Brain connectivity studies in schizophrenia: Unravelling the effects of antipsychotics

Current Neuropharmacology

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 219-230

  Nejad, Ayna B ^a   Ebdrup, Bjorn H ^a   Glenthoj, Birte Y ^a,b   Siebner, Hartwig R ^a,b  

^a Mental Health Services CPH   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Antipsychotic drug treatment; Brain connectivity; FMRI; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE;

ALLELE; AUDITORY HALLUCINATION; BOLD SIGNAL; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; CEREBELLUM; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CORPUS STRIATUM; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; POSTERIOR CINGULATE; PRECUNEUS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TEMPORAL CORTEX; THALAMUS; TREATMENT DURATION; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 84867496919     PISSN: 1570159X     EISSN: 18756190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157015912803217305     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Toomey, R., Kremen, W.S., Simpson, J.C., Samson, J.A., Seidman, L.J., Lyons, M.J., Faraone, S.V., Tsuang, M.T. Revisiting the factor structure for positive and negative symptoms: evidence from a large heterogeneous group of psychiatric patients. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1997, 154(3), 371-377.
2. Giuliano, A.J., Li, H., Mesholam-Gately, R.I., Sorenson, S.M., Woodberry, K.A., Seidman, L.J. Neurocognition in the psychosis risk syndrome: a quantitative and qualitative review. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2012, 18(4), 399-415.
3. van Os, J., Kapur, S. Schizophrenia. Lancet, 2009, 374(9690), 635-645.
4. McGuire, P., Howes, O.D., Stone, J., Fusar-Poli, P. Functional neuroimaging in schizophrenia: diagnosis and drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2008, 29(2), 91-98.
5. Weinberger, D.R., Berman, K.F., Zec, R.F. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1986, 43(2), 114-124.
6. Carter, C.S., Perlstein, W., Ganguli, R., Brar, J., Mintun, M., Cohen, J.D. Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1998, 155(9), 1285-1287.
7. Ingvar, D.H., Franzen, G. Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 1974, 50(4), 425-462.
8. Manoach, D.S. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction during working memory performance in schizophrenia: reconciling discrepant findings. Schizophr. Res., 2003, 60(2-3), 285-298.
9. Frith, C.D., Friston, K.J., Herold, S., Silbersweig, D., Fletcher, P., Cahill, C., Dolan, R.J., Frackowiak, R.S., Liddle, P.F. Regional brain activity in chronic schizophrenic patients during the performance of a verbal fluency task. Br. J. Psychiatry, 1995, 167(3), 343-349.
10. Roder, C.H., Hoogendam, J.M., van der Veen, F.M. FMRI, antipsychotics and schizophrenia. Influence of different antipsychotics on BOLD-signal. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2010, 16(18), 2012-2025.
11. da Silva Alves, F., Figee, M., Vamelsvoort, T., Veltman, D., de Haan, L. The revised dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: evidence from pharmacological MRI studies with atypical antipsychotic medication. Psychopharmacol. Bull., 2008, 41(1), 121-132.
12. Davis, C.E., Jeste, D.V., Eyler, L.T. Review of longitudinal functional neuroimaging studies of drug treatments in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 2005, 78(1), 45-60.
13. Fusar-Poli, P., Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Striatal Presynaptic Dopamine in Schizophrenia, Part I: Meta-analysis of Dopamine Active Transporter (DAT) Density. Schizophr. Bull., 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
14. Fusar-Poli, P., Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Striatal Presynaptic Dopamine in Schizophrenia, Part II: Meta-Analysis of [18F/11C]-DOPA PET Studies. Schizophr. Bull., 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
15. Abi-Dargham, A., Gil, R., Krystal, J., Baldwin, R.M., Seibyl, J.P., Bowers, M., van Dyck, C.H., Charney, D.S., Innis, R.B., Laruelle, M. Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: confirmation in a second cohort. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1998, 155(6), 761-767.
16. Glenthoj, B.Y., Mackeprang, T., Svarer, C., Rasmussen, H., Pinborg, L.H., Friberg, L., Baare, W., Hemmingsen, R., Videbaek, C. Frontal dopamine D(2/3) receptor binding in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients correlates with positive psychotic symptoms and gender. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 60(6), 621-629.
17. Kapur, S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2003, 160(1), 13-23.
18. Seamans, J.K., Yang, C.R. The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Prog. Neurobiol., 2004, 74(1), 1-58.
19. Fagerlund, B., Pinborg, L.H., Mortensen, E.L., Friberg, L., Baare, W.F., Gade, A., Svarer, C., Glenthoj, B.Y. Relationship of frontal D2/3 binding potentials to cognition: a study of antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia patients. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2012, 1-14.
20. Ebdrup, B.H., Rasmussen, H., Arnt, J., Glenthoj, B. Serotonin 2A receptor antagonists for treatment of schizophrenia. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2011, 20(9), 1211-1223.
21. Pehek, E.A., McFarlane, H.G., Maguschak, K., Price, B., Pluto, C.P. M100,907, a selective 5-HT(2A) antagonist, attenuates dopamine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res., 2001, 888(1), 51-59.
22. Pira, L., Mongeau, R., Pani, L. The atypical antipsychotic quetiapine increases both noradrenaline and dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2004, 504(1-2), 61-64.
23. Winterer, G., Weinberger, D.R. Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci., 2004, 27(11), 683-690.
24. Durstewitz, D., Seamans, J.K. The dual-state theory of prefrontal cortex dopamine function with relevance to catechol-o-methyltransferase genotypes and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 2008, 64(9), 739-749.
25. Lieberman, J.A., Stroup, T.S. The NIMH-CATIE Schizophrenia Study: What Did We Learn? Am. J. Psychiatry, 2011, 168(8), 770-775.
26. Jones, H.M., Brammer, M.J., O'Toole, M., Taylor, T., Ohlsen, R.I., Brown, R.G., Purvis, R., Williams, S., Pilowsky, L.S. Cortical effects of quetiapine in first-episode schizophrenia: a preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry, 2004, 56(12), 938-942.
27. Meisenzahl, E.M., Scheuerecker, J., Zipse, M., Ufer, S., Wiesmann, M., Frodl, T., Koutsouleris, N., Zetzsche, T., Schmitt, G., Riedel, M., Spellmann, I., Dehning, S., Linn, J., Brückmann, H., Möller, H.J. Effects of treatment with the atypical neuroleptic quetiapine on working memory function: a functional MRI follow-up investigation. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2006, 256(8), 522-531.
28. Stip, E., Fahim, C., Mancini-Marie, A., Bentaleb, L.A., Mensour, B., Mendrek, A., Beauregard, M. Restoration of frontal activation during a treatment with quetiapine: an fMRI study of blunted affect in schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2005, 29(1), 21-26.
29. Fahim, C., Stip, E., Mancini-Marie, A., Gendron, A., Mensour, B., Beauregard, M. Differential hemodynamic brain activity in schizophrenia patients with blunted affect during quetiapine treatment. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 2005, 25(4), 367-371.
30. Wolf, R.C., Vasic, N., Hose, A., Spitzer, M., Walter, H. Changes over time in frontotemporal activation during a working memory task in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 2007, 91(1-3), 141-150.
31. Blasi, G., Popolizio, T., Taurisano, P., Caforio, G., Romano, R., Di Giorgio, A., Sambataro, F., Rubino, V., Latorre, V., Lo Bianco, L., Fazio, L., Nardini, M., Weinberger, D.R., Bertolino, A. Changes in prefrontal and amygdala activity during olanzapine treatment in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res., 2009, 173(1), 31-38.
32. van Veelen, N.M., Vink, M., Ramsey, N.F., van Buuren, M., Hoogendam, J.M., Kahn, R.S. Prefrontal lobe dysfunction predicts treatment response in medication-naive first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 2011, 129(2-3), 156-162.
33. Ramsey, N.F., Koning, H.A., Welles, P., Cahn, W., van der Linden, J.A., Kahn, R.S. Excessive recruitment of neural systems subserving logical reasoning in schizophrenia. Brain, 2002, 125(Pt 8), 1793-1807.
34. Snitz, B.E., MacDonald, A., 3rd, Cohen, J.D., Cho, R.Y., Becker, T., Carter, C.S. Lateral and medial hypofrontality in first-episode schizophrenia: functional activity in a medication-naive state and effects of short-term atypical antipsychotic treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2005, 162(12), 2322-2329.
35. Ettinger, U., Williams, S.C., Fannon, D., Premkumar, P., Kuipers, E., Moller, H.J., Kumari, V. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of a parametric working memory task in schizophrenia: relationship with performance and effects of antipsychotic treatment. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 2011, 216(1), 17-27.
36. Lahti, A.C., Holcomb, H.H., Weiler, M.A., Medoff, D.R., Tamminga, C.A. Functional effects of antipsychotic drugs: comparing clozapine with haloperidol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2003, 53(7), 601-608.
37. Buchsbaum, M.S., Haznedar, M., Newmark, R.E., Chu, K.W., Dusi, N., Entis, J.J., Goldstein, K.E., Goodman, C.R., Gupta, A., Hazlett, E., Iannuzzi, J., Torosjan, Y., Zhang, J., Wolkin, A. FDG-PET and MRI imaging of the effects of sertindole and haloperidol in the prefrontal lobe in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 2009, 114(1-3), 161-171.
38. Honey, G.D., Bullmore, E.T., Soni, W., Varatheesan, M., Williams, S.C., Sharma, T. Differences in frontal cortical activation by a working memory task after substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1999, 96(23), 13432-13437.
39. Schlagenhauf, F., Wustenberg, T., Schmack, K., Dinges, M., Wrase, J., Koslowski, M., Kienast, T., Bauer, M., Gallinat, J., Juckel, G., Heinz, A. Switching schizophrenia patients from typical neuroleptics to olanzapine: effects on BOLD response during attention and working memory. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2008, 18(8), 589-599.
40. Fornito, A., Zalesky, A., Pantelis, C., Bullmore, E.T. Schizophrenia, neuroimaging and connectomics. Neuroimage, 2012.
41. Schmitt, A., Hasan, A., Gruber, O., Falkai, P. Schizophrenia as a disorder of disconnectivity. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2011, 261 Suppl 2S 150-154.
42. Stephan, K.E., Friston, K.J., Frith, C.D. Dysconnection in schizophrenia: from abnormal synaptic plasticity to failures of self-monitoring. Schizophr. Bull., 2009, 35(3), 509-527.
43. Friston, K.J., Frith, C.D. Schizophrenia-a Disconnection Syndrome. Clin. Neurosci., 1995, 3(2), 89-97.
44. Arguello, P.A., Gogos, J.A. Genetic and cognitive windows into circuit mechanisms of psychiatric disease. Trends Neurosci., 2012, 35(1), 3-13.
45. Selemon, L.D., Goldman-Rakic, P.S. The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 1999, 45(1), 17-25.
46. Uranova, N., Orlovskaya, D., Vikhreva, O., Zimina, I., Kolomeets, N., Vostrikov, V., Rachmanova, V. Electron microscopy of oligodendroglia in severe mental illness. Brain Res. Bull., 2001, 55(5), 597-610.
47. ] Laruelle, M., Frankle, W.G., Narendran, R., Kegeles, L.S., AbiDargham, A. Mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs: from dopamine D(2) receptor antagonism to glutamate NMDA facilitation. Clin. Ther., 2005, 27 Suppl AS 16-24.
48. Howes, O.D., Kapur, S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III--the final common pathway. Schizophr. Bull., 2009, 35(3), 549-562.
49. Celada, P., Puig, M.V., Diaz-Mataix, L., Artigas, F. The hallucinogen DOI reduces low-frequency oscillations in rat prefrontal cortex: reversal by antipsychotic drugs. Biol. Psychiatry, 2008, 64(5), 392-400.
50. Kargieman, L., Riga, M.S., Artigas, F., Celada, P. Clozapine Reverses Phencyclidine-Induced Desynchronization of Prefrontal Cortex through a 5-HT(1A) Receptor-Dependent Mechanism. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2012, 37(3), 723-733.
51. Kargieman, L., Santana, N., Mengod, G., Celada, P., Artigas, F. NMDA antagonist and antipsychotic actions in cortico-subcortical circuits. Neurotox. Res., 2008, 14(2-3), 129-140.
52. ] Koychev, I., El-Deredy, W., Mukherjee, T., Haenschel, C., Deakin, J.F. Core dysfunction in schizophrenia: electrophysiology trait biomarkers. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 2012. [Epub ahead of print]
53. Whalley, H.C., Steele, J.D., Mukherjee, P., Romaniuk, L., McIntosh, A.M., Hall, J., Lawrie, S.M. Connecting the brain and new drug targets for schizophrenia. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2009, 15(22), 2615-2631.
54. Ribolsi, M., Koch, G., Magni, V., Di Lorenzo, G., Rubino, I.A., Siracusano, A., Centonze, D. Abnormal brain lateralization and connectivity in schizophrenia. Rev. Neurosci., 2009, 20(1), 61-70.
55. Calhoun, V.D., Eichele, T., Pearlson, G. Functional brain networks in schizophrenia: a review. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 2009, 3, 17.
56. Pettersson-Yeo, W., Allen, P., Benetti, S., McGuire, P., Mechelli, A. Dysconnectivity in schizophrenia: where are we now? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2011, 35(5), 1110-1124.
57. Friston, K.J., Tononi, G., Reeke, G.N., Jr., Sporns, O., Edelman, G.M. Value-dependent selection in the brain: simulation in a synthetic neural model. Neuroscience, 1994, 59(2), 229-243.
58. Logothetis, N.K. Bold claims for optogenetics. Nature, 2010, 468(7323), E3-4; discussion E4-5.
59. Siebner, H.R., Bergmann, T.O., Bestmann, S., Massimini, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Mochizuki, H., Bohning, D.E., Boorman, E.D., Groppa, S., Miniussi, C., Pascual-Leone, A., Huber, R., Taylor, P.C., Ilmoniemi, R.J., De Gennaro, L., Strafella, A.P., Kahkonen, S., Kloppel, S., Frisoni, G.B., George, M.S., Hallett, M., Brandt, S.A., Rushworth, M.F., Ziemann, U., Rothwell, J.C., Ward, N., Cohen, L.G., Baudewig, J., Paus, T., Ugawa, Y., Rossini, P.M. Consensus paper: combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging. Brain. Stimul., 2009, 2(2), 58-80.
60. Takahashi, T., Cho, R.Y., Mizuno, T., Kikuchi, M., Murata, T., Takahashi, K., Wada, Y. Antipsychotics reverse abnormal EEG complexity in drug-naive schizophrenia: a multiscale entropy analysis. Neuroimage, 2010, 51(1), 173-182.
61. Kikuchi, M., Koenig, T., Wada, Y., Higashima, M., Koshino, Y., Strik, W., Dierks, T. Native EEG and treatment effects in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients: time and frequency domain approaches. Schizophr. Res., 2007, 97(1-3), 163-172.
62. Schoen, W., Chang, J.S., Lee, U., Bob, P., Mashour, G.A. The temporal organization of functional brain connectivity is abnormal in schizophrenia but does not correlate with symptomatology. Conscious. Cogn., 2011, 20(4), 1050-1054.
63. Smith, S.M., Fox, P.T., Miller, K.L., Glahn, D.C., Fox, P.M., Mackay, C.E., Filippini, N., Watkins, K.E., Toro, R., Laird, A.R., Beckmann, C.F. Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2009, 106(31), 13040-13045.
64. ] Fusar-Poli, P., Bechdolf, A., Taylor, M.J., Bonoldi, I., Carpenter, W.T., Yung, A.R., McGuire, P. At risk for schizophrenic or affective psychoses? A meta-analysis of DSM/ICD diagnostic outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Schizophr. Bull., 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
65. Fusar-Poli, P., Bonoldi, I., Yung, A.R., Borgwardt, S., Kempton, M., Barale, F., Caverzasi, E., McGuire, P. Predicting psychosis: a meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2012, 69(3), 1-10.
66. Fusar-Poli, P., Deste, G., Smieskova, R., Barlati, S., Yung, A.R., Howes, O., Stieglitz, R.D., Vita, A., McGuire, P., Borgwardt, S. Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: A Meta-analysisCognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2012, 69(6), 562-571.
67. Fusar-Poli, P. Voxel-wise meta-analysis of fMRI studies in patients at clinical high risk for psychosis. J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 2012, 37(2), 106-112.
68. Smieskova, R., Fusar-Poli, P., Allen, P., Bendfeldt, K., Stieglitz, R.D., Drewe, J., Radue, E.W., McGuire, P.K., Riecher-Rossler, A., Borgwardt, S.J. Neuroimaging predictors of transition to psychosis--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2010, 34(8), 1207-1222.
69. Fusar-Poli, P., Borgwardt, S., Crescini, A., Deste, G., Kempton, M.J., Lawrie, S., McGuire, P., Sacchetti, E. Neuroanatomy of vulnerability to psychosis: a voxel-based meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2011, 35(5), 1175-1185.
70. Fusar-Poli, P., Howes, O.D., Allen, P., Broome, M., Valli, I., Asselin, M.C., Grasby, P.M., McGuire, P.K. Abnormal frontostriatal interactions in people with prodromal signs of psychosis: a multimodal imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2010, 67(7), 683-691.
71. Fusar-Poli, P., Howes, O.D., Allen, P., Broome, M., Valli, I., Asselin, M.C., Montgomery, A.J., Grasby, P.M., McGuire, P. Abnormal prefrontal activation directly related to pre-synaptic striatal dopamine dysfunction in people at clinical high risk for psychosis. Mol. Psychiatry, 2011, 16(1), 67-75.
72. Fusar-Poli, P., Perez, J., Broome, M., Borgwardt, S., Placentino, A., Caverzasi, E., Cortesi, M., Veggiotti, P., Politi, P., Barale, F., McGuire, P. Neurofunctional correlates of vulnerability to psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2007, 31(4), 465-484.
73. Crossley, N.A., Mechelli, A., Fusar-Poli, P., Broome, M.R., Matthiasson, P., Johns, L.C., Bramon, E., Valmaggia, L., Williams, S.C., McGuire, P.K. Superior temporal lobe dysfunction and frontotemporal dysconnectivity in subjects at risk of psychosis and in first-episode psychosis. Hum. Brain Mapp., 2009, 30(12), 4129-4137.
74. Fusar-Poli, P., Stone, J.M., Broome, M.R., Valli, I., Mechelli, A., McLean, M.A., Lythgoe, D.J., O'Gorman, R.L., Barker, G.J., McGuire, P.K. Thalamic glutamate levels as a predictor of cortical response during executive functioning in subjects at high risk for psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2011, 68(9), 881-890.
75. Howes, O.D., Montgomery, A.J., Asselin, M.C., Murray, R.M., Valli, I., Tabraham, P., Bramon-Bosch, E., Valmaggia, L., Johns, L., Broome, M., McGuire, P.K., Grasby, P.M. Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2009, 66(1), 13-20.
76. ] Winterer, G. Cortical microcircuits in schizophrenia--the dopamine hypothesis revisited. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2006, 39 Suppl 1S 68-71.
77. Tan, H.Y., Chen, A.G., Kolachana, B., Apud, J.A., Mattay, V.S., Callicott, J.H., Chen, Q., Weinberger, D.R. Effective connectivity of AKT1-mediated dopaminergic working memory networks and pharmacogenetics of anti-dopaminergic treatment. Brain, 2012. 135(5), 1436-1445.
78. Schlagenhauf, F., Sterzer, P., Schmack, K., Ballmaier, M., Rapp, M., Wrase, J., Juckel, G., Gallinat, J., Heinz, A. Reward feedback alterations in unmedicated schizophrenia patients: relevance for delusions. Biol. Psychiatry, 2009, 65(12), 1032-1039.
79. Nielsen, M.O., Rostrup, E., Wulff, S., Bak, N., Lublin, H., Kapur, S., Glenthoj, B. Alterations of the brain reward system in antipsychotic naive schizophrenia patients. Biol. Psychiatry, 2012, 71(10), 898-905.
80. McCormick, D.A., Bal, T. Sensory gating mechanisms of the thalamus. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 1994, 4(4), 550-556.
81. Welsh, R.C., Chen, A.C., Taylor, S.F. Low-frequency BOLD fluctuations demonstrate altered thalamocortical connectivity in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull., 2010, 36(4), 713-722.
82. Marenco, S., Stein, J.L., Savostyanova, A.A., Sambataro, F., Tan, H.Y., Goldman, A.L., Verchinski, B.A., Barnett, A.S., Dickinson, D., Apud, J.A., Callicott, J.H., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Weinberger, D.R. Investigation of anatomical thalamo-cortical connectivity and FMRI activation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2012, 37(2), 499-507.
83. Jacobsen, L.K., D'Souza, D.C., Mencl, W.E., Pugh, K.R., Skudlarski, P., Krystal, J.H. Nicotine effects on brain function and functional connectivity in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 2004, 55(8), 850-858.
84. Barr, A.M., Procyshyn, R.M., Hui, P., Johnson, J.L., Honer, W.G. Self-reported motivation to smoke in schizophrenia is related to antipsychotic drug treatment. Schizophr. Res., 2008, 100(1-3), 252-260.
85. Ochsner, K.N. The social-emotional processing stream: five core constructs and their translational potential for schizophrenia and beyond. Biol. Psychiatry, 2008, 64(1), 48-61.
86. Benes, F.M. Amygdalocortical circuitry in schizophrenia: from circuits to molecules. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2010, 35(1), 239-257.
87. Hoptman, M.J., D'Angelo, D., Catalano, D., Mauro, C.J., Shehzad, Z.E., Kelly, A.M., Castellanos, F.X., Javitt, D.C., Milham, M.P. Amygdalofrontal functional disconnectivity and aggression in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull., 2010, 36(5), 1020-1028.
88. Tian, L., Meng, C., Yan, H., Zhao, Q., Liu, Q., Yan, J., Han, Y., Yuan, H., Wang, L., Yue, W., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Zhu, C., He, Y., Zhang, D. Convergent evidence from multimodal imaging reveals amygdala abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives. PloS one, 2011, 6(12), e28794.
89. Andreasen, N.C., Nopoulos, P., O'Leary, D.S., Miller, D.D., Wassink, T., Flaum, M. Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia: cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms. Biol. Psychiatry, 1999, 46(7), 908-920.
90. Collin, G., Hulshoff Pol, H.E., Haijma, S.V., Cahn, W., Kahn, R.S., van den Heuvel, M.P. Impaired cerebellar functional connectivity in schizophrenia patients and their healthy siblings. Front. Psychiatry, 2011, 273.
91. Stephan, K.E., Magnotta, V.A., White, T., Arndt, S., Flaum, M., O'Leary, D.S., Andreasen, N.C. Effects of olanzapine on cerebellar functional connectivity in schizophrenia measured by fMRI during a simple motor task. Psychol. Med., 2001, 31(6), 1065-1078.
92. Schlosser, R., Gesierich, T., Kaufmann, B., Vucurevic, G., Hunsche, S., Gawehn, J., Stoeter, P. Altered effective connectivity during working memory performance in schizophrenia: a study with fMRI and structural equation modeling. Neuroimage, 2003, 19(3), 751-763.
93. Spence, S.A., Liddle, P.F., Stefan, M.D., Hellewell, J.S., Sharma, T., Friston, K.J., Hirsch, S.R., Frith, C.D., Murray, R.M., Deakin, J.F., Grasby, P.M. Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk. Focal dysfunction and distributed disconnectivity reappraised. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2000, 17652-60.
94. Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Poline, J.B., Kohn, P.D., Holt, J.L., Egan, M.F., Weinberger, D.R., Berman, K.F. Evidence for abnormal cortical functional connectivity during working memory in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2001, 158(11), 1809-1817.
95. Fletcher, P., McKenna, P.J., Friston, K.J., Frith, C.D., Dolan, R.J. Abnormal cingulate modulation of fronto-temporal connectivity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage, 1999, 9(3), 337-342.
96. Lawrie, S.M., Buechel, C., Whalley, H.C., Frith, C.D., Friston, K.J., Johnstone, E.C. Reduced frontotemporal functional connectivity in schizophrenia associated with auditory hallucinations. Biol. Psychiatry, 2002, 51(12), 1008-1011.
97. Wolf, R.C., Vasic, N., Sambataro, F., Hose, A., Frasch, K., Schmid, M., Walter, H. Temporally anticorrelated brain networks during working memory performance reveal aberrant prefrontal and hippocampal connectivity in patients with schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2009, 33(8), 1464-1473.
98. Bob, P., Mashour, G.A. Schizophrenia, dissociation, and consciousness. Conscious. Cogn., 2011, 20(4), 1042-1049.
99. Garver, D.L., Holcomb, J.A., Christensen, J.D. Compromised myelin integrity during psychosis with repair during remission in drug-responding schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2008, 11(1), 49-61.
100. Dolan, R.J., Fletcher, P., Frith, C.D., Friston, K.J., Frackowiak, R.S., Grasby, P.M. Dopaminergic modulation of impaired cognitive activation in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Nature, 1995, 378(6553), 180-182.
101. Lui, S., Li, T., Deng, W., Jiang, L., Wu, Q., Tang, H., Yue, Q., Huang, X., Chan, R.C., Collier, D.A., Meda, S.A., Pearlson, G., Mechelli, A., Sweeney, J.A., Gong, Q. Short-term effects of antipsychotic treatment on cerebral function in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia revealed by resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2010, 67(8), 783-792.
102. Heinrichs, R.W., Zakzanis, K.K. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 1998, 12(3), 426-445.
103. Zhou, Y., Liang, M., Jiang, T., Tian, L., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, H., Kuang, F. Functional dysconnectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in first-episode schizophrenia using resting-state fMRI. Neurosci. Lett., 2007, 417(3), 297-302.
104. Kim, J.-J., Kwon, J.S., Park, H.J., Youn, T., Kang, D.H., Kim, M.S., Lee, D.S., Lee, M.C. Functional Disconnection Between the Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices During Working Memory Processing in Schizophrenia: A [15O]H2O PET Study. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2003, 160(5), 919-923.
105. Deserno, L., Sterzer, P., Wustenberg, T., Heinz, A., Schlagenhauf, F. Reduced prefrontal-parietal effective connectivity and working memory deficits in schizophrenia. J. Neurosci., 2012, 32(1), 12-20.
106. Fox, M.D., Raichle, M.E. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2007, 8(9), 700-711.
107. Gusnard, D.A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G.L., Raichle, M.E. Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: relation to a default mode of brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2001, 98(7), 4259-4264.
108. Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Thermenos, H.W., Milanovic, S., Tsuang, M.T., Faraone, S.V., McCarley, R.W., Shenton, M.E., Green, A.I., Nieto-Castanon, A., LaViolette, P., Wojcik, J., Gabrieli, J.D., Seidman, L.J. Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2009, 106(4), 1279-1284.
109. Sambataro, F., Blasi, G., Fazio, L., Caforio, G., Taurisano, P., Romano, R., Di Giorgio, A., Gelao, B., Lo Bianco, L., Papazacharias, A., Popolizio, T., Nardini, M., Bertolino, A. Treatment with olanzapine is associated with modulation of the default mode network in patients with Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2010, 35(4), 904-912.
110. Sonuga-Barke, E.J., Castellanos, F.X. Spontaneous attentional fluctuations in impaired states and pathological conditions: a neurobiological hypothesis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 2007, 31(7), 977-986.
111. Abbott, C., Juarez, M., White, T., Gollub, R.L., Pearlson, G.D., Bustillo, J., Lauriello, J., Ho, B., Bockholt, H.J., Clark, V.P., Magnotta, V., Calhoun, V.D. Antipsychotic dose and diminished neural modulation: a multi-site fMRI study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2011, 35(2), 473-482.
112. Menzies, L., Ooi, C., Kamath, S., Suckling, J., McKenna, P., Fletcher, P., Bullmore, E., Stephenson, C. Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid-modulating drugs on working memory and brain function in patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2007, 64(2), 156-167.
113. Zhou, Y., Liang, M., Tian, L., Wang, K., Hao, Y., Liu, H., Liu, Z., Jiang, T. Functional disintegration in paranoid schizophrenia using resting-state fMRI. Schizophr. Res., 2007, 97(1-3), 194-205.
114. Bluhm, R.L., Miller, J., Lanius, R.A., Osuch, E.A., Boksman, K., Neufeld, R.W., Theberge, J., Schaefer, B., Williamson, P. Spontaneous low-frequency fluctuations in the BOLD signal in schizophrenic patients: anomalies in the default network. Schizophr. Bull., 2007, 33(4), 1004-1012.
115. Rotarska-Jagiela, A., van de Ven, V., Oertel-Knochel, V., Uhlhaas, P.J., Vogeley, K., Linden, D.E. Resting-state functional network correlates of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 2010, 117(1), 21-30.
116. Jafri, M.J., Pearlson, G.D., Stevens, M., Calhoun, V.D. A method for functional network connectivity among spatially independent resting-state components in schizophrenia. Neuroimage, 2008, 39(4), 1666-1681.
117. Camchong, J., Macdonald, A.W., 3rd, Bell, C., Mueller, B.A., Lim, K.O. Altered functional and anatomical connectivity in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull., 2011, 37(3), 640-650.
118. Nejad, A.B., Ebdrup, B.H., Siebner, H.R., Rasmussen, H., Aggernaes, B., Glenthoj, B.Y., Baare, W.F. Impaired temporoparietal deactivation with working memory load in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2011, 12(4), 271-281.
119. Repovs, G., Csernansky, J.G., Barch, D. M. Brain network connectivity in individuals with schizophrenia and their siblings. Biol. Psychiatry, 2011, 69(10), 967-973.
120. Greicius, M. Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 2008, 21(4), 424-430.
121. Bullmore, E., Sporns, O. Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2009, 10(3), 186-198.
122. Achard, S., Salvador, R., Whitcher, B., Suckling, J., Bullmore, E. A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs. J. Neurosci., 2006, 26(1), 63-72.
123. Liu, Y., Liang, M., Zhou, Y., He, Y., Hao, Y., Song, M., Yu, C., Liu, H., Liu, Z., Jiang, T. Disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia. Brain, 2008, 131(Pt 4), 945-961.
124. Bassett, D.S., Bullmore, E., Verchinski, B.A., Mattay, V.S., Weinberger, D.R., Meyer-Lindenberg, A. Hierarchical organization of human cortical networks in health and schizophrenia. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28(37), 9239-9248.
125. Bassett, D.S., Nelson, B.G., Mueller, B.A., Camchong, J., Lim, K.O. Altered resting state complexity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage, 2012, 59(3), 2196-2207.
126. Fornito, A., Yoon, J., Zalesky, A., Bullmore, E.T., Carter, C.S. General and specific functional connectivity disturbances in first-episode schizophrenia during cognitive control performance. Biol. Psychiatry, 2011, 70(1), 64-72.
127. Lord, L.D., Allen, P., Expert, P., Howes, O., Lambiotte, R., McGuire, P., Bose, S.K., Hyde, S., Turkheimer, F.E. Characterization of the anterior cingulate's role in the at-risk mental state using graph theory. Neuroimage, 2011, 56(3), 1531-1539.
128. Bassett, D.S., Bullmore, E.T., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Apud, J.A., Weinberger, D.R., Coppola, R. Cognitive fitness of cost-efficient brain functional networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2009, 106(28), 11747-11752.
129. Achard, S., Bullmore, E. Efficiency and cost of economical brain functional networks. PLoS Comput. Biol., 2007, 3(2), e17.
130. Fox, M.D., Zhang, D., Snyder, A.Z., Raichle, M.E. The global signal and observed anticorrelated resting state brain networks. J. Neurophysiol., 2009, 101(6), 3270-3283.
131. Bak, N., Glenthoj, B.Y., Rostrup, E., Larsson, H.B., Oranje, B. Source localization of sensory gating: a combined EEG and fMRI study in healthy volunteers. Neuroimage, 2011, 54(4), 2711-2718.
132. Stephan, K.E., Friston, K.J. Analyzing effective connectivity with fMRI. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci., 2010, 1(3), 446-459.
133. Guller, Y., Ferrarelli, F., Shackman, A.J., Sarasso, S., Peterson, M.J., Langheim, F.J., Meyerand, M.E., Tononi, G., Postle, B.R. Probing thalamic integrity in schizophrenia using concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2012, 69(7), 662-671.
134. Ragland, J.D., Yoon, J., Minzenberg, M.J., Carter, C.S. Neuroimaging of cognitive disability in schizophrenia: search for a pathophysiological mechanism. Int. Rev. Psychiatry, 2007, 19(4), 417-427.
135. Stephan, K.E., Baldeweg, T., Friston, K.J. Synaptic plasticity and dysconnection in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 59(10), 929-939.
136. Skudlarski, P., Jagannathan, K., Anderson, K., Stevens, M.C., Calhoun, V.D., Skudlarska, B.A., Pearlson, G. Brain connectivity is not only lower but different in schizophrenia: a combined anatomical and functional approach. Biol. Psychiatry, 2010, 68(1), 61-69.
137. Zhou, Y., Shu, N., Liu, Y., Song, M., Hao, Y., Liu, H., Yu, C., Liu, Z., Jiang, T. Altered resting-state functional connectivity and anatomical connectivity of hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 2008, 100(1-3), 120-132.
138. Swerdlow, N.R. Are we studying and treating schizophrenia correctly? Schizophr. Res., 2011, 130(1-3), 1-10.