Regulation of macrophage and dendritic cell responses by their lineage precursors

Journal of Innate Immunity

Volumn 4, Issue 5-6, 2012, Pages 411-423

  Cortez Retamozo, Virna ^a   Etzrodt, Martin ^a   Pittet, Mikael J ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Host defense; Immune response; Mononuclear phagocyte system

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN RECEPTOR; CD103 ANTIGEN; CD11B ANTIGEN; CD163 ANTIGEN; CD209 ANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; FRACTALKINE; GLYCOPROTEIN P 15095; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 4; LYMPHOTACTIN; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 2; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; VASCULOTROPIN;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL LINEAGE; CELL MIGRATION; CELL POPULATION; DENDRITIC CELL; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HELMINTHIASIS; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOREGULATION; INFLAMMATION; LANGERHANS CELL; LYMPHADENITIS; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHAGOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; TISSUE INJURY;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL LINEAGE; DENDRITIC CELLS; HUMANS; MACROPHAGES; MICE; MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS;

EID: 84866022720     PISSN: 1662811X     EISSN: 16628128     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000335733     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Aderem A, Underhill DM: Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17: 593-623. (Pubitemid 29241135)
2. Janeway CAJ, Medzhitov R: Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20: 197-216. (Pubitemid 34293424)
3. Shi C, Pamer EG: Monocyte recruitment during infection and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:762-774.
4. Banchereau J, Steinman RM: Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998; 392: 245-252. (Pubitemid 28155090)
5. Hansson GK, Libby P: The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6: 508-519. (Pubitemid 43980523)
6. Qian BZ, Pollard JW: Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. Cell 2010; 141:39-51.
7. Gordon S, Martinez FO: Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions. Immunity 2010; 32: 593-604.
8. Geissmann F, Manz MG, Jung S, Sieweke MH, Merad M, Ley K: Development of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Science 2010; 327:656-661.
9. van Furth R, Cohn ZA: The origin and kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes. J Exp Med 1968; 128:415-435.
10. Akashi K, Traver D, Miyamoto T, Weissman IL: A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages. Nature 2000; 404: 193-197. (Pubitemid 30154488)
11. Manz MG, Miyamoto T, Akashi K, Weiss-man IL: Prospective isolation of human clo-nogenic common myeloid progenitors. Proc Nat l Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 11872-11877. (Pubitemid 34994491)
12. Iwasaki H, Akashi K: Myeloid lineage commitment from the hematopoietic stem cell. Immunit y 2007; 26: 726-740. (Pubitemid 46907674)
13. Fogg DK, Sibon C, Miled C, Jung S, Aucou-turier P, Littman DR, Cumano A, Geiss-mann F: A clonogenic bone marrow progenitor specific for macrophages and dendritic cells. Science 2006; 311: 83-87. (Pubitemid 43063063)
14. Geissmann F, Jung S, Littman DR: Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties. Immunity 2003; 19: 71-82. (Pubitemid 36859902)
15. Varol C, Landsman L, Fogg DK, Greenshtein L, Gildor B, Margalit R, Kalchenko V, Geiss-mann F, Jung S: Monocytes give rise to mu-cosal, but not splenic, conventional dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2007; 204:171-180. (Pubitemid 46148767)
16. Naik SH, Sathe P, Park HY, Metcalf D, Pro-ietto AI, Dakic A, Carotta S, O'Keeffe M, Bahlo M, Papenfuss A, Kwak JY, Wu L, Shortman K: Development of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cell subtypes from single precursor cells derived in vitro and in vivo. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:1217-1226. (Pubitemid 350011760)
17. Onai N, Obata-Onai A, Schmid MA, Ohteki T, Jarrossay D, Manz MG: Identification of clonogenic common Flt3+M-CSFR+ plas-macytoid and conventional dendritic cell progenitors in mouse bone marrow. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:1207-1216. (Pubitemid 350011759)
18. Auffray C, Fogg DK, Narni-Mancinelli E, Senechal B, Trouillet C, Saederup N, Leem-put J, Bigot K, Campisi L, Abitbol M, Molina T, Charo I, Hume DA, Cumano A, Lauvau G, Geissmann F: CX3CR1+ CD115+ CD135+ common macrophage/DC precursors and the role of CX3CR1 in their response to inf lammation. J Exp Med 2009; 206: 595-606.
19. Auffray C, Sieweke MH, Geissmann F: Blood monocytes: development, heterogeneity, and relationship with dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2009; 27: 669-692.
20. Chow A, Brown BD, Merad M: Studying the mononuclear phagocyte system in the molecular age. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:788-798.
21. Sunderkotter C, Nikolic T, Dillon MJ, Van Rooijen N, Stehling M, Drevets DA, Leenen PJ: Subpopulations of mouse blood mono-cytes differ in maturation stage and inflammatory response. J Immunol 2004; 172: 4410-4417. (Pubitemid 38375256)
22. Yrlid U, Jenkins CD, MacPherson GG: Relationships between distinct blood monocyte subsets and migrating intestinal lymph dendritic cells in vivo under steady-state conditions. J Immunol 2006; 176:4155-4162. (Pubitemid 44264395)
23. Geissmann F, Auffray C, Palframan R, Wirrig C, Ciocca A, Campisi L, Narni-Mancinelli E, Lauvau G: Blood monocytes: distinct subsets, how they relate to dendritic cells, and their possible roles in the regulation of T-cell responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86: 398-408. (Pubitemid 351948210)
24. Hanna RN, Carlin LM, Hubbeling HG, Nackiewicz D, Green AM, Punt JA, Geiss-mann F, Hedrick CC: The transcription factor NR4A1 (Nur77) controls bone marrow differentiation and the survival of Ly6C-monocytes. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:778-785.
25. Liu K, Victora GD, Schwickert TA, Guermonprez P, Meredith MM, Yao K, Chu FF, Randolph GJ, Rudensky AY, Nussenzweig M: In vivo analysis of dendritic cell development and homeostasis. Science 2009; 324: 392-397.
26. Gordon S, Taylor PR: Monocyte and macro-phage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5: 953-964.
27. Nahrendorf M, Pittet MJ, Swirski FK: Mono-cytes: protagonists of infarct inflammation and repair after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2010; 121:2437-2445.
28. Biswas SK, Mantovani A: Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:889-896.
29. Murray PJ, Wynn TA: Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:723-737.
30. Lawrence T, Natoli G: Transcriptional regulation of macrophage polarization: enabling diversity with identity. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 750-761.
31. Alvarez D, Vollmann EH, von Andrian UH: Mechanisms and consequences of dendritic cell migration. Immunity 2008; 29:325-342.
32. Shortman K, Heath WR: The CD8+ dendritic cell subset. Immunol Rev 2010; 234: 18-31.
33. Cheong C, Matos I, Choi JH, Dandamudi DB, Shrestha E, Longhi MP, Jeffrey KL, Anthony RM, Kluger C, Nchinda G, Koh H, Rodriguez A, Idoyaga J, Pack M, Velinzon K, Park CG, Steinman RM: Microbial stimulation fully differentiates monocytes to DC-SIGN/CD209(+) dendritic cells for immune T cell areas. Cell 2010; 143:416-429.
34. von Andrian UH, Mempel TR: Homing and cellular traffic in lymph nodes. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:867-878. (Pubitemid 37411716)
35. Steinman RM, Banchereau J: Taking dendritic cells into medicine. Nature 2007; 449: 419-426. (Pubitemid 47509552)
36. Colonna M, Trinchieri G, Liu YJ: Plasmacy-toid dendritic cells in immunity. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:1219-1226.
37. Geissmann F, Gordon S, Hume DA, Mowat AM, Randolph GJ: Unravelling mononucle-ar phagocyte heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:453-460.
38. Pittet MJ, Weissleder R: Intravital imaging. Cell 2011; 147:983-991.
39. Auffray C, Fogg D, Garfa M, Elain G, Join-Lambert O, Kayal S, Sarnacki S, Cumano A, Lauvau G, Geissmann F: Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior. Science 2007; 317:666-670. (Pubitemid 47229966)
40. Yona S, Jung S: Monocytes: subsets, origins, fates and functions. Curr Opin Hematol 2010; 17: 53-59.
41. Ginhoux F, Liu K, Helft J, Bogunovic M, Greter M, Hashimoto D, Price J, Yin N, Bromberg J, Lira SA, Stanley ER, Nussen-zweig M, Merad M: The origin and development of nonlymphoid tissue CD103+ DCs. J Exp Med 2009; 206:3115-3130.
42. Liu K, Waskow C, Liu X, Yao K, Hoh J, Nus-senzweig M: Origin of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:578-583. (Pubitemid 46785121)
43. Denning TL, Wang YC, Patel SR, Williams IR, Pulendran B: Lamina propria macro-phages and dendritic cells differentially induce regulatory and interleukin 17-produc-ing T cell responses. Nat Immunol 2007; 8: 1086-1094. (Pubitemid 47423756)
44. Bogunovic M, Ginhoux F, Helft J, Shang L, Hashimoto D, Greter M, Liu K, Jakubzick C, Ingersoll MA, Leboeuf M, Stanley ER, Nus-senzweig M, Lira SA, Randolph GJ, Merad M: Origin of the lamina propria dendritic cel l network. Immunity 2009; 31: 513-525.
45. Varol C, Vallon-Eberhard A, Elinav E, Ay-chek T, Shapira Y, Luche H, Fehling HJ, Hardt WD, Shakhar G, Jung S: Intestinal lamina propria dendritic cell subsets have different origin and functions. Immunity 2009; 31:502-512.
46. Niess JH, Brand S, Gu X, Landsman L, Jung S, McCormick BA, Vyas JM, Boes M, Ploegh HL, Fox JG, Littman DR, Reinecker HC: CX-3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance. Science 2005; 307: 254-258. (Pubitemid 40116240)
47. Sun CM, Hall JA, Blank RB, Bouladoux N, Oukka M, Mora JR, Belkaid Y: Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid. J Exp Med 2007; 204:1775-1785. (Pubitemid 47236316)
48. Coombes JL, Siddiqui KR, Arancibia-Carca-mo CV, Hall J, Sun CM, Belkaid Y, Powrie F: A functionally specialized population of mu-cosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism. J Exp Med 2007; 204: 1757-1764. (Pubitemid 47236314)
49. Holt PG, Oliver J, Bilyk N, McMenamin C, McMenamin PG, Kraal G, Thepen T: Down-regulation of the antigen presenting cell function(s) of pulmonary dendritic cells in vivo by resident alveolar macrophages. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 397-407. (Pubitemid 23117089)
50. Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Shim TS, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Orme IM: Dynamics of macrophage cell populations during mu-rine pulmonary tuberculosis. J Immunol 2003; 171:3128-3135. (Pubitemid 37093536)
51. Careau E, Bissonnette EY: Adoptive transfer of alveolar macrophages abrogates bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:22-27. (Pubitemid 38888035)
52. Bedoret D, Wallemacq H, Marichal T, Des-met C, Quesada Calvo F, Henry E, Closset R, Dewals B, Thielen C, Gustin P, de Leval L, Van Rooijen N, Le Moine A, Vanderplass-chen A, Cataldo D, Drion PV, Moser M, Lekeux P, Bureau F: Lung interstitial macro-phages alter dendritic cell functions to prevent airway allergy in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 3723-3738.
53. Landsman L, Jung S: Lung macrophages serve as obligatory intermediate between blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. J Immunol 2007; 179:3488-3494.
54. Landsman L, Varol C, Jung S: Distinct differentiation potential of blood monocyte subsets in the lung. J Immunol 2007; 178: 2000-2007. (Pubitemid 46233396)
55. Jakubzick C, Tacke F, Ginhoux F, Wagers AJ, van Rooijen N, Mack M, Merad M, Randolph GJ: Blood monocyte subsets differentially give rise to CD103+ and CD103-pulmonary dendritic cell populations. J Immunol 2008; 180: 3019-3027.
56. high dendritic cells in homeostasis and in allergic lung inflammation. J Immunol 2007; 178:1882-1895. (Pubitemid 46154661)
57. del Rio ML, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Kremmer E, Forster R: CD103-and CD103+ bronchial lymph node dendritic cells are specialized in presenting and cross-presenting innocuous antigen to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. J Immunol 2007; 178:6861-6866. (Pubitemid 46847411)
58. GeurtsvanKessel CH, Willart MA, van Rijt LS, Muskens F, Kool M, Baas C, Thielemans K, Bennett C, Clausen BE, Hoogsteden HC, Osterhaus AD, Rimmelzwaan GF, Lam-brecht BN: Clearance of influenza virus from the lung depends on migratory langerin+CD11b-but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2008; 205:1621-1634. (Pubitemid 351962026)
59. Hashimoto D, Miller J, Merad M: Dendritic cell and macrophage heterogeneity in vivo. Immunity 2011; 35: 323-335.
60. Dorner BG, Dorner MB, Zhou X, Opitz C, Mora A, Guttler S, Hutloff A, Mages HW, Ranke K, Schaefer M, Jack RS, Henn V, Kro-czek RA: Selective expression of the chemo-kine receptor XCR1 on cross-presenting dendritic cells determines cooperation with CD8+ T cells. Immunity 2009; 31:823-833.
61. Julia V, Hessel EM, Malherbe L, Glaichen-haus N, O'Garra A, Coffman RL: A restricted subset of dendritic cells captures airborne antigens and remains able to activate specific T cells long after antigen exposure. Immunity 2002; 16:271-283. (Pubitemid 34211966)
62. Ginhoux F, Merad M: Ontogeny and homeo-stasis of Langerhans cel ls. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:387-392.
63. Merad M, Manz MG, Karsunky H, Wagers A, Peters W, Charo I, Weissman IL, Cyster JG, Engleman EG: Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under steady-state conditions. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:1135-1141. (Pubitemid 35469697)
64. Chorro L, Sarde A, Li M, Woollard KJ, Chambon P, Malissen B, Kissenpfennig A, Barbaroux JB, Groves R, Geissmann F: Lang-erhans cell (LC) proliferation mediates neonatal development, homeostasis, and inflammation-associated expansion of the epidermal LC network. J Exp Med 2009; 206: 3089-3100.
65. Giacometti L, Montagna W: Langerhans cells: uptake of tritiated thymidine. Science 1967; 157:439-440.
66. Ginhoux F, Tacke F, Angeli V, Bogunovic M, Loubeau M, Dai XM, Stanley ER, Randolph GJ, Merad M: Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo. Nat Immunol 2006; 7: 265-273.
67. Saijo K, Glass CK: Microglial cell origin and phenotypes in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:775-787.
68. Hanisch UK, Kettenmann H: Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10: 1387-1394. (Pubitemid 350014685)
69. Meyer-Luehmann M, Spires-Jones TL, Pra-da C, Garcia-Alloza M, de Calignon A, Roz-kalne A, Koenigsknecht-Talboo J, Holtzman DM, Bacskai BJ, Hyman BT: Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2008; 451:720-724. (Pubitemid 351220570)
70. Ajami B, Bennett JL, Krieger C, Tetzlaff W, Rossi FM: Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10: 1538-1543. (Pubitemid 350175883)
71. Mildner A, Schmidt H, Nitsche M, Merkler D, Hanisch UK, Mack M, Heikenwalder M, Bruck W, Priller J, Prinz M: Microglia in the adult brain arise from Ly-6ChiCCR2+ monocytes only under defined host conditions. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10:1544-1553. (Pubitemid 350175884)
72. Ginhoux F, Greter M, Leboeuf M, Nandi S, See P, Gokhan S, Mehler MF, Conway SJ, Ng LG, Stanley ER, Samokhvalov IM, Merad M: Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult mi-croglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science 2010; 330:841-845.
73. Ajami B, Bennett JL, Krieger C, McNagny KM, Rossi FM: Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14: 1142-1149.
74. Shechter R, London A, Varol C, Raposo C, Cusimano M, Yovel G, Rolls A, Mack M, Pluchino S, Martino G, Jung S, Schwartz M: Infiltrating blood-derived macrophages are vital cells playing an anti-inflammatory role in recovery from spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e1000113.
75. Mebius RE, Kraal G: Structure and function of the spleen. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5: 606-616. (Pubitemid 41113192)
76. Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Etzrodt M, Wildgruber M, Cortez-Retamozo V, Panizzi P, Figueiredo JL, Kohler RH, Chudnovskiy A, Waterman P, Aikawa E, Mempel TR, Lib-by P, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ: Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites. Science 2009; 325:612-616.
77. Mempel TR, Henrickson SE, Von Andrian UH: T-cell priming by dendritic cells in lymph nodes occurs in three distinct phases. Nature 2004; 427:154-159. (Pubitemid 38094955)
78. Medzhitov R: Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 2008; 454:428-435.
79. Merad M, Ginhoux F, Collin M: Origin, ho-meostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8: 935-947.
80. Serbina NV, Salazar-Mather TP, Biron CA, Kuziel WA, Pamer EG: TNF/iNOS-produc-ing dendritic cells mediate innate immune defense against bacterial infection. Immunity 2003; 19: 59-70. (Pubitemid 36859901)
81. Aldridge JRJ, Moseley CE, Boltz DA, Nego-vetich NJ, Reynolds C, Franks J, Brown SA, Doherty PC, Webster RG, Thomas PG: TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells are the necessary evil of lethal influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 5306-5311.
82. Getts DR, Terry RL, Getts MT, Muller M, Rana S, Shrestha B, Radford J, Van Rooijen N, Campbell IL, King NJ: Ly6c+ 'inflammatory monocytes' are microglial precursors recruited in a pathogenic manner in West Nile virus encephalitis. J Exp Med 2008; 205: 2319-2337.
83. Arnold L, Henry A, Poron F, Baba-Amer Y, van Rooijen N, Plonquet A, Gherardi RK, Chazaud B: Inflammatory monocytes recruited after skeletal muscle injury switch into antiinflammatory macrophages to support myogenesis. J Exp Med 2007; 204:1057-1069. (Pubitemid 46798150)
84. Mildner A, Mack M, Schmidt H, Bruck W, Djukic M, Zabel MD, Hille A, Priller J, Prinz M: CCR2+Ly-6Chi monocytes are crucial for the effector phase of autoimmunity in the central nervous system. 2009; 132: 2487-2500.
85. Takizawa H, Regoes RR, Boddupalli CS, Bonhoeffer S, Manz MG: Dynamic variation in cycling of hematopoietic stem cells in steady state and inflammation. J Exp Med 2011; 208:273-284.
86. Nagai Y, Garrett KP, Ohta S, Bahrun U, Kou-ro T, Akira S, Takatsu K, Kincade PW: Tolllike receptors on hematopoietic progenitor cells stimulate innate immune system replenishment. Immunity 2006; 24:801-812. (Pubitemid 43867369)
87. Shi C, Jia T, Mendez-Ferrer S, Hohl TM, Serbina N V, Lipuma L, Leiner I, Li MO, Frenette PS, Pamer EG: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells induce monocyte emigration in response to circulating tolllike receptor ligands. Immunity 2011; 34: 590-601.
88. Serbina NV, Pamer EG: Monocyte emigration from bone marrow during bacterial infection requires signals mediated by chemo-kine receptor CCR2. Nat Immunol 2006; 7: 311-317.
89. Wright DE, Wagers AJ, Gulati AP, Johnson FL, Weissman IL: Physiological migration of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Science 2001; 294:1933-1936. (Pubitemid 33101591)
90. Bhattacharya D, Czechowicz A, Ooi AG, Rossi DJ, Bryder D, Weissman IL: Niche recycling through div ision-independent egress of hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 2009; 206:2837-2850.
91. Mazo IB, Massberg S, von Andrian UH: He-matopoietic stem and progenitor cell trafficking. Trends Immunol 2011; 32: 493-503.
92. Massberg S, Schaerli P, Knezevic-Maramica I, Kollnberger M, Tubo N, Moseman EA, Huff IV, Junt T, Wagers AJ, Mazo IB, von Andrian UH: Immunosurveillance by he-matopoietic progenitor cells trafficking through blood, lymph, and peripheral tissues. Cell 2007; 131: 994-1008. (Pubitemid 350138089)
93. Jenkins SJ, Ruckerl D, Cook PC, Jones LH, Finkelman FD, van Rooijen N, MacDonald AS, Allen JE: Local macrophage proliferation, rather than recruitment from the blood, is a signature of TH2 inflammation. Science 2011; 332:1284-1288.
94. Milner JD, Orekov T, Ward JM, Cheng L, Torres-Velez F, Junttila I, Sun G, Buller M, Morris SC, Finkelman FD, Paul WE: Sustained IL-4 exposure leads to a novel pathway for hemophagocytosis, inflammation, and tissue macrophage accumulation. Blood 2010; 116: 2476-2483.
95. Sutton MG, Sharpe N: Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: pathophysiology and therapy. Circulation 2000; 101:2981-2988. (Pubitemid 30415891)
96. Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK, Aikawa E, Stangenberg L, Wurdinger T, Figueiredo JL, Libby P, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ: The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions. J Exp Med 2007; 204: 3037-3047. (Pubitemid 350179569)
97. Tsujioka H, Imanishi T, Ikejima H, Kuroi A, Takarada S, Tanimoto T, Kitabata H, Okochi K, Arita Y, Ishibashi K, Komukai K, Kataiwa H, Nakamura N, Hirata K, Tanaka A, Akasaka T: Impact of heterogeneity of human peripheral blood monocyte subsets on myocardial salvage in patients with primary acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 130-138.
98. hi monocytosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:1629-1638.
99. Leuschner F, Panizzi P, Chico-Calero I, Lee WW, Ueno T, Cortez-Retamozo V, Waterman P, Gorbatov R, Marinelli B, Iwamoto Y, Chudnovskiy A, Figueiredo JL, Sosnovik DE, Pittet MJ, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prevents the release of monocytes from their splenic reservoir in mice with myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2010; 107:1364-1373.
100. Swirski FK, Pittet MJ, Kircher MF, Aikawa E, Jaffer FA, Libby P, Weissleder R: Mono-cyte accumulation in mouse atherogenesis is progressive and proportional to extent of disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 10340-10345. (Pubitemid 44051168)
101. hi monocytes dominate hypercholester-olemia- associated monocytosis and give rise to macrophages in atheromata. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 195-205. (Pubitemid 46048466)
102. Murphy AJ, Akhtari M, Tolani S, Pagler T, Bijl N, Kuo C-L, Wang M, Sanson M, Abramowicz S, Welch C, Bochem AE, Kuivenhoven JA, Yvan-Charvet L, Tall AR: ApoE regulates hematopoietic stem cell proliferation, monocytosis, and monocyte accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4138-4149.
103. Tacke F, Alvarez D, Kaplan TJ, Jakubzick C, Spanbroek R, Llodra J, Garin A, Liu J, Mack M, van Rooijen N, Lira SA, Habenicht AJ, Randolph GJ: Monocyte subsets differentially employ CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1 to accumulate within atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 185-194. (Pubitemid 46048465)
104. lo mono-cytosis and almost abolishes atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Circulation 2008; 117:1649-1657. (Pubitemid 351482605)
105. Weissleder R, Pittet MJ: Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008; 452: 580-589. (Pubitemid 351483372)
106. DeNardo DG, Brennan D, Rexhepaj E, Ruffell B, Shiao SL, Madden SF, Gallagher WM, Wadhwani N, Keil SD, Junaid SA, Rugo HS, Hwang ES, Jirstrom K, West BL, Coussens LM: Leukocyte complexity predicts breast cancer survival and functionally regulates response to chemotherapy. Cancer Discov 2011; 1:54-67.
107. Steidl C, Lee T, Shah SP, Farinha P, Han G, Nayar T, Delaney A, Jones SJ, Iqbal J, Weisenburger DD, Bast MA, Rosenwald A, Muller-Hermelink HK, Rimsza LM, Campo E, Delabie J, Braziel RM, Cook JR, Tubbs RR, Jaffe ES, Lenz G, Connors JM, Staudt LM, Chan WC, Gascoyne RD: Tumor-associated macrophages and survival in classic Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 875-885.
108. Movahedi K, Guilliams M, Van den Bossche J, Van den Bergh R, Gysemans C, Bes-chin A, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA: Identification of discrete tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell sub-populations with distinct T cell-suppres-sive activity. Blood 2008; 111:4233-4244.
109. Qian BZ, Li J, Zhang H, Kitamura T, Zhang J, Campion LR, Kaiser EA, Snyder LA, Pollard JW: CCL2 recruits inflammatory monocytes to facilitate breast-tumour metastasis. Nature 2011; 475:222-225.
110. De Palma M, Venneri MA, Galli R, Sergi Sergi L, Politi LS, Sampaolesi M, Naldini L: Tie2 identifies a hematopoietic lineage of proangiogenic monocytes required for tumor vessel formation and a mesenchymal population of pericyte progenitors. Cancer Cell 2005; 8: 211-226. (Pubitemid 41317592)
111. Mazzieri R, Pucci F, Moi D, Zonari E, Ranghetti A, Berti A, Politi LS, Gentner B, Brown JL, Naldini L, De Palma M: Targeting the ANG2/TIE2 axis inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by impairing angio-genesis and disabling rebounds of proan-giogenic myeloid cells. Cancer Cell 2011; 19: 512-526.
112. Gabrilovich DI, Nagaraj S: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9: 162-174.
113. Sica A, Bronte V: Altered macrophage differentiation and immune dysfunction in tumor development. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 1155-1166. (Pubitemid 46718400)
114. Marigo I, Bosio E, Solito S, Mesa C, Fernandez A, Dolcetti L, Ugel S, Sonda N, Bicciato S, Falisi E, Calabrese F, Basso G, Zanovello P, Cozzi E, Mandruzzato S, Bronte V: Tumor-induced tolerance and immune suppression depend on the C/EBPbeta transcription factor. Immunity 2010; 32: 790-802.
115. Leuschner F, Dutta P, Gorbatov R, Novobrantseva TI, Donahoe JS, Courties G, Lee KM, Kim JI, Markmann JF, Marinelli B, Panizzi P, Lee WW, Iwamoto Y, Milstein S, Epstein-Barash H, Cantley W, Wong J, Cortez-Retamozo V, Newton A, Love K, Libby P, Pittet MJ, Swirski FK, Koteliansky V, Langer R, Weissleder R, Anderson DG, Nahrendorf M: Therapeutic siRNA silencing in inflammatory monocytes in mice. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:1005-1010.