, Kim DJ, Ahn EH, Gellert GC, Shay JW, Ahn CH, et al.2009. Antitumor activity of a novel antisense oligonucleotide against Akt1. J Cell Biochem, 108(4), 832-8.
108. Zeng G, Apte U, Cieply B, Singh S and Monga SP. 2007. siRNA- mediated beta-catenin knockdown in human hepatoma cells results in decreased growth and survival. Neoplasia, 9(11), 951-9.
109. Zhang X, Xu J, Lawler J, Terwilliger E and Parangi S. 2007. Adeno- associated virus-mediated antiangiogenic gene therapy with thrombospondin-1 type 1 repeats and endostatin. Clin Cancer Res, 13(13), 3968-76.
110. Zhang Z, Jiang G, Yang F and Wang J. 2006. Knockdown of mutant K-ras expression by adenovirus-mediated siRNA inhibits the in vitro and in vivo growth of lung cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther, 5(11), 1481-6.
111. Zhao F.J, Zhang SL, Ma L, Gao H and Zong ZH. 2009. Inhibitory effects of c-erbB-2 antisense oligonucleotide transfection on uterine endometrial cancer Ishikawa cell lines. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 30(1), 54-9.
112. Zhao P, Luo R, Wu J, Xie F, Li H, Xiao X, et al.2008. E10A, an adenovirus carrying human endostatin gene, in combination with docetaxel treatment inhibits prostate cancer growth and metastases. J Cell Mol Med