How automatic are crossmodal correspondences?

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 245-260

  Spence, Charles ^a   Deroy, Ophelia ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Automaticity; Crossmodal correspondence; Stimulus driven; Strategic; Synaesthesia; Voluntary

Indexed keywords

ASSOCIATION; AUTOMATICITY; AUTOMATISM; BRAIN FUNCTION; COGNITION; CROSSMODAL CORRESPONDENCE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; VELOCITY;

EID: 84873814754     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: 10902376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.12.006     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Ahissar M., Hochstein S. The reverse hierarchy theory of visual perceptive learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2004, 8:457-464.
2. Alsius A., Navarra J., Campbell R., Soto-Faraco S. Audiovisual integration of speech falters under high attention demands. Current Biology 2005, 15:1-5.
3. Alsius A., Navarra J., Soto-Faraco S. Attention to touch weakens audiovisual speech integration. Experimental Brain Research 2007, 183:399-404.
4. Awh E., Belopolsky A.V., Theeuwes J. Top-down versus bottom-up attentional control: A failed theoretical dichotomy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2012, 16:437-443.
5. Bargh J.A. The ecology of automaticity: Toward establishing the conditions needed to produce automatic processing effects. American Journal of Psychology 1992, 105:181-199.
6. Bargh J.A. The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. Handbook of social cognition 1994, Vol. 1:1-40. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
7. Belkin K., Martin R., Kemp S.E., Gilbert A.N. Auditory pitch as a perceptual analogue to odor quality. Psychological Science 1997, 8:340-342.
8. Ben-Artzi E., Marks L.E. Visual-auditory interaction in speeded classification: Role of stimulus difference. Perception and Psychophysics 1995, 57:1151-1162.
9. Bernstein I.H., Edelstein B.A. Effects of some variations in auditory input upon visual choice reaction time. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1971, 87:241-247.
10. Bertelson P., Vroomen J., de Gelder B., Driver J. The ventriloquist effect does not depend on the direction of deliberate visual attention. Perception and Psychophysics 2000, 62:321-332.
11. Bien N., ten Oever S., Goebel R., Sack A.T. The sound of size: Crossmodal binding in pitch-size synesthesia: A combined TMS, EEG, and psychophysics study. NeuroImage 2012, 59:663-672.
12. Blake R., Palmeri T., Marois R., Kim C.-Y. On the perceptual reality of synesthesia. Synesthesia: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience 2005, 47-73. Oxford University Press, New York. L.C. Robertson, N. Sagiv (Eds.).
13. Multisensory development 2012, Oxford University Press, Oxford. A. Bremner, D. Lewkowicz, C. Spence (Eds.).
14. Bush R.R., Mosteller F. A mathematical model for simple learning. Psychological Review 1951, 58:313-323.
15. Cabrera D., Morimoto M. Influence of fundamental frequency and source elevation on the vertical localization of complex tones and complex tone pairs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2007, 122:478.
16. The handbook of multisensory processing 2004, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. G. Calvert, C. Spence, B.E. Stein (Eds.).
17. Chen Y.-C., Yeh S.-L., Spence C. Crossmodal constraints on human visual awareness: Can auditory semantic context modulate binocular rivalry?. Frontiers in Perception Science 2011, 2:212.
18. Chica A., Sanabria D., Lupiáñez J., Spence C. Comparing intramodal and crossmodal cuing in the endogenous orienting of spatial attention. Experimental Brain Research 2007, 179(353-364):531.
19. Chiou R., Rich A.N. Cross-modality correspondence between pitch and spatial location modulates attentional orienting. Perception 2012, 41:339-353.
20. Chiou, R., & Rich, A. N. (2012b). Perceptual difficulty and speed pressure reveal different behavioural effects of voluntary and involuntary attention. Poster session presented at the 39th Australasian Experimental Psychology Conference, Sydney, Australia.
21. Clark H.H., Brownell H.H. Position, direction, and their perceptual integrality. Perception and Psychophysics 1976, 19:328-334.
22. Cohen N.E. Equivalence of brightness across modalities. American Journal of Psychology 1934, 46:117-119.
23. Cohen Kadosh R., Terhune D.B. Redefining synaesthesia?. British Journal of Psychology 2011, 103:20-23.
24. Crisinel A.-S., Spence C. As bitter as a trombone: Synesthetic correspondences in non-synesthetes between tastes and flavors and musical instruments and notes. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics 2010, 72:1994-2002.
25. Crisinel A.-S., Spence C. Crossmodal associations between flavoured milk solutions and musical notes. Acta Psychologica 2011, 138:155-161.
26. Crisinel A.-S., Spence C. A fruity note: Crossmodal associations between odors and musical notes. Chemical Senses 2012, 37:151-158.
27. De Houwer J., Teige-Mocigemba S., Spruyt A., Moors A. Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin 2009, 135:347-368.
28. Demattè M.L., Sanabria D., Spence C. Olfactory-tactile compatibility effects demonstrated using the implicit association task. Acta Psychologica 2007, 124:332-343.
29. Deroy, O., Crisinel, A., & Spence, C. (in press). Crossmodal correspondences between odours and contingent features: Odours, musical notes, and arbitrary shapes, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.
30. Deroy, O., & Spence, C. (submitted for publication) Bordelines cases of crossmodal experiences, mind and language.
31. Deroy, O., & Spence, C. (in press). Why we are not all synaesthetes (not even weakly so), Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.
32. Deroy O., Valentin D. Tasting liquid shapes: Investigating the sensory basis of cross-modal correspondences. Chemosensory Perception 2011, 4:80-90.
33. Eramudugolla R., Kamke M., Soto-Faraco S., Mattingley J.B. Perceptual load influences auditory space perception in the ventriloquist aftereffect. Cognition 2011, 118:62-74.
34. Ernst M.O. Learning to integrate arbitrary signals from vision and touch. Journal of Vision 2007, 7(5/7):1-14.
35. Esterman M., Verstynen T., Ivry R.B., Robertson L.C. Coming unbound: Disrupting automatic integration of synesthetic color and graphemes by TMS of the right parietal lobe. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2006, 18:1570-1576.
36. Estes W.K. Toward a statistical theory of learning. Psychological Review 1950, 57:94-107.
37. Evans K.K., Treisman A. Natural cross-modal mappings between visual and auditory features. Journal of Vision 2010, 10(1):1-12. (article no. 6).
38. Fairhall S.L., Macaluso E. Spatial attention can modulate audiovisual integration at multiple cortical and subcortical sites. European Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:1247-1257.
39. Fernández-Prieto I., Vera-Constán F., García-Morera J., Navarra J. Spatial recoding of sound: Pitch-varying auditory cues modulate up/down visual spatial attention. Seeing and Perceiving 2012, 25(Suppl.):150-151.
40. Fiebelkorn I.C., Foxe J.J., Molholm S. Dual mechanisms for the cross-sensory spread of attention: How much do learned associations matter?. Cerebral Cortex 2010, 20:109-120.
41. Fiebelkorn I.C., Foxe J.J., Molholm S. Attention and multisensory feature integration. The new handbook of multisensory processing 2012, 383-394. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.E. Stein (Ed.).
42. Gallace A., Spence C. Multisensory synesthetic interactions in the speeded classification of visual size. Perception and Psychophysics 2006, 68:1191-1203.
43. Giard M.H., Peronnet F. Auditory-visual integration during multimodal object recognition in humans: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1999, 11:473-490.
44. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:1464-1480.
45. Guzman-Martinez E., Ortega L., Grabowecky M., Mossbridge J., Suzuki S. Interactive coding of visual spatial frequency and auditory amplitude-modulation rate. Current Biology 2012, 22:383-388.
46. Hackley S.A. An evaluation of the automaticity of sensory processing using event-related potentials and brain-stem reflexes. Psychophysiology 1993, 30:415-428.
47. Hanson-Vaux G., Crisinel A.-S., Spence C. Smelling shapes: Crossmodal correspondences between odors and shapes. Chemical Senses 2013, 38:161-166.
48. Helbig H.B., Ernst M.O. Visual-haptic cue weighting is independent of modality-specific attention. Journal of Vision 2008, 8(10):1-16. (article no. 2).
49. Heron J., Roach N.W., Hanson J.V.M., McGraw P.V., Whitaker D. Audiovisual time perception is spatially specific. Experimental Brain Research 2012, 218:477-485.
50. Hochel E., Milán E.G. Synaesthesia: The existing state of affairs. Cognitive Neuropsychology 2008, 25:93-117.
51. Horowitz T.S., Wolfe J.M., Alvarez G.A., Cohen M.A., Kuzmova Y.I. The speed of free will. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2009, 62:2262-2288.
52. Hubbard T.L. Synesthesia-like mappings of lightness, pitch, and melodic interval. American Journal of Psychology 1996, 109:219-238.
53. Jeschonek, S., Pauen, S., & Babocsai, L. (in press). Cross-modal mapping of visual and acoustic displays in infants: The effect of dynamic and static components, European, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2012.681590.
54. Keller P.E., Koch I. Exogenous and endogenous response priming with auditory stimuli. Advances in Cognitive Psychology 2006, 2:269-276.
55. Klapetek A., Ngo M.K., Spence C. Do crossmodal correspondences enhance the facilitatory effect of auditory cues on visual search?. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics 2012, 74:1154-1167.
56. Klein, R., Brennan, M., D'Aloisio, A., D'Entremont, B., & Gilani, A. (1987). Covert cross-modality orienting of attention. Unpublished manuscript.
57. Klein, R. M., Brennan, M., & Gilani, A. (1987). Covert cross-modality orienting of attention in space. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomics Society, Seattle (November).
58. Klein, R. M., & Juckes, T. (1989). Can auditory frequency control the direction of visual attention. Paper presented at the Canadian Acoustic Association, Halifax, NS, October (abstract published in proceedings).
59. Kovic V., Plunkett K., Westermann G. The shape of words in the brain. Cognition 2010, 114:19-28.
60. Lavie N. Distracted and confused?: Selective attention under load. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2005, 9:75-82.
61. Lewkowicz D.J., Turkewitz G. Cross-modal equivalence in early infancy: Auditory-visual intensity matching. Developmental Psychology 1980, 16:597-607.
62. Linkovski O., Akiva-Kabiri L., Gertner L., Henik A. Is it for real? Evaluating authenticity of musical pitch-space synesthesia. Cognitive Processing 2012, 10.1007/s10339-012-0498-0.
63. Logan G.D. Skill and automaticity: Relations, implications, and future directions. Canadian Journal of Psychology 1985, 39:367-386.
64. Logan G.D. Automaticity and cognitive control. Unintended thought 1989, 52-74. Guilford Press, New York. J.S. Uleman, J.A. Bargh (Eds.).
65. Long J. Contextual assimilation and its effect on the division of attention between nonverbal signals. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1977, 29:397-414.
66. Ludwig V.U., Adachi I., Matzuzawa T. Visuoauditory mappings between high luminance and high pitch are shared by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2011, 108:20661-20665.
67. Lupiáñez J., Callejas A. Automatic perception and synaesthesia: Evidence from colour and photism naming in a Stroop-negative priming task. Cortex 2006, 42:204-212.
68. Mack A., Rock I. Inattentional blindness 1998, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
69. MacLeod C.M., Dunbar K. Training and Stroop-like interference: Evidence for a continuum of automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1988, 14:126-135.
70. Maeda F., Kanai R., Shimojo S. Changing pitch induced visual motion illusion. Current Biology 2004, 14:R990-R991.
71. Marks L.E. On cross-modal similarity: Auditory-visual interactions in speeded discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1987, 13:384-394.
72. Marks L.E. Cross-modal interactions in speeded classification. Handbook of multisensory processes 2004, 85-105. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. G.A. Calvert, C. Spence, B.E. Stein (Eds.).
73. Marr D. Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information 1982, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
74. Martino G., Marks L.E. Perceptual and linguistic interactions in speeded classification: Tests of the semantic coding hypothesis. Perception 1999, 28:903-923.
75. Martino G., Marks L.E. Cross-modal interaction between vision and touch: The role of synesthetic correspondence. Perception 2000, 29:745-754.
76. Martino G., Marks L.E. Synesthesia: Strong and weak. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2001, 10:61-65.
77. Matthews P.B.C. The human stretch reflex and the motor cortex. Trends in Neurosciences 1991, 14:87-91.
78. Mattingley J.B. Attention, automaticity and awareness in synaesthesia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (The Year in Cognitive Science) 2009, 1156:141-167.
79. Mattingley J.B., Payne J.M., Rich A.N. Attentional load attenuates synaesthetic priming effects in grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Cortex 2006, 42:213-221.
80. Maurer D., Mondloch C.J. Neonatal synaesthesia: A reevaluation. Synaesthesia: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience 2005, 193-213. Oxford University Press, Oxford. L.C. Robertson, N. Sagiv (Eds.).
81. Melara R.D. Dimensional interaction between color and pitch. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1989, 15:69-79.
82. Melara R.D., O'Brien T.P. Interactions between synesthetically corresponding dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1987, 116:323-336.
83. Miller J.O. Channel interaction and the redundant targets effect in bimodal divided attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1991, 17:160-169.
84. Molholm S., Ritter W., Javitt D.C., Foxe J.J. Multisensory visual-auditory object recognition in humans: A high-density electrical mapping study. Cerebral Cortex 2004, 14:452-465.
85. Molholm S., Ritter W., Murray M.M., Javitt D.C., Schroeder C.E., Foxe J.J. Multisensory auditory-visual interactions during early sensory processing in humans; A high-density electrical mapping study. Cognitive Brain Research 2002, 14:115-128.
86. Mondloch C.J., Maurer D. Do small white balls squeak? Pitch-object correspondences in your children. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 2004, 4:133-136.
87. Moors A., De Houwer J. Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132:297-326.
88. Mossbridge J.A., Grabowecky M., Suzuki S. Changes in auditory frequency guide visual-spatial attention. Cognition 2011, 121:133-139.
89. Muggleton N., Tsakanikos E., Walsh V., Ward J. Disruption of synaesthesia following TMS of the right posterior parietal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:1582-1585.
90. Nahm F.K.D., Tranel D., Damasio H., Damasio A.R. Cross-modal associations and the human amygdale. Neuropsychologia 1993, 31:727-744.
91. Navarra J., Alsius A., Soto-Faraco S., Spence C. Assessing the role of attention in the audiovisual integration of speech. Information Fusion 2009, 11:4-11.
92. Ngo M.K., Spence C. Auditory, tactile, and multisensory cues facilitate search for dynamic visual stimuli. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics 2010, 72:1654-1665.
93. Ngo M., Spence C. Facilitating masked visual target identification with auditory oddball stimuli. Experimental Brain Research 2012, 221:129-136.
94. Occelli V., Spence C., Zampini M. Compatibility effects between sound frequencies and tactually stimulated locations on the hand. NeuroReport 2009, 20:793-797.
95. Palmer, S. E., & Schloss, K. B. (2012). Color, music and emotion. In école thématique interdisciplinaire CNRS. Coloeur: Approaches multisensorielles (pp. 43-58). Roussillon: ôkhra SCIC SA.
96. Parise C., Spence C. 'When birds of a feather flock together': Synesthetic correspondences modulate audiovisual integration in non-synesthetes. PLoS ONE 2009, 4(5):e5664.
97. Parise C.V., Spence C. Audiovisual crossmodal correspondences and sound symbolism: An IAT study. Experimental Brain Research 2012, 220:319-333.
98. Parise, C. V., & Spence, C. (in press). Audiovisual crossmodal correspondences. In J. Simner, & E. Hubbard (Eds.), Oxford handbook of synaesthesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
99. Patching G.R., Quinlan P.T. Garner and congruence effects in the speeded classification of bimodal signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2002, 28:755-775.
100. Pedley P.E., Harper R.S. Pitch and the vertical localization of sound. The American Journal of Psychology 1959, 72:447-449.
101. Peiffer-Smadja, N. (2010). Exploring the bouba/kiki effect: A behavioral and fMRI study. Unpublished Ms thesis, Universite Paris V, Descartes, France.
102. Pratt C.C. The spatial character of high and low tones. Journal of Experimental Psychology 1930, 13:278-285.
103. Price, M. C., & Mattingley, J. B. (in press). Automaticity in sequence-space synaesthesia: A critical appraisal of the evidence. Cortex.
104. Proctor R.W., Cho Y.S. Polarity correspondence: A general principle for performance of speeded binary classification tasks. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132:416-442.
105. Rader C.M., Tellegen A. An investigation of synesthesia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987, 52:981-987.
106. Ramachandran V.S., Hubbard E.M. Hearing colors, tasting shapes. Scientific American 2003, 288(May):43-49.
107. Rich A.N., Bradshaw J.L., Mattingley J.B. A systematic, large-scale study of synaesthesia: Implications for the role of early experience in lexical-colour associations. Cognition 2005, 98:53-84.
108. Rich A.N., Mattingley J.B. The effects of stimulus competition and voluntary attention on colour-graphemic synaesthesia. NeuroReport 2003, 14:1793-1798.
109. Rich A.N., Mattingley J.B. Out of sight, out of mind: Suppression of synaesthetic colours during the attentional blink. Cognition 2010, 114:320-328.
110. Röder B., Büchel C. Multisensory interactions within and outside the focus of visual spatial attention (commentary on Fairhall & Macaluso). European Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:1245-1246.
111. Roffler S.K., Butler R.A. Factors that influence the localization of sound in the vertical plane. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1968, 43:1255-1259.
112. Rudmin F., Cappelli M. Tone-taste synesthesia: A replication. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1983, 56:118.
113. Rusconi E., Kwan B., Giordano B.L., Umiltà C., Butterworth B. Spatial representation of pitch height: The SMARC effect. Cognition 2006, 99:113-129.
114. Sadaghiani S., Maier J.X., Noppeney U. Natural, metaphoric, and linguistic auditory direction signals have distinct influences on visual motion processing. Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:6490-6499.
115. Sagiv N., Heer J., Robertson L. Does binding of synesthetic color to the evoking grapheme require attention?. Cortex 2006, 42:232-242.
116. Santangelo V., Spence C. Is the exogenous orienting of spatial attention truly automatic? Evidence from unimodal and multisensory studies. Consciousness and Cognition 2008, 17:989-1015.
117. Schifferstein H.N.J., Tanudjaja I. Visualizing fragrances through colors: The mediating role of emotions. Perception 2004, 33:1249-1266.
118. Schneider W., Dumais S.T., Shiffrin R. Automatic and control processing and attention. Varieties of attention 1984, 1-27. Academic Press, New York. R.S. Parasuraman, D.R. Davies (Eds.).
119. Schwartz J.-L., Grimault N., Hupé J.-M., Moore B.C.J., Pressnitzer D. Multistability in perception: Binding sensory modalities, an overview. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2012, 367:896-905.
120. Seo H.-S., Arshamian A., Schemmer K., Scheer I., Sander T., Ritter G., et al. Cross-modal integration between odors and abstract symbols. Neuroscience Letters 2010, 478:175-178.
121. Shiffrin R.M. Attention. Stevens' handbook of experimental psychology 1988, Vol. 2:739-811. Wiley, New York.
122. Simner J., Harrold J., Creed H., Monro L., Foulkes L. Early detection of markers for synaesthesia in childhood populations. Brain 2009, 132:57-64.
123. Simner J., Hubbard E.M. Variants of synesthesia interact in cognitive tasks: Evidence for implicit associations and late connectivity in cross-talk theories. Neuroscience 2006, 143:805-814.
124. Smith C., Carey S., Wiser M. On differentiation: A case study of the development of the concepts of size, weight, and density. Cognition 1985, 21:177-237.
125. Smith L.B., Sera M.D. A developmental analysis of the polar structure of dimensions. Cognitive Psychology 1992, 24:99-142.
126. Spence C. Crossmodal spatial attention. Annals of the New York Academy of Science (The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience) 2010, 1191:182-200.
127. Spence C. Crossmodal correspondences: A tutorial review. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics 2011, 73:971-995.
128. Spence C., Deroy O. Are chimpanzees really synaesthetic?. i-Perception 2012, 3:316-318.
129. Spence, C., & Deroy, O. (2013). Crossmodal mental imagery. In S. Lacey, & R. Lawson (Eds.), Multisensory imagery: Theory and applications. (pp. 130-159). New York: Springer.
130. Spence C., Driver J. Audiovisual links in exogenous covert spatial orienting. Perception and Psychophysics 1997, 59:1-22.
131. Spence C., McDonald J., Driver J. Exogenous spatial cuing studies of human crossmodal attention and multisensory integration. Crossmodal space and crossmodal attention 2004, 277-320. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. C. Spence, J. Driver (Eds.).
132. Spence C., Ngo M. Capitalizing on shape symbolism in the food and beverage sector. Flavour 2012, 1:12.
133. Spence C., Ngo M.K. Does attention or multisensory integration explain the crossmodal facilitation of masked visual target identification?. The new handbook of multisensory processing 2012, 345-358. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.E. Stein (Ed.).
134. Spence C., Nicholls M.E.R., Driver J. The cost of expecting events in the wrong sensory modality. Perception and Psychophysics 2001, 63:330-336.
135. Spence C., Parise C.V. The cognitive neuroscience of crossmodal correspondences. i-Perception 2012, 3:410-412.
136. Sperber D. Modularity and relevance: How can a massively modular mind be flexible and context-sensitive?. The innate mind: Structure and content 2005, 53-68. Oxford University Press, New York. P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, S.P. Stich (Eds.).
137. The new handbook of multisensory processing 2012, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.E. Stein (Ed.).
138. Sweeny T.D., Guzman-Martinez E., Ortega L., Grabowecky M., Suzuki S. Sounds exaggerate visual shape. Cognition 2012, 124:194-200.
139. Theeuwes J. Top-down and bottom-up control of visual selection. Acta Psychologica 2010, 135:77-99.
140. Treisman A. Synesthesia: Implications for attention, binding, and consciousness - A commentary. Synaesthesia: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience 2005, 239-254. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. L. Robertson, N. Sagiv (Eds.).
141. Trimble O.C. Localization of sound in the anterior posterior and vertical dimensions of auditory space. British Journal of Psychology 1934, 24:320-334.
142. Tzelgov J. Specifying the relations between automaticity and consciousness: A theoretical note. Consciousness and Cognition 1997, 6:441-451.
143. Van der Burg E., Olivers C.N.L., Bronkhorst A.W., Theeuwes J. Non-spatial auditory signals improve spatial visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2008, 34:1053-1065.
144. Vroomen J., Bertelson P., de Gelder B. The ventriloquist effect does not depend on the direction of automatic visual attention. Perception and Psychophysics 2001, 63:651-659.
145. Walker P., Bremner J.G., Mason U., Spring J., Mattock K., Slater A., et al. Preverbal infants' sensitivity to synesthetic cross-modality correspondences. Psychological Science 2010, 21:21-25.
146. Walker P., Smith S. Stroop interference based on the multimodal correlates of haptic size and auditory pitch. Perception 1985, 14:729-736.
147. Walker-Andrews A. Taxonomy for intermodal relations. The development of intersensory perception: Comparative perspectives 1994, 39-56. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. D.J. Lewkowicz, R. Lickliter (Eds.).
148. Walsh V. A theory of magnitude: Common cortical metrics of time, space and quality. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 7:483-488.
149. Ward J. Synaesthesia. The new handbook of multisensory processes 2012, 319-333. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. B.E. Stein (Ed.).
150. Ward J., Huckstep B., Tsakanikos E. Sound-colour synaesthesia: To what extent does it use cross-modal mechanisms common to us all?. Cortex 2006, 42:264-280.
151. Ward J., Jonas C., Dienes Z., Seth A. Grapheme-colour synaesthesia improves detection of embedded shapes but without pre-attentive 'pop-out' of synaesthetic colour. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Section B. Biological Sciences 2010, 277:1021-1026.