Therapeutic potential of stem cells expressing suicide genes that selectively target human breast cancer cells: Evidence that they exert tumoricidal effects via tumor tropism (review)

International Journal of Oncology

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 798-804

  Yi, Bo Rim ^a   Choi, Kelvin J ^b   Kim, Seung U ^b,c   Choi, Kyung Chul ^a  

^a Chungbuk National University   (South Korea)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c Chung Ang University College of Medicine   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Carboxyl esterase; Cytosine deaminase; Gene direct enzyme prodrug therapy; Stem cell therapy; Thymidine kinase

Indexed keywords

ANTHRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; ATM PROTEIN; BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; CARBOXYLESTERASE; CHECKPOINT KINASE 2; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTOSINE DEAMINASE; FLUCYTOSINE; FLUOROURACIL; GANCICLOVIR; IRINOTECAN; METHOTREXATE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN P53; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; THYMIDINE KINASE; TRASTUZUMAB;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURGERY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TROPISM; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; CAMPTOTHECIN; CYTOSINE DEAMINASE; FEMALE; FLUCYTOSINE; FLUOROURACIL; GANCICLOVIR; GENES, TRANSGENIC, SUICIDE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETIC THERAPY; HUMANS; PRODRUGS; STEM CELLS; THYMIDINE KINASE;

EID: 84865047525     PISSN: 10196439     EISSN: 17912423     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1523     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E and Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61: 69-90, 2011.
2. Vincent-Salomon A and Thiery JP: Host microenvironment in breast cancer development: epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer development. Breast Cancer Res 5: 101-106, 2003. (Pubitemid 36348104)
3. Middleton LP, Tressera F, Sobel ME, Bryant BR, Alburquerque A, Grases P and Merino MJ: Infiltrating micropapillary carcinoma of the breast. Mod Pathol 12: 499-504, 1999. (Pubitemid 29230611)
4. Goldstein NS, Vicini FA, Kestin LL and Thomas M: Differences in the pathologic features of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast based on patient age. Cancer 88: 2553-2560, 2000. (Pubitemid 30331963)
5. Li CI, Anderson BO, Porter P, Holt SK, Daling JR and Moe RE: Changing incidence rate of invasive lobular breast carcinoma among older women. Cancer 88: 2561-2569, 2000. (Pubitemid 30331964)
6. Lakhani SR, Audretsch W, Cleton-Jensen AM, Cutuli B, Ellis I, Eusebi V, Greco M, Houslton RS, Kuhl CK, Kurtz J, et al: The management of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Is LCIS the same as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)? Eur J Cancer 42: 2205-2211, 2006.
7. Cianfrocca M and Goldstein LJ: Prognostic and predictive factors in early-stage breast cancer. Oncologist 9: 606-616, 2004. (Pubitemid 39546402)
8. Lehman CD, Gatsonis C, Kuhl CK, Hendrick RE, Pisano ED, Hanna L, Peacock S, Smazal SF, Maki DD, Julian TB, et al: MRI evaluation of the contralateral breast in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer. N Engl J Med 356: 1295-1303, 2007. (Pubitemid 46513295)
9. Skinner KA and Silverstein MJ: The management of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Endocr Relat Cancer 8: 33-45, 2001. (Pubitemid 32520252)
10. Singletary SE and Connolly JL: Breast cancer staging: working with the sixth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. CA Cancer J Clin 56: 37-50, 2006.
11. Askoxylakis V, Thieke C, Pleger ST, Most P, Tanner J, Lindel K, Katus HA, Debus J and Bischof M: Long-term survival of cancer patients compared to heart failure and stroke: a systematic review. BMC Cancer 10: 105, 2010.
12. Lv H, Pan G, Zheng G, Wu X, Ren H, Liu Y and Wen J: Expression and functions of the repressor element 1 (RE-1)-silencing transcription factor (REST) in breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 110: 968-974, 2010.
13. Vogel KJ, Atchley DP, Erlichman J, Broglio KR, Ready KJ, Valero V, Amos CI, Hortobagyi GN, Lu KH and Arun B: BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing in Hispanic patients: mutation prevalence and evaluation of the BRCAPRO risk assessment model. J Clin Oncol 25: 4635-4641, 2007. (Pubitemid 350035324)
14. Olsson H: Tumour biology of a breast cancer at least partly reflects the biology of the tissue/epithelial cell of origin at the time of initiation - a hypothesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 74: 345-350, 2000.
15. Giordano SH, Cohen DS, Buzdar AU, Perkins G and Hortobagyi GN: Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study. Cancer 101: 51-57, 2004. (Pubitemid 38812422)
16. Iredale R, Brain K, Williams B, France E and Gray J: The experiences of men with breast cancer in the United Kingdom. Eur J Cancer 42: 334-341, 2006. (Pubitemid 43132888)
17. Yager JD and Davidson NE: Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 354: 270-282, 2006.
18. Nass SJ and Davidson NE: The biology of breast cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 13: 311-332, 1999. (Pubitemid 29255100)
19. Antonova L, Aronson K and Mueller CR: Stress and breast cancer: from epidemiology to molecular biology. Breast Cancer Res 13: 208, 2010.
20. McTiernan A: Behavioral risk factors in breast cancer: can risk be modified? Oncologist 8: 326-334, 2003.
21. Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS and Bryant HE: Influence of physical activity in different age and life periods on the risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 12: 604-612, 2001. (Pubitemid 33134519)
22. MacConaill LE, Campbell CD, Kehoe SM, Bass AJ, Hatton C, Niu L, Davis M, Yao K, Hanna M, Mondal C, et al: Profiling critical cancer gene mutations in clinical tumor samples. PLoS One 4: e7887, 2009.
23. Martin AM and Weber BL: Genetic and hormonal risk factors in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92: 1126-1135, 2000.
24. Plak K, Czarnecka AM, Krawczyk T, Golik P and Bartnik E: Breast cancer as a mitochondrial disorder (Review). Oncol Rep 21: 845-851, 2009.
25. Lynch HT, Silva E, Snyder C and Lynch JF: Hereditary breast cancer: part I. Diagnosing hereditary breast cancer syndromes. Breast J 14: 3-13, 2008.
26. Singletary SE: Rating the risk factors for breast cancer. Ann Surg 237: 474-482, 2003.
27. Kadouri L, Hubert A, Rotenberg Y, Hamburger T, Sagi M, Nechushtan C, Abeliovich D and Peretz T: Cancer risks in carriers of the BRCA1/2 Ashkenazi founder mutations. J Med Genet 44: 467-471, 2007. (Pubitemid 47056875)
28. Campeau PM, Foulkes WD and Tischkowitz MD: Hereditary breast cancer: new genetic developments, new therapeutic avenues. Hum Genet 124: 31-42, 2008.
29. King MC, Marks JH and Mandell JB: Breast and ovarian cancer risks due to inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Science 302: 643-646, 2003. (Pubitemid 37310920)
30. Thorslund T and West SC: BRCA2: a universal recombinase regulator. Oncogene 26: 7720-7730, 2007. (Pubitemid 350242452)
31. Welcsh PL and King MC: BRCA1 and BRCA2 and the genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. Hum Mol Genet 10: 705-713, 2001. (Pubitemid 32331579)
32. Narod SA and Foulkes WD: BRCA1 and BRCA2: 1994 and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer 4: 665-676, 2004. (Pubitemid 39215065)
33. Thorslund T, Esashi F and West SC: Interactions between human BRCA2 protein and the meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1. EMBO J 26: 2915-2922, 2007. (Pubitemid 46975788)
34. Verhoog LC, Berns EM, Brekelmans CT, Seynaeve C, Meijers-Heijboer EJ and Klijn JG: Prognostic significance of germline BRCA2 mutations in hereditary breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 18: 119S-124S, 2000.
35. Loman N, Johannsson O, Bendahl P, Dahl N, Einbeigi Z, Gerdes A, Borg A and Olsson H: Prognosis and clinical presentation of BRCA2-associated breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 36: 1365-1373, 2000. (Pubitemid 30421140)
36. Lim LY, Vidnovic N, Ellisen LW and Leong CO: Mutant p53 mediates survival of breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer 101: 1606-1612, 2009.
37. Bergamaschi D, Gasco M, Hiller L, Sullivan A, Syed N, Trigiante G, Yulug I, Merlano M, Numico G, Comino A, et al: p53 polymorphism influences response in cancer chemotherapy via modulation of p73-dependent apoptosis. Cancer Cell 3: 387-402, 2003. (Pubitemid 38340307)
38. Geisler S, Lonning PE, Aas T, Johnsen H, Fluge O, Haugen DF, Lillehaug JR, Akslen LA and Borresen-Dale AL: Influence of TP53 gene alterations and c-erbB-2 expression on the response to treatment with doxorubicin in locally advanced breast cancer. Cancer Res 61: 2505-2512, 2001. (Pubitemid 32685830)
39. Beroud C and Soussi T: p53 gene mutation: software and database. Nucleic Acids Res 26: 200-204, 1998. (Pubitemid 28291533)
40. Vousden KH and Lane DP: p53 in health and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8: 275-283, 2007. (Pubitemid 46474662)
41. Olivier M, Petitjean A, Marcel V, Petre A, Mounawar M, Plymoth A, de Fromentel CC and Hainaut P: Recent advances in p53 research: an interdisciplinary perspective. Cancer Gene Ther 16: 1-12, 2009.
42. Hohenstein P and Giles RH: BRCA1: a scaffold for p53 response? Trends Genet 19: 489-494, 2003. (Pubitemid 37101089)
43. Coutant C, Rouzier R, Qi Y, Lehmann-Che J, Bianchini G, Iwamoto T, Hortobagyi GN, Symmans WF, Uzan S, Andre F, de The H and Pusztai L: Distinct p53 gene signatures are needed to predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res 17: 2591-2601, 2011.
44. Yamashita H, Nishio M, Toyama T, Sugiura H, Zhang Z, Kobayashi S and Iwase H: Coexistence of HER2 over-expression and p53 protein accumulation is a strong prognostic molecular marker in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 6: R24-30, 2004.
45. Feki A and Irminger-Finger I: Mutational spectrum of p53 mutations in primary breast and ovarian tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 52: 103-116, 2004. (Pubitemid 39419493)
46. Yang J, Ren Y, Wang L, Li B, Chen Y, Zhao W, Xu W, Li T and Dai F: PTEN mutation spectrum in breast cancers and breast hyperplasia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 136: 1303-1311, 2010.
47. Wallace JA, Li F, Leone G and Ostrowski MC: Pten in the breast tumor microenvironment: modeling tumor-stroma coevolution. Cancer Res 71: 1203-1207, 2011.
48. Tokunaga E, Oki E, Kimura Y, Yamanaka T, Egashira A, Nishida K, Koga T, Morita M, Kakeji Y and Maehara Y: Coexistence of the loss of heterozygosity at the PTEN locus and HER2 overexpression enhances the Akt activity thus leading to a negative progesterone receptor expression in breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 101: 249-257, 2007. (Pubitemid 46169878)
49. Marty B, Maire V, Gravier E, Rigaill G, Vincent-Salomon A, Kappler M, Lebigot I, Djelti F, Tourdes A, Gestraud P, et al: Frequent PTEN genomic alterations and activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in basal-like breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 10: R101, 2008.
50. Shaw RJ and Cantley LC: Ras, PI(3)K and mTOR signalling controls tumour cell growth. Nature 441: 424-430, 2006. (Pubitemid 44050136)
51. DeGraffenried LA, Fulcher L, Friedrichs WE, Grunwald V, Ray RB and Hidalgo M: Reduced PTEN expression in breast cancer cells confers susceptibility to inhibitors of the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway. Ann Oncol 15: 1510-1516, 2004. (Pubitemid 39409742)
52. Tate G, Suzuki T and Mitsuya T: Mutation of the PTEN gene in a human hepatic angiosarcoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 178: 160-162, 2007. (Pubitemid 47588422)
53. Petrocelli T and Slingerland JM: PTEN deficiency: a role in mammary carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res 3: 356-360, 2001. (Pubitemid 34196360)
54. Lee JS, Kim HS, Kim YB, Lee MC, Park CS and Min KW: Reduced PTEN expression is associated with poor outcome and angiogenesis in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 12: 205-210, 2004.
55. Steelman LS, Navolanic PM, Sokolosky ML, Taylor JR, Lehmann BD, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Wong EW, Stadelman KM, Terrian DM, et al: Suppression of PTEN function increases breast cancer chemotherapeutic drug resistance while conferring sensitivity to mTOR inhibitors. Oncogene 27: 4086-4095, 2008. (Pubitemid 351931994)
56. Tanaka M, Koul D, Davies MA, Liebert M, Steck PA and Grossman HB: MMAC1/PTEN inhibits cell growth and induces chemosensitivity to doxorubicin in human bladder cancer cells. Oncogene 19: 5406-5412, 2000.
57. Bates RC, Edwards NS, Burns GF and Fisher DE: A CD44 survival pathway triggers chemoresistance via lyn kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt in colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 61: 5275-5283, 2001. (Pubitemid 32681564)
58. Nevanlinna H and Bartek J: The CHEK2 gene and inherited breast cancer susceptibility. Oncogene 25: 5912-5919, 2006. (Pubitemid 44453447)
59. Shaag A, Walsh T, Renbaum P, Kirchhoff T, Nafa K, Shiovitz S, Mandell JB, Welcsh P, Lee MK, Ellis N, et al: Functional and genomic approaches reveal an ancient CHEK2 allele associated with breast cancer in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Hum Mol Genet 14: 555-563, 2005. (Pubitemid 40277471)
60. Abraham RT: PI 3-kinase related kinases: 'big' players in stress-induced signaling pathways. DNA Repair 3: 883-887, 2004.
61. Angele S, Romestaing P, Moullan N, Vuillaume M, Chapot B, Friesen M, Jongmans W, Cox DG, Pisani P, Gerard JP and Hall J: ATM haplotypes and cellular response to DNA damage: association with breast cancer risk and clinical radiosensitivity. Cancer Res 63: 8717-8725, 2003. (Pubitemid 38064049)
62. McKinnon PJ: ATM and ataxia telangiectasia. EMBO Rep 5: 772-776, 2004.
63. Milne RL: Variants in the ATM gene and breast cancer susceptibility. Genome Med 1: 12, 2009.
64. Lee JH and Paull TT: Direct activation of the ATM protein kinase by the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex. Science 304: 93-96, 2004.
65. Consortium TCBCC-C: CHEK2*1100delC and susceptibility to breast cancer: a collaborative analysis involving 10,860 breast cancer cases and 9,065 controls from 10 studies. Am J Hum Genet 74: 1175-1182, 2004.
66. Kilpivaara O, Vahteristo P, Falck J, Syrjakoski K, Eerola H, Easton D, Bartkova J, Lukas J, Heikkila P, Aittomaki K, et al: CHEK2 variant I157T may be associated with increased breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 111: 543-547, 2004.
67. Kleibl Z, Havranek O, Novotny J, Kleiblova P, Soucek P and Pohlreich P: Analysis of CHEK2 FHA domain in Czech patients with sporadic breast cancer revealed distinct rare genetic alterations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 112: 159-164, 2008.
68. Le GM, O'Malley CD, Glaser SL, Lynch CF, Stanford JL, Keegan TH and West DW: Breast implants following mastectomy in women with early-stage breast cancer: prevalence and impact on survival. Breast Cancer Res 7: R184-193, 2005.
69. Brown SL: Epidemiology of silicone-gel breast implants. Epidemiology 13: S34-39, 2002.
70. Bese NS, Kiel K, El-Gueddari Bel K, Campbell OB, Awuah B and Vikram B: Radiotherapy for breast cancer in countries with limited resources: program implementation and evidence-based recommendations. Breast J 12: S96-102, 2006.
71. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, Robert NJ, Muss HB, Piccart MJ, Castiglione M, Tu D, Shepherd LE, Pritchard KI, et al: Randomized trial of letrozole following tamoxifen as extended adjuvant therapy in receptor-positive breast cancer: updated findings from NCIC CTG MA.17. J Natl Cancer Inst 97: 1262-1271, 2005. (Pubitemid 41535367)
72. Crew KD, Greenlee H, Capodice J, Raptis G, Brafman L, Fuentes D, Sierra A and Hershman DL: Prevalence of joint symptoms in postmenopausal women taking aromatase inhibitors for early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 25: 3877-3883, 2007. (Pubitemid 47477264)
73. Zoli W, Ulivi P, Tesei A, Fabbri F, Rosetti M, Maltoni R, Giunchi DC, Ricotti L, Brigliadori G, Vannini I and Amadori D: Addition of 5-fluorouracil to doxorubicin-paclitaxel sequence increases caspase-dependent apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res 7: R681-689, 2005.
74. McArthur HL, Mahoney KM, Morris PG, Patil S, Jacks LM, Howard J, Norton L and Hudis CA: Adjuvant trastuzumab with chemotherapy is effective in women with small, node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer. Cancer 117: 5461-5468, 2011.
75. Piccart M: The role of taxanes in the adjuvant treatment of early stage breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 79 (Suppl 1): S25-34, 2003.
76. Weiss RB, Woolf SH, Demakos E, Holland JF, Berry DA, Falkson G, Cirrincione CT, Robbins A, Bothun S, Henderson IC and Norton L: Natural history of more than 20 years of node-positive primary breast carcinoma treated with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy: a study by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. J Clin Oncol 21: 1825-1835, 2003. (Pubitemid 46638596)
77. Hedley D, Ogilvie L and Springer C: Carboxypeptidase-G2-based gene-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy: a new weapon in the GDEPT armoury. Nat Rev Cancer 7: 870-879, 2007. (Pubitemid 350010854)
78. Nawa A, Tanino T, Luo C, Iwaki M, Kajiyama H, Shibata K, Yamamoto E, Ino K, Nishiyama Y and Kikkawa F: Gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy for ovarian cancer: could GDEPT become a promising treatment against ovarian cancer? Anticancer Agents Med Chem 8: 232-239, 2008. (Pubitemid 351761446)
79. Greco O and Dachs GU: Gene directed enzyme/prodrug therapy of cancer: historical appraisal and future prospectives. J Cell Physiol 187: 22-36, 2001. (Pubitemid 32195242)
80. McKeown SR, Ward C and Robson T: Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy: a current assessment. Curr Opin Mol Ther 6: 421-435, 2004. (Pubitemid 39207133)
81. Voeks D, Martiniello-Wilks R, Madden V, Smith K, Bennetts E, Both GW and Russell PJ: Gene therapy for prostate cancer delivered by ovine adenovirus and mediated by purine nucleoside phosphorylase and fludarabine in mouse models. Gene Ther 9: 759-768, 2002. (Pubitemid 34679303)
82. Anderson WF: Gene therapy scores against cancer. Nat Med 6: 862-863, 2000.
83. Chung-Faye GA, Kerr DJ, Young LS and Searle PF: Gene therapy strategies for colon cancer. Mol Med Today 6: 82-87, 2000.
84. Schepelmann S, Hallenbeck P, Ogilvie LM, Hedley D, Friedlos F, Martin J, Scanlon I, Hay C, Hawkins LK, Marais R and Springer CJ: Systemic gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma using a targeted adenovirus armed with carboxypeptidase G2. Cancer Res 65: 5003-5008, 2005. (Pubitemid 40827305)
85. Chung-Faye GA, Chen MJ, Green NK, Burton A, Anderson D, Mautner V, Searle PF and Kerr DJ: In vivo gene therapy for colon cancer using adenovirus-mediated, transfer of the fusion gene cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. Gene Ther 8: 1547-1554, 2001. (Pubitemid 33061893)
86. Hernandez-Alcoceba R, Sangro B and Prieto J: Gene therapy of liver cancer. World J Gastroenterol 12: 6085-6097, 2006. (Pubitemid 44688155)
87. Yi BR, O SN, Kang NH, Hwang KA, Kim SU, Jeung EB, Kim YB, Heo GJ and Choi KC: Genetically engineered stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase and interferon-β migrate to human lung cancer cells and have potentially therapeutic antitumor effects. Int J Oncol 39: 833-839, 2011.
88. Yi BR, Kang NH, Hwang KA, Kim SU, Jeung EB and Choi KC: Antitumor therapeutic effects of cytosine deaminase and interferon-β against endometrial cancer cells using genetically engineered stem cells in vitro. Anticancer Res 31: 2853-2861, 2011.
89. Dachs GU, Hunt MA, Syddall S, Singleton DC and Patterson AV: Bystander or no bystander for gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Molecules 14: 4517-4545, 2009.
90. Pfeifer A and Verma IM: Gene therapy: promises and problems. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2: 177-211, 2001. (Pubitemid 35265005)
91. Shah K: Mesenchymal stem cells engineered for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64: 739-748, 2012.
92. Ramnaraine M, Pan W, Goblirsch M, Lynch C, Lewis V, Orchard P, Mantyh P and Clohisy DR: Direct and bystander killing of sarcomas by novel cytosine deaminase fusion gene. Cancer Res 63: 6847-6854, 2003. (Pubitemid 37322967)
93. Nyati MK, Symon Z, Kievit E, Dornfeld KJ, Rynkiewicz SD, Ross BD, Rehemtulla A and Lawrence TS: The potential of 5-fluorocytosine/cytosine deaminase enzyme prodrug gene therapy in an intrahepatic colon cancer model. Gene Ther 9: 844-849, 2002. (Pubitemid 34716328)
94. Ireton GC, Black ME and Stoddard BL: Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of bacterial cytosine deaminase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 57: 1643-1645, 2001. (Pubitemid 33037730)
95. Ireton GC, Black ME and Stoddard BL: The 1.14 A crystal structure of yeast cytosine deaminase: evolution of nucleotide salvage enzymes and implications for genetic chemotherapy. Structure 11: 961-972, 2003. (Pubitemid 36966785)
96. Denny WA: Prodrugs for Gene-Directed Enzyme-Prodrug Therapy (Suicide Gene Therapy). J Biomed Biotechnol 2003: 48-70, 2003.
97. Ireton GC, McDermott G, Black ME and Stoddard BL: The structure of Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase. J Mol Biol 315: 687-697, 2002. (Pubitemid 34729319)
98. Fuchita M, Ardiani A, Zhao L, Serve K, Stoddard BL and Black ME: Bacterial cytosine deaminase mutants created by molecular engineering show improved 5-fluorocytosine-mediated cell killing in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 69: 4791-4799, 2009.
99. Kim KY, Kim SU, Leung PC, Jeung EB and Choi KC: Influence of the prodrugs 5-fluorocytosine and CPT-11 on ovarian cancer cells using genetically engineered stem cells: tumor-tropic potential and inhibition of ovarian cancer cell growth. Cancer Sci 101: 955-962, 2010.
100. Chen JK, Hu LJ, Wang D, Lamborn KR and Deen DF: Cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine exposure induces bystander and radiosensitization effects in hypoxic glioblastoma cells in vitro. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67: 1538-1547, 2007. (Pubitemid 46467180)
101. Miller CR, Williams CR, Buchsbaum DJ and Gillespie GY: Intratumoral 5-fluorouracil produced by cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine gene therapy is effective for experimental human glioblastomas. Cancer Res 62: 773-780, 2002. (Pubitemid 34126953)
102. Humerickhouse R, Lohrbach K, Li L, Bosron WF and Dolan ME: Characterization of CPT-11 hydrolysis by human liver carboxylesterase isoforms hCE-1 and hCE-2. Cancer Res 60: 1189-1192, 2000. (Pubitemid 30151980)
103. Bencharit S, Morton CL, Howard-Williams EL, Danks MK, Potter PM and Redinbo MR: Structural insights into CPT-11 activation by mammalian carboxylesterases. Nat Struct Biol 9: 337-342, 2002. (Pubitemid 34462550)
104. Bodor N and Buchwald P: Soft drug design: general principles and recent applications. Med Res Rev 20: 58-101, 2000. (Pubitemid 30027561)
105. Wadkins RM, Morton CL, Weeks JK, Oliver L, Wierdl M, Danks MK and Potter PM: Structural constraints affect the metabolism of 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino) -1-piperidino] carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11) by carboxylesterases. Mol Pharmacol 60: 355-362, 2001. (Pubitemid 32678301)
106. Wierdl M, Morton CL, Weeks JK, Danks MK, Harris LC and Potter PM: Sensitization of human tumor cells to CPT-11 via adenoviral-mediated delivery of a rabbit liver carboxylesterase. Cancer Res 61: 5078-5082, 2001. (Pubitemid 32681538)
107. Kojima A, Hackett NR, Ohwada A and Crystal RG: In vivo human carboxylesterase cDNA gene transfer to activate the prodrug CPT-11 for local treatment of solid tumors. J Clin Invest 101: 1789-1796, 1998. (Pubitemid 28198510)
108. van Dillen IJ, Mulder NH, Vaalburg W, de Vries EF and Hospers GA: Influence of the bystander effect on HSV-tk/GCV gene therapy. A review. Curr Gene Ther 2: 307-322, 2002.
109. Gerolami R, Cardoso J, Lewin M, Bralet MP, Sa Cunha A, Clement O, Brechot C and Tran PL: Evaluation of HSV-tk gene therapy in a rat model of chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma by intratumoral and intrahepatic artery routes. Cancer Res 60: 993-1001, 2000. (Pubitemid 30129536)
110. Fillat C, Carrio M, Cascante A and Sangro B: Suicide gene therapy mediated by the Herpes Simplex virus thymidine kinase gene/Ganciclovir system: fifteen years of application. Curr Gene Ther 3: 13-26, 2003.
111. Huang Q, Pu P, Xia Z and You Y: Exogenous wt-p53 enhances the antitumor effect of HSV-TK/GCV on C6 glioma cells. J Neurooncol 82: 239-248, 2007. (Pubitemid 46614385)
112. Cowen RL, Williams JC, Emery S, Blakey D, Darling JL, Lowenstein PR and Castro MG: Adenovirus vector-mediated delivery of the prodrug-converting enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 in a secreted or GPI-anchored form: High-level expression of this active conditional cytotoxic enzyme at the plasma membrane. Cancer Gene Ther 9: 897-907, 2002. (Pubitemid 35278562)
113. Muller FJ, Snyder EY and Loring JF: Gene therapy: can neural stem cells deliver? Nat Rev Neurosci 7: 75-84, 2006. (Pubitemid 41828933)
114. Kim SU, Jeung EB, Kim YB, Cho MH and Choi KC: Potential tumor-tropic effect of genetically engineered stem cells expressing suicide enzymes to selectively target invasive cancer in animal models. Anticancer Res 31: 1249-1258, 2011.
115. Tang Y, Shah K, Messerli SM, Snyder E, Breakefield X and Weissleder R: In vivo tracking of neural progenitor cell migration to glioblastomas. Hum Gene Ther 14: 1247-1254, 2003. (Pubitemid 37034574)
116. Power AT and Bell JC: Cell-based delivery of oncolytic viruses: a new strategic alliance for a biological strike against cancer. Mol Ther 15: 660-665, 2007. (Pubitemid 46431985)
117. Kim KY, Yi BR, Lee HR, Kang NH, Jeung EB, Kim SU and Choi KC: Stem cells with fused gene expression of cytosine deaminase and interferon-β migrate to human gastric cancer cells and result in synergistic growth inhibition for potential therapeutic use. Int J Oncol 40: 1097-1104, 2012.
118. Aboody KS, Najbauer J and Danks MK: Stem and progenitor cell-mediated tumor selective gene therapy. Gene Ther 15: 739-752, 2008. (Pubitemid 351627357)
119. Gutova M, Najbauer J, Frank RT, Kendall SE, Gevorgyan A, Metz MZ, Guevorkian M, Edmiston M, Zhao D, Glackin CA, et al: Urokinase plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor mediate human stem cell tropism to malignant solid tumors. Stem Cells 26: 1406-1413, 2008.
120. Bithell A and Williams BP: Neural stem cells and cell replacement therapy: making the right cells. Clin Sci 108: 13-22, 2005. (Pubitemid 40052281)
121. Kim SK, Kim SU, Park IH, Bang JH, Aboody KS, Wang KC, Cho BK, Kim M, Menon LG, Black PM and Carroll RS: Human neural stem cells target experimental intracranial medulloblastoma and deliver a therapeutic gene leading to tumor regression. Clin Cancer Res 12: 5550-5556, 2006. (Pubitemid 44497273)
122. Sohur US, Emsley JG, Mitchell BD and Macklis JD: Adult neurogenesis and cellular brain repair with neural progenitors, precursors and stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361: 1477-1497, 2006. (Pubitemid 44450206)
123. Kim SU, Park IH, Kim TH, Kim KS, Choi HB, Hong SH, Bang JH, Lee MA, Joo IS, Lee CS and Kim YS: Brain transplantation of human neural stem cells transduced with tyrosine hydroxylase and GTP cyclohydrolase 1 provides functional improvement in animal models of Parkinson disease. Neuropathology 26: 129-140, 2006.
124. Joo KM, Park IH, Shin JY, Jin J, Kang BG, Kim MH, Lee SJ, Jo MY, Kim SU and Nam DH: Human neural stem cells can target and deliver therapeutic genes to breast cancer brain metastases. Mol Ther 17: 570-575, 2009.