Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 138, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 550-588

  Dalenberg, Constance J ^a   Brand, Bethany L ^b   Gleaves, David H ^c   Dorahy, Martin J ^c   Loewenstein, Richard J ^d,e   Cardeña, Etzel ^f   Frewen, Paul A ^g   Carlson, Eve B ^h,i   Spiegel, David ^j  

^a ALLIANT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TOWSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

^d SHEPPARD PRATT HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^g UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^h National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder   (United States)

ⁱ VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^j STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Dissociation; Dissociative disorder; Fantasy; Suggestibility; Trauma

Indexed keywords

AMNESIA; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; DEFENSE MECHANISM; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER; FANTASY; HUMAN; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LIFE EVENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; RECALL; REVIEW; SUGGESTION; TIME;

AMNESIA; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS; FALSE POSITIVE REACTIONS; FANTASY; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MENTAL RECALL; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REPRESSION, PSYCHOLOGY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SUGGESTION; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84864518804     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0027447     Document Type: Article

References (358)

1. Abramowitz, E. G., & Lichtenberg, P. (2010). A new hypnotic technique for treating combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective open study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 58, 316-328. doi:10.1080/00207141003760926
2. Abrams, M. P., Carleton, R. N., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2009). Human tonic immobility: Measurement and correlates. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 550-556. doi:10.1002/da.20462
3. Akyüz, G., Ş ar, V., Kugu, N., & Dog ̌an, O. (2005). Reported childhood trauma, attempted suicide and self-mutilative behavior among women in the general population. European Psychiatry, 20, 268-273. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.01.002
4. Alexander, P. C., & Schaeffer, C. M. (1994). A typology of incestuous families based on cluster analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 458-470. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.8.4.458
5. Allen, J. G., Coyne, L., & Console, D. A. (1996). Dissociation contributes to anxiety and psychoticism on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 639-641. doi:10.1097/00005053199610000-00010
6. Allen, J. G., Coyne, L., & Console, D. A. (1997). Dissociative detachment relates to psychotic symptoms and personality decompensation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38, 327-334. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(97)90928-7
7. Allen, J. G., Fultz, J., Huntoon, J., & Brethour, J. R., Jr. (2002). Pathological dissociative taxon membership, absorption, and reported childhood trauma in women with trauma-related disorders. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 3, 89-110. doi:10.1300/J229v03n01_07
8. Allen, J. G., Huntoon, J., & Evans, R. B. (1999). Complexities in complex posttraumatic stress disorder in inpatient women: Evidence from cluster analysis of MCMI-III personality disorder scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73, 449-471. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7303_10
9. Amdur, R. L., & Liberzon, I. (1996). Dimensionality of dissociation in subjects with PTSD. Dissociation, 9, 118-124. doi:10.1016/00063223(96)84140-0
10. American Psychiatric Association. (2010). H 05 unspecified dissociative disorder. Retrieved from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=59
11. Amrhein, C., Hengmith, S., Maragkos, M., & Hennig-Fast, K. (2008). Neuropsychological characteristics of highly dissociative healthy individuals. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 9, 525-542. doi:10.1080/15299730802226332
12. Anderson, M. C., & Green, C. (2001). Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature, 410, 366-369. doi:10.1038/35066572
13. Anderson, M. C., Ochsner, K. N., Kuhl, B., Cooper, J., Robertson, E., Gabrieli, S. W.,... Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2004). Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories. Science, 303, 232-235. doi:10.1126/science.1089504
14. Armstrong, J. G., Putnam, F. W., Carlson, E. B., Libero, D. Z., & Smith, S. R. (1997). Development and validation of a measure of adolescent dissociation: The Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 491-497. doi:10.1097/00005053199708000-00003
15. Bagley, C., Rodberg, G., Wellings, D., Moosa-Mitha, M., & Young, L. (1995). Sexual and physical child abuse and the development of dissociative personality traits: Canadian and British evidence from adolescent child welfare and child care populations. Child Abuse Review, 4, 99113. doi:10.1002/car.2380040207
16. Barrett, D. (1992). Fantasizers and dissociaters: Data on two distinct subgroups of deep trance subjects. Psychological Reports, 71, 10111014. doi:10.2466/PR0.71.7.1011-1014
17. Becker-Blease, K. A., Deater-Deckard, K., Eley, T., Freyd, J. J., Stevenson, J., & Plomin, R. (2004). A genetic analysis of individual differences in dissociative behaviors in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 522-532. doi:10.1111/j.14697610.2004.00242.x
18. Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 727-735. doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004
19. Bernstein, I. H., Ellason, J. W., Ross, C. A., & Vanderlinden, J. (2001). On the dimensionalities of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and the Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q). Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2, 101-120. doi:10.1300/J229v02n03_07
20. Besiroglu, L., Akdeniz, N., Agargun, M. Y., Calka, O., Ozdemir, O., & Bilgili, S. G. (2009). Childhood traumatic experiences, dissociation and thought suppression in patients with "psychosomatic" skin diseases. Stress and Health, 25, 121-125. doi:10.1002/smi.1224
21. Bohus, M., Haaf, B., Simms, T., Limberger, M. F., Schmahl, C., Unckel, C.,... Linehan, M. M. (2004). Effectiveness of inpatient dialectical behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder: A controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 487-499. doi:10.1016/S00057967(03)00174-8
22. Bonanno, G. A., Noll, J. G., Putnam, F. W., O'Neill, M., & Trickett, P. K. (2003). Predicting the willingness to disclose childhood sexual abuse from measures of repressive coping and dissociative tendencies. Child Maltreatment, 8, 302-318. doi:10.1177/1077559503257066
23. Bottoms, B. L., Najdowski, C. J., & Goodman, G. S. (Eds.). (2009). Children as victims, witnesses and offenders: Psychological science and the law. New York, NY: Guilford.
24. Bovin, M. J., Jager-Hyman, S., Gold, S. D., Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2008). Tonic immobility mediates the influence of peritraumatic fear and perceived inescapability on posttraumatic stress symptom severity among sexual assault survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 402409. doi:10.1002/jts.20354
25. Bracha, H. S., & Maser, J. D. (2008). Anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder in the context of human brain evolution: A role for theory in DSM-V? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 91-97. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00113.x
26. Bracha, H. S., Ralston, T. C., Matsukawa, J. M., Williams, A. E., & Bracha, A. S. (2004). Does "fight or flight" need updating? Psychosomatics, 45, 448-449. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.45.5.448
27. Brand, M., Eggers, C., Reinhold, N., Fujiwara, E., Kessler, J., Heiss, W.-D., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2009). Functional brain imaging in 14 patients with dissociative amnesia reveals right inferolateral prefrontal hypometabolism. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 174, 32-39. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.008
28. Bremner, J. D., Krystal, J. H., Putnam, F. W., Southwick, S. M., Marmar, C., Charney, D. S., & Mazure, C. M. (1998). Measurement of dissociative states with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 125-136. doi:10.1023/A: 1024465317902
29. Bremner, J. D., & Marmar, C. R. (Eds.). (1998). Trauma, memory, and dissociation. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
30. Brennen, T., Dybdahl, R., & Kapidžić , A. (2007). Trauma-related and neutral false memories in war-induced posttraumatic stress disorder. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 877-885. doi:10.1016/j.concog .2006.06.012
31. Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual-representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670-686. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.670
32. Briere, J. (2002). Multiscale Dissociation Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
33. Briere, J. (2006). Dissociative symptoms and trauma exposure: Specificity, affect dysregulation and posttraumatic stress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 78-82. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000198139.47371.54
34. Briere, J., & Elliott, D. M. (1993). Sexual abuse, family environment, and psychological symptoms: On the validity of statistical control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 284-288. doi:10.1037/0022006X.61.2.284
35. Briere, J., Scott, C., & Weathers, F. (2005). Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation in the presumed etiology of PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2295-2301. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2295
36. Brunner, R., Parzer, P., Schuld, V., & Resch, F. (2000). Dissociative symptomatology and traumatogenic factors in adolescent psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 71-77. doi:10.1097/00005053-200002000-00002
37. Bryant, R. A. (1995). Autobiographical memory across personalities in dissociative identity disorder: A case report. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 625-631. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.4.625
38. Bryant, R. A., Brooks, R., Silove, D., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M., & McFarlane, A. C. (2011). Peritraumatic dissociation mediates the relationship between acute panic and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 346-351. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.003
39. Cardeña, E. (2008). Dissociative disorders measures. In A. J. Rush Jr., M. B. First, & D. Becker (Eds.), Handbook of psychiatric measures (pp. 587-599). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
40. Cardeña, E., & Carlson, E. (2011). Acute stress disorder revisited. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 245-267. doi:10.1146/annurevclinpsy-032210-104502
41. Cardeña, E., Koopman, C., Classen, C., Waelde, L. C., & Spiegel, D. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): A valid and reliable measure of acute stress reactions. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 719-734. doi:10.1023/A: 1007822603186
42. Cardeña, E., & Spiegel, D. (1993). Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay Area earthquake of 1989. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 474-478.
43. Carlson, E. A. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation. Child Development, 69, 1107-1128. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06163.x
44. Carlson, E. B., & Dalenberg, C. (2011). Including dissociation in the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Manuscript submitted for publication.
45. Carlson, E. B., Dalenberg, C., Armstrong, J., Daniels, J. W., Loewenstein, R., & Roth, D. (2001). Multivariate prediction of posttraumatic symptoms in psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 549567. doi:10.1023/A:1011164707774
46. Carlson, E. B., Field, N. P., Ruzek, J. I., Bryant, R. A., Dalenberg, C. J., Keane, T. M., & Spain, D. A. (2011). Measuring the dynamics of psychological phenomena and behavior for research and clinical work with Electronic Proximal Assessment. Manuscript submitted for publication.
47. Carlson, E. B., & Putnam, F. W. (1993). An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Dissociation, 6, 16-27.
48. Carroll, J. B. (1945). The effect of difficulty and chance success on correlations between items or between tests. Psychometrika, 10, 1-19. doi:10.1007/BF02289789
49. Chard, K. M. (2005). An evaluation of cognitive processing therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 965-971. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.965
50. Chiu, C.-D., Yeh, Y.-Y., Huang, Y.-M., Wu, Y.-C., & Chiu, Y.-C. (2009). The set switching function of nonclinical dissociators under negative emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 214-222. doi:10.1037/a0014654
51. Chu, A., & DePrince, A. P. (2006). Development of dissociation: Examining the relationship between parenting, maternal trauma and child dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7, 75-89. doi:10.1300/J229v07n04_05
52. Cima, M., Merckelbach, H., Klein, B., Shellbach-Matties, R., & Kremer, K. (2001). Frontal lobe dysfunctions, dissociation, and trauma selfreports in forensic psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 188-190. doi:10.1097/00005053-200103000-00008
53. Clancy, S. A., Schachter, D. L., McNally, R. J., & Pitman, R. K. (2000). False recognition in women reporting recovered memories of sexual abuse. Psychological Science, 11, 26-31. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00210
54. Collin-Vézina, D., & Hébert, M. (2005). Comparing dissociation and PTSD in sexually abused school-aged girls. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 47-52. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000149218.76592.26
55. Coons, P. M. (1994). Confirmation of childhood abuse in child and adolescent cases of multiple personality disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 461-464. doi:10.1097/00005053-199408000-00007
56. Coons, P. M., & Milstein, V. (1986). Psychosexual disturbances in multiple personality: Characteristics, etiology, and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47, 106-110.
57. Courtois, C. A. (1999). Recollections of sexual abuse: Treatment principles and guidelines. New York, NY: Norton.
58. Dale, K. Y., Berg, R., Elden, A., Odegard, A., & Holte, A. (2009). Testing the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder through measures of dissociation, absorption, hypnotizability and PTSD: A Norwegian pilot study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 10, 102-112. doi:10.1080/15299730802488478
59. Dalenberg, C. J. (1996). Accuracy, timing, and circumstances of disclosure in therapy of recovered and continuous memories of abuse. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 24, 229-275.
60. Dalenberg, C. J. (2000). Countertransference and the treatment of trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10380-000
61. Dalenberg, C. (2006). Recovered memory and the Daubert criteria: Recovered memory as professionally tested, peer reviewed, and accepted in the relevant scientific community. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 7, 274310. doi:10.1177/1524838006294572
62. Dalenberg, C., Loewenstein, R., Spiegel, D., Brewin, C., Lanius, R., Frankel, S.,... Paulson, K. (2007). Scientific study of the dissociative disorders. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 400-401. doi:10.1159/000107570
63. Dalenberg, C. J., & Paulson, K. (2009). The case for the study of "normal" dissociation processes. In P. F. Dell & J. A. O'Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond (pp. 145-154). New York, NY: Routledge.
64. Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22. doi:10.1037/h0046671
65. Dell, P. F. (2006). The Multidimensional Inventory of Dissociation (MID): A comprehensive measure of pathological dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7, 77-106. doi:10.1300/J229v07n02_06
66. DePrince, A. P., Allard, C. B., Oh, H., & Freyd, J. J. (2004). What's in a name for memory errors? Implications for ethical issues arising from the use of the term "false memory" for errors in memory for details. Ethics & Behavior, 14, 201-233. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb1403_1
67. DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2001). Memory and dissociative tendencies: The roles of attentional context and word meaning in a directed forgetting task. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2, 67-82. doi:10.1300/J229v02n02_06
68. DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2004). Forgetting trauma stimuli. Psychological Science, 15, 488-492. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00706.x
69. DePrince, A. P., Weinzierl, K. M., & Combs, M. D. (2008). Stroop performance, dissociation, and trauma exposure in a community sample of children. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 9, 209-223. doi:10.1080/15299730802048603
70. de Ruiter, M. B., Elzinga, B. M., & Phaf, R. H. (2006). Dissociation: Cognitive capacity or dysfunction? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7, 115-134. doi:10.1300/J229v07n04_07
71. de Ruiter, M. B., Phaf, R. H., Elzinga, B. M., & Van Dyck, R. (2004). Dissociative style and individual differences in verbal working memory span. Consciousness and Cognition, 13, 821-828. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2004.08.002
72. Devilly, G. J., Ciociari, J., Piesse, A., Sherwell, S., Zammit, S., Cook, F., & Turton, C. (2007). Dissociative tendencies and memory performance on directed forgetting tasks. Psychological Science, 18, 212-217. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01875.x
73. De Wachter, D., Lange, A., Vanderlinden, J., Pouw, J., & Strubbe, E. (2006). The influence of current stress on dissociative experiences: An exploratory study in a non-clinical population. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7, 87-96. doi:10.1300/J229v07n01_07
74. Diseth, T. H. (2006). Dissociation following traumatic medical treatment procedures in childhood: A longitudinal follow-up. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 233-251. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060135
75. Dorahy, M. J. (2001). Dissociative identity disorder and memory dysfunction: The current state of experimental research, and its future directions. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 771-795. doi:10.1016/S02727358(00)00068-4
76. Dorahy, M. J. (2006). The Dissociative Processing Scale: A cognitive organization activated by perceived or actual threat in clinical dissociators. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7, 29-53. doi:10.1300/J229v07n04_03
77. Dorahy, M. J., Irwin, H. J., & Middleton, W. (2002). Cognitive inhibition in dissociative identity disorder (DID): Developing an understanding of working memory function in DID. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 3, 111-132. doi:10.1300/J229v03n03_07
78. Dorahy, M. J., Lewis, C. A., & Wolfe, F. A. M. (2007). Psychological distress associated with domestic violence in Northern Ireland. Current Psychology, 25, 295-305. doi:10.1007/BF02915237
79. Drivdahl, S. B., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2001). The role of perceptual elaboration and individual differences in the creation of false memories for suggested events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 265-281. doi:10.1002/acp.701
80. Duffy, C. (2000). Prevalence of undiagnosed dissociative disorders in an inpatient setting (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (AAT No. 3041898)
81. Dunlap, W. P., Cortina, J. M., Vaslow, J. B., & Burke, M. J. (1996). Meta-analysis of experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs. Psychological Methods, 1, 170-177. doi:10.1037/1082989X.1.2.170
82. Dunn, G. E., Ryan, J. J., & Paolo, A. M. (1994). A principal components analysis of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a substance abuse population. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 936-940. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199411)50:6>::AID-JCLP2270500619<.-1.H110223.0.CO;2-4
83. Dutra, L., Bureau, J.-F., Holmes, B., Lyubchik, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2009). Quality of early care and childhood trauma: A prospective study of developmental pathways to dissociation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 383-390. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181a653b7
84. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
85. Eich, E., Macauley, D., Loewenstein, R. J., & Dihle, P. H. (1997). Memory, amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder. Psychological Science, 8, 417-422. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00454.x
86. Eisen, M. L., & Carlson, E. B. (1998). Individual differences in suggestibility: Examining the influences of dissociation, absorption, and a history of childhood abuse. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, S47-S61. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199812)12:7>::AID-<.H11022 3.0.CO;2-P
87. Eisen, M. L., Goodman, G. S., Qin, J., Davis, S., & Crayton, J. (2007). Maltreated children's memory: Accuracy, suggestibility and psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1275-1294. doi:10.1037/00121649.43.6.1275
88. Eisen, M. L., Morgan, D. Y., & Mickes, L. (2002). Individual differences in eyewitness memory and suggestibility: Examining relations between acquiescence, dissociation and resistance to misleading information. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 553-571. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00172-6
89. Eisen, M. L., Qin, J., Goodman, G. S., & Davis, S. L. (2002). Memory and suggestibility in maltreated children: Age, stress arousal, dissociation, and psychopathology. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 83, 167-212. doi:10.1016/S0022-0965(02)00126-1
90. El-Hage, W., Darves-Bornoz, J.-M., Allilaire, J.-F., & Gaillard, P. (2002). Posttraumatic somatoform dissociation in French psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 3, 59-74. doi:10.1300/J229v03n03_04
91. Elliott, D. M. (1997). Traumatic events: Prevalence and delayed recall in the general population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.5.811
92. Elzinga, B. M., Ardon, A. M., Heijnis, M. K., de Ruiter, M. B., Van Dyck, R., & Veltman, D. J. (2007). Neural correlates of enhanced working-memory performance in dissociative disorder: A functional MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 37, 235-245. doi:10.1017/S0033291706008932
93. Elzinga, B. M., Phaf, R. H., Ardon, A. M., & Van Dyck, R. (2003). Directed forgetting between, but not within, dissociative personality states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 237-243. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.2.237
94. Endo, T., Sugiyama, T., & Someya, T. (2006). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dissociative disorder among abused children. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 434-438. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01528.x
95. Erdelyi, M. H. (1990). Repression, reconstruction, and defense: History and integration of the psychoanalytic and experimental frameworks. In J. L. Singer (Ed.), Repression and dissociation: Implications for personality theory, psychopathology, and health (pp. 1-31). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
96. Evren, C., Ş ar, V., & Dalbudak, E. (2008). Temperament, character, and dissociation among detoxified male inpatients with alcohol dependency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 717-727. doi:10.1002/jclp.20485
97. Feeny, N. C., Zoellner, L. A., Fitzgibbons, L. A., & Foa, E. B. (2000). Exploring the roles of emotional numbing, depression, and dissociation in PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 489-498. doi:10.1023/A: 1007789409330
98. Feeny, N. C., Zoellner, L. A., & Foa, E. B. (2000). Anger, dissociation, and posttraumatic stress disorder among female assault victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 89-100. doi:10.1023/A:1007725015225
99. Felmingham, K., Kemp, A. H., Williams, L., Falconer, E., Olivieri, G., Peduto, A., & Bryant, R. (2008). Dissociative responses to conscious and non-conscious fear impact underlying brain function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1771-1780. doi:10.1017/S0033291708002742
100. Fisher, R. A. (1958). Statistical methods for research workers. Edinburgh, Scotland: Oliver and Boyd.
101. Fiszman, A., Mendlowicz, M. V., Marques-Portella, C., Volchan, E., Coutinho, E. S., Souza, W. F.,... Figueira, I. (2008). Peritraumatic tonic immobility predicts a poor response to pharmacological treatment in victims of urban violence with PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 107, 193-197. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.015
102. Foa, E. B., Molnar, C., & Cashman, L. (1995). Change in rape narratives during exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 675-690. doi:10.1002/jts.2490080409
103. Foote, B., Smolin, Y., Kaplan, M., Legatt, M. E., & Lipschitz, D. (2006). Prevalence of dissociative disorder in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 623-629. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.623
104. Forrest, K. A. (1999). Explicit memory and dissociative identity disorder: The function of one-way amnesia barriers. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 60(1), 0382.
105. Forrest, K. A. (2001). Toward an etiology of dissociative identity disorder: A neurodevelopmental approach. Consciousness and Cognition, 10, 259-293. doi:10.1006/ccog.2001.0493
106. Francia-Martínez, M., Roca de Torres, I., Alvarado, C. S., MartínezTaboas, A., & Sayers, S. (2003). Dissociation, depression and trauma in psychiatric inpatients in Puerto Rico. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4, 47-61. doi:10.1300/J229v04n04_04
107. Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2006). Neurobiology of dissociation: Unity and disunity in mind-body-brain. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 113-128. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.016
108. Freyd, J. J., & Gleaves, D. H. (1996). "Remembering" words not presented in lists: Relevance to the current recovered/false memory controversy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 811-813. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.3.811
109. Freyd, J. J., Klest, B., & Allard, C. B. (2005). Betrayal trauma: Relationship to physical health, psychological distress, and a written disclosure intervention. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6, 83-104. doi:10.1300/J229v06n03_04
110. Gast, U., Rodewald, F., Nickel, V., & Emrich, H. M. (2001). Prevalence of dissociative disorders among psychiatric inpatients in a German university clinic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 249-257. doi:10.1097/00005053-200104000-00007
111. Geraerts, E., & McNally, R. J. (2008). Forgetting unwanted memories: Direct forgetting and thought suppression methods. Acta Psychologica, 127, 614-622. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.003
112. Geraerts, E., McNally, R. J., Jelicic, M., Merckelbach, H., & Raymaekers, L. (2008). Linking thought suppression and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Memory, 16, 22-28. doi:10.1080/09658210701390628
113. Geraerts, E., Merckelbach, H., Jelicic, M., Smeets, E., & Van Heerden, J. (2006). Dissociative symptoms and how they relate to fantasy proneness in women reporting repressed or recovered memories. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1143-1151. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.003
114. Geraerts, E., Schooler, J. W., Merckelbach, H., Jelicic, M., Hauer, B. J. A., & Ambadar, Z. (2007). The reality of recovered memories: Corroborating continuous and discontinuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Science, 18, 564-568. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007 .01940.x
115. Geraerts, E., Smeets, E., Jelicic, M., Van Heerden, J., & Merckelbach, H. (2005). Fantasy proneness, but not self-reported trauma is related to DRM performance of women reporting recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. Consciousness and Cognition, 14, 602-612. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.01.006
116. Giesbrecht, T., Geraerts, E., & Merckelbach, H. (2007). Dissociation, memory commission errors, and heightened autonomic reactivity. Psychiatry Research, 150, 277-285. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.016
117. Giesbrecht, T., Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Merckelbach, H. (2008). Cognitive processes in dissociation: An analysis of core theoretical assumptions. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 617-647. doi:10.1037/00332909.134.5.617
118. Giesbrecht, T., Lynn, S. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Merckelbach, H. (2010). Cognitive processes, trauma, and dissociation-Misconceptions and misrepresentations: Reply to Bremner (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136, 7-11. doi:10.1037/a0018068
119. Giesbrecht, T., Merckelbach, H., Kater, M., & Sluis, A. F. (2007). Why dissociation and schizotypy overlap: The joint influence of fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, and childhood trauma. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 812-818. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181568137
120. Giesbrecht, T., Merckelbach, H., Van Oorsouw, K., & Simeon, D. (2010). Skin conductance and memory fragmentation after exposure to an emotional film clip in depersonalization disorder. Psychiatry Research, 177, 342-349. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.03.010
121. Gleaves, D. H., Eberenz, K. P., Warner, M. S., & Fine, C. G. (1995). Measuring clinical and non-clinical dissociation: A comparison of the DES and QED. Dissociation, 8, 24-31.
122. Gleaves, D. H., Hernandez, E., & Warner, M. S. (1999). Corroborating premorbid dissociative symptomatology in dissociative identity disorder. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 341-345. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.30.4.341
123. Goldberg, L. R. (1999). The Curious Experiences Survey, a revised version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale: Factor structure, reliability, and relations to demographic and personality variables. Psychological Assessment, 11, 134-145. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.2.134
124. Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 113-123. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186
125. Griffin, M. G., Resick, P. A., & Mechanic, M. B. (1997). Objective assessment of peritraumatic dissociation: Psychophysiological indicators. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1081-1088.
126. Gudjonsson, G. H. (1997). Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales. Hove, England: Psychology Press.
127. Gudjonsson, G. H. (Ed.). (2003). The psychology of interrogations and confessions: A handbook. West Sussex, England: Wiley.
128. Hagenaars, M. A., Van Minnen, A., & Hoogduin, K. A. L. (2010). The impact of dissociation and depression on the efficacy of prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 19-27. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.001
129. Halligan, S. L., Michael, T., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: The role of cognitive processing, trauma memory, and appraisals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 419-431. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.419
130. Haraldsson, E. (2003). Children who speak of past-life experiences: Is there a psychological explanation? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76, 55-67. doi:10.1348/14760830260569256
131. Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A. (1999). A qualitative investigation of the organization of traumatic memories. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 401-405. doi:10.1348/014466599162999
132. Hauschildt, M., Peters, M. J. V., Moritz, S., & Jelinek, L. (2011). Heart rate variability in response to affective scenes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychology, 88, 215-222. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho .2011.08.004
133. Hébert, M., & Tourigny, M. (2010). Effects of a psychoeducational group intervention for children victims of sexual abuse. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 3, 143-160. doi:10.1080/19361521003726930
134. Heidt, J. M., Marx, B. P., & Forsyth, J. P. (2005). Tonic immobility and childhood sexual abuse: A preliminary report evaluating the sequela of rape-induced paralysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 11571171. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.005
135. Hekkanen, S. T., & McEvoy, C. (2002). False memories and sourcemonitoring problems: Criterion differences. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 73-85. doi:10.1002/acp.753
136. Hetzel-Riggin, M. D. (2010). Peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD effects on physiological response patterns in sexual assault victims. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2, 192-200. doi:10.1037/a0019892
137. Hetzel-Riggin, M. D., & Wilber, E. L. (2010). To dissociate or suppress? Predicting automatic vs. conscious cognitive avoidance. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11, 444-457. doi:10.1080/15299732.2010.495376
138. Holmes, E. A., Brewin, C. R., & Hennessy, R. G. (2004). Trauma films, information processing, and intrusive memory development. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 3-22. doi:10.1037/00963445.133.1.3
139. Holmes, E. A., Brown, R. J., Mansell, W., Fearon, R. P., Hunter, E. C. M., Frasquilho, F., & Oakley, D. A. (2005). Are there two qualitatively distinct forms of dissociation? A review and some clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 1-23. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.006
140. Holowka, D. W., King, S., Saheb, D., Pukall, M., & Brunet, A. (2003). Childhood abuse and dissociative symptoms in adult schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 87-90. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(02) 00296-7
141. Hopper, J. W., Frewen, P. A., Sack, M., Lanius, R. A., & Van der Kolk, B. A. (2007). The Responses to Script-Driven Imagery Scale (RSDI): Assessment of state posttraumatic symptoms for psychobiological and treatment research. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29, 249-268. doi:10.1007/s10862-007-9046-0
142. Hornstein, N. L., & Putnam, F. W. (1992). Clinical phenomenology of child and adolescent dissociative disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1077-1085. doi:10.1097/00004583-199211000-00013
143. Horselenberg, R., Merckelbach, H., & Josephs, S. (2003). Individual differences and false confessions: A conceptual replication of Kassin and Kiechel (1996). Psychology, Crime & Law, 9, 1-8. doi:10.1080/10683160308141
144. Horselenberg, R., Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., Rassin, E., Sijsenaar, M., & Spaan, V. (2000). Imagining fictitious childhood events: The role of individual differences in imagination inflation. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 7, 128-137. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(200005)7: >.H11021128::AID-CPP238<.H110223.0.CO;2-Q
145. Horselenberg, R., Merckelbach, H., Smeets, T., Franssens, D., Peters, G.-J. Y., & Zeles, G. (2006). False confessions in the lab: Do plausibility and consequences matter. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12, 61-75. doi:10.1080/1068310042000303076
146. Horselenberg, R., Merckelbach, H., Van Breukelen, G., & Wessel, I. (2004). Individual differences in the accuracy of autobiographical memory. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 168-176. doi:10.1002/cpp.400
147. Humphreys, K. L., Sauder, C. L., Martin, E. K., & Marx, B. P. (2010). Tonic immobility in childhood sexual abuse survivors and its relationship to posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 358-373. doi:10.1177/0886260509334412
148. Huntjens, R. J. C. (2003). Apparent amnesia: Interidentity memory functioning in dissociative identity disorder. Ridderkirk, the Netherlands: Ridderprint.
149. Huntjens, R. J. C., Dorahy, M. J., & Van Wees, R. (in press). Dissociation and memory fragmentation. In F. Kennedy, H. Kennerley, & D. Pearson (Eds.), Dissociation and cognitive therapy. London, England: Routledge.
150. Huntjens, R. J. C., Peters, M. L., Woertman, L., Bovenschen, L. M., Martin, R. C., & Postma, A. (2006). Inter-identity amnesia in dissociative identity disorder: A simulated memory impairment? Psychological Medicine, 36, 857-863. doi:10.1017/S0033291706007100
151. Huntjens, R. J. C., Peters, M. L., Woertman, L., Van der Hart, O., & Postma, A. (2007). Memory transfer for emotional valenced words between identities in dissociative identity disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 775-789. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.001
152. Hyland, K. (2000). Pathways to false memory production: The role of context, individual differences, and citations of parent authority (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (AAT No. 9972240)
153. Hyman, I. E., Jr., & Billings, F. J. (1998). Individual differences and the creation of false childhood memories. Memory, 6, 1-20. doi:10.1080/741941598
154. Hyman, I. E., Jr., & Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 101-117. doi:10.1006/jmla.1996.0006
155. Irle, E., Lange, C., Sachsse, U., & Weniger, G. (2009). Further evidence that post-traumatic stress disorder but not dissociative disorders are related to amygdala and hippocampal size reduction in trauma-exposed individuals. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119, 330-331. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01351.x
156. Janet, P. (1889). L'automatisme psychologique: Essai de psychologie expérimentalesur les formes inférieures de l'activité humaine [Psychological automatism. An essay of experimental psychology on the inferior types of human activity]. Paris, France: Alcan.
157. Janet, P. (1919). Les médications psychologiques [The psychological medication]. Paris, France: Alcan.
158. Jang, K. L., Paris, J., Zweig-Frank, H., & Livesley, W. J. (1998). Twin study of dissociative experience. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 345-351. doi:10.1097/00005053-199806000-00004
159. Jelinek, L., Hottenrott, B., Randjbar, S., Peters, M. J., & Moritz, S. (2009). Visual false memories in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 374-383. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.02.003
160. Kaufman, M. L., Kimble, M. O., Kaloupek, D. G., McTeague, L. M., Bachrach, P., Forti, A. M., & Keane, T. M. (2002). Peritraumatic dissociation and physiological response to trauma-relevant stimuli in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 167-174. doi:10.1097/00005053200203000-00005
161. Kihlstrom, J. F. (2005). Dissociative disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 227-253. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143925
162. Kindt, M., & Van den Hout, M. (2003). Dissociation and memory fragmentation: Experimental effects on meta-memory but not on actual memory performance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 167-178. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00135-8
163. Kindt, M., Van den Hout, M., & Buck, N. (2005). Dissociation related to subjective memory fragmentation and intrusions but not to objective memory disturbances. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 36, 43-59. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.11.005
164. Kisiel, C., & Lyons, J. (2001). Dissociation as a mediator of psychopathology among sexually abused children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1034-1039. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158 .7.1034
165. Kleim, B., Wallott, F., & Ehlers, A. (2008). Are trauma memories disjointed from other autobiographical memories in posttraumatic stress disorders? An experimental investigation. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 221-234. doi:10.1017/S1352465807004080
166. Klinger, E., Henning, V. R., & Janssen, J. M. (2009). Fantasy-proneness dimensionalized: Dissociative component is related to psychopathology, daydreaming as such is not. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 506-510. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.017
167. Koopman, C., Carrion, V., Butler, L. D., Sudhakar, S., Palmer, L., & Steiner, H. (2004). Relationships of dissociation and childhood abuse and neglect with heart rate in delinquent adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 47-54. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014676.83722.35
168. Koopman, C., Sephton, S., Abercrombie, H. C., Classen, C., Butler, L. D., Gore-Felton, C.,... Spiegel, D. (2003). Dissociative symptoms and cortisol responses to recounting traumatic experiences among childhood sexual abuse survivors with PTSD. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4, 29-46. doi:10.1300/J229v04n04_03
169. Koutstaal, W., & Schacter, D. L. (1997). Intentional forgetting and voluntary thought suppression: Two potential methods for coping with childhood trauma. In L. J. Dickstein, M. B. Riba, & J. M. Oldham (Eds.), Review of psychiatry (Vol. 16, pp. II-79-II-121). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
170. Kraemer, H. C., Stice, E., Kazdin, A., Offord, D., & Kupfer, D. (2001). How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 848-856. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.848
171. Ladwig, K.-H., Marten-Mittag, B., Deisenhofer, I., Hofmann, B., Schapperer, J., Weyerbrock, S.,... Schmitt, C. (2002). Psychophysiological correlates of peritraumatic dissociative responses in survivors of lifethreatening cardiac events. Psychopathology, 35, 241-248. doi:10.1159/000063825
172. Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: Clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 640-647. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp .2009.09081168
173. Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Bluhm, R. L., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Neufeld, R. W. J.,... Menon, R. S. (2005). Functional connectivity of dissociative response in posttraumatic stress disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 873-884. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.011
174. Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Boksman, K., Densmore, M., Gupta, M., Neufeld, R. W. J.,... Menon, R. S. (2002). Brain activation during script-driven imagery induced dissociative responses in PTSD: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 305-311. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01367-7
175. Leavitt, F. (1997). False attribution of suggestibility to explain recovered memory of childhood sexual abuse following extended amnesia. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 265-272. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00171-8
176. Leavitt, F. (1999). Dissociative experiences scale taxon and measurement of dissociative pathology: Does the taxon add to an understanding of dissociation and its associated pathologies? Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 6, 427-440. doi:10.1023/A:1026275916184
177. Leavitt, F. (2001). MMPI profile characteristics of women with varying levels of normal dissociation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 14691477. doi:10.1002/jclp.1110
178. Leonard, K. N., Telch, M. J., & Harrington, P. J. (1999). Dissociation in the laboratory: A comparison of strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 49-61. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00072-2
179. Levin, R., Sirof, B., Simeon, D., & Guralnick, O. (2004). Role of fantasy proneness, imaginative involvement, and psychological absorption in depersonalization disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 69-71. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000106003.46153.54
180. Levin, R., & Spei, E. (2004). Relationship of purported measures of pathological and nonpathological dissociation to self-reported psychological distress and fantasy immersion. Assessment, 11, 160-168. doi:10.1177/1073191103256377
181. Lev-Wiesel, R., Daphna-Tekoah, S., & Hallak, M. (2009). Childhood sexual abuse as a predictor of birth-related posttraumatic stress and postpartum posttraumatic stress. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 877-887. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.05.004
182. Lewis, D. O., Yeager, C. A., Swica, Y., Pincus, J. H., & Lewis, M. (1997). Objective documentation of child abuse and dissociation in 12 murderers with dissociative identity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1703-1710.
183. Lilienfeld, S. O., Kirsch, I., Sarbin, T. R., Lynn, S. J., Chaves, J. F., Ganaway, G. K., & Powell, R. A. (1999). Dissociative identity disorder and the sociocognitive model: Recalling the lessons of the past. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 507-523. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.5.507
184. Lindsay, S., & Briere, J. (1997). The controversy regarding recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Pitfalls, bridges, and future directions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 631-647. doi:10.1177/088626097012005002
185. Little, L. (1996). Source monitoring and dissociative experiences in DID and non-DID inpatients: A multicenter study (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9805139)
186. Lochner, C., Seedat, S., Hemmings, S. M., Kinnear, C. J., Corfield, V. A., Niehaus, D. J. H.,... Stein, D. J. (2004). Dissociative experiences in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: Clinical and genetic findings. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 384-391. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.03.010
187. Lochner, C., Seedat, S., Hemmings, S. M. J., Moolman-Smook, J. C., Kidd, M., & Stein, D. J. (2007). Investigating the possible effects of trauma experiences and 5-HTT on the dissociative experiences of patients with OCD using path analysis and multiple regression. Neuropsychobiology, 56, 6-13. doi:10.1159/000109971
188. Loewenstein, R. J., Hamilton, J., Alagna, S., Reid, N., & deVries, M. (1987). Experiential sampling in the study of multiple personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 19-24.
189. Loftus, E., & Ketcham, K. (1994). The myth of repressed memory: False memories and allegations of sexual abuse. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
190. Ludäscher, P., Bolus, M., Lieb, K., Phillipsen, A., Jochims, A., & Schmahl, C. (2007). Elevated pain thresholds correlate with dissociation and aversive arousal in patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 149, 291-296. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.04.009
191. Ludäscher, P., Valerius, G., Stigmayr, C., Mauchnik, J., Lanius, R. A., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C. (2010). Pain sensitivity and neural processing during dissociative stress in patients with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 35, 177-184. doi:10.1503/jpn.090022
192. Lynn, S. J., & Rhue, J. W. (1986). The fantasy-prone person: Hypnosis, imagination, and creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 404-408. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.2.404
193. Lyons-Ruth, K., Dutra, L., Schuder, M. R., & Bianchi, I. (2006). From infant attachment disorganization to adult dissociation: Relational adaptations or traumatic experiences? Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 63-86. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.011
194. Lyttle, N., Dorahy, M. J., Hanna, D., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2010). Conceptual and perceptual priming and dissociation in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 777-790. doi:10.1037/a0020894
195. Macfie, J., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2001a). The development of dissociation in maltreated preschool-aged children. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 233-254. doi:10.1017/S0954579401002036
196. Macfie, J., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2001b). Dissociation in maltreated versus nonmaltreated preschool-aged children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1253-1267. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00266-6
197. Malek, K. (2010). False memory development: An in-depth look at false memory prevalence, circumstances and associated risk factors (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3410305)
198. Marmar, C., Weiss, D., & Metzler, T. (1997). The Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire. In J. P. Wilson & T. M Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 412-428). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
199. Marshall, R. D., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Blanco, C., Simpson, H. B., Lin, S.-H., Vermes, D.,... Liebowitz, M. R. (2007). A controlled trial of paroxetine for chronic PTSD, dissociation, and interpersonal problems in mostly minority adults. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 77-84. doi:10.1002/da.20176
200. Martínez-Taboas, A. (1995). The use of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in Puerto Rico. Dissociation, 8, 14-23.
201. Marx, B. P., Forsyth, J. P., Gallup, G. G., Fusé, T., & Lexington, J. M. (2008). Tonic immobility as an evolved predator defense: Implications for sexual assault survivors. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15, 74-90. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00112.x
202. McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication II: Associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 124-132. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry .2009.187
203. McNally, R. J. (2003). Remembering trauma. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
204. McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Barrett, H. M., & Parker, H. A. (2005). Reality monitoring in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 147-152. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.147
205. McNally, R. J., Clancy, S. A., Schacter, D. L., & Pitman, R. K. (2000). Personality profiles, dissociations, and absorption in women reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 1033-1037. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.1033
206. McNally, R. J., Lasko, N. B., Clancy, S. A., Macklin, M. L., Pitman, R. K., & Orr, S. P. (2004). Psychophysiological responding during scriptdriven imagery in people reporting abduction by space aliens. Psychological Science, 15, 493-497. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00707.x
207. McNally, R. J., Perlman, C. A., Ristuccia, C. S., & Clancy, S. A. (2006). Clinical characteristics of adults reporting repressed, recovered, or continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 237-242. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.237
208. McTeague, L. M., Lang, P. J., Laplante, M.-C., Cuthbert, B. N., Shumen, J. R., & Bradley, M. M. (2010). Aversive imagery in posttraumatic stress disorder: Trauma recurrence, comorbidity, and physiological reactivity. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 346-356. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.023
209. Mechanic, M. B., Resick, P. A., & Griffin, M. G. (1998). A comparison of normal forgetting, psychopathology, and information-processing of models for reported recent sexual trauma. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 948-957. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.6.948
210. Medford, N., Brierley, B., Brammer, M., Bullmore, E. T., David, A. S., & Phillips, M. L. (2006). Emotional memory in depersonalization disorder: A functional MRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 148, 93-102. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.05.007
211. Melchert, T. P. (1999). Relations among childhood memory, a history of abuse, dissociation, and repression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 1172-1192. doi:10.1177/088626099014011004
212. Merckelbach, H., Horselenberg, R., & Muris, P. (2001). The Creative Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ): A brief self-report measure of fantasy proneness. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 987-995. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00201-4
213. Merckelbach, H., Horselenberg, R., & Schmidt, H. (2002). Modeling the connection between self-reported trauma and dissociation in a student sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 695-705. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00070-8
214. Merckelbach, H., & Muris, P. (2001). The causal link between selfreported trauma and dissociation: A critical review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 245-254. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00181-3
215. Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., Horselenberg, R., & Stougie, S. (2000). Dissociative experiences, response bias, and fantasy proneness in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 49-58. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00079-3
216. Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., Rassin, E., & Horselenberg, R. (2000). Dissociative experiences and interrogative suggestibility in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 1133-1140. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00260-3
217. Merckelbach, H., Muris, P., Wessel, I., & Van Koppen, P. J. (1998). The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS): Further data on its reliability, validity, and metacognition correlates. Social Behavior and Personality, 26, 203-209. doi:10.2224/sbp.1998.26.2.203
218. Michelson, L., June, K., Vives, A., Testa, S., & Marchione, N. (1998). The role of trauma and dissociation in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy outcome and maintenance for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 1011-1050. doi:10.1016/S00057967(98)00073-4
219. Middleton, W., & Butler, J. (1998). Dissociative identity disorder: An Australian series. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32, 794-804. doi:10.3109/00048679809073868
220. Modestin, J., Ebner, G., Junghan, M., & Erni, T. (1996). Dissociative experiences and dissociative disorders in acute psychiatric inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 355-361.
221. Morgan, C. A., III, Rasmusson, A. M., Wang, S., Hoyt, G., Hauger, R. L., & Hazlett, H. (2002). Neuropeptide-Y, cortisol, and subjective distress in humans exposed to acute stress: Replication and extension of previous report. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 136-142. doi:10.1016/S00063223(02)01319-7
222. Morgan, C. A., Wang, S., Rasmusson, A., Hazlett, G., Anderson, G., & Charney, D. S. (2001). Relationship among plasma cortisol, catecholamines, neuropeptide Y, and human performance during exposure to uncontrollable stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 412-422.
223. Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1998). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature, 393, 467470. doi:10.1038/30976
224. Moskowitz, A. K. (2004). "Scared stiff": Catatonia as an evolutionarybased fear response. Psychological Review, 111, 984-1002. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.984
225. Mulder, R. T., Beautrais, A. L., Joyce, P. R., & Fergusson, D. M. (1998). Relationship between dissociation, childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and mental illness in a general population sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 806-811.
226. Narang, D. S., & Contreras, J. M. (2005). The relationships of dissociation and affective family environment with the intergenerational cycle of child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 683-699. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.11.003
227. Närang, G., & Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (2005). Relationships between selfreported potentially traumatizing events, psychoform and somatoform dissociation, and absorption, in two non-clinical populations. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 982-988. doi:10.1111/j.14401614.2005.01701.x
228. Nash, M. R., Hulsey, T. L., Sexton, M. C., Harralson, T. L., & Lambert, W. (1993). Long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: Perceived family environment, psychopathology, and dissociation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 276-283. doi:10.1037/0022006X.61.2.276
229. Nash, M. R., Neimeyer, R. A., Hulsey, T. L., & Lambert, W. (1998). Psychopathology associated with sexual abuse: The importance of complementary designs and common ground. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 568-571. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.3.568
230. Neylan, T. C., Brunet, A., Pole, N., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Yehuda, R., & Marmar, C. R. (2005). PTSD symptoms predict waking salivary cortisol levels in police officers. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 373381. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.10.005
231. Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Vanderlinden, J., & Spinhoven, P. (1998). Animal defensive reactions as a model for trauma-induced dissociative reactions. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 243-260. doi:10.1023/A: 1024447003022
232. Nilsson, D., & Svedin, C. G. (2006). Dissociation among Swedish adolescents and the connection to trauma: An evaluation of the Swedish version of Adolescent Dissociative Experience Scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 684-689. doi:10.1097/01.nmd .0000235774.08690.dc
233. Nixon, R. D. V., & Bryant, R. A. (2006). Dissociation in acute stress disorder after a hyperventilation provocation test. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 343-349. doi:10.1017/S1352465806002931
234. Nixon, R. D. V., Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M. L., Felmingham, K. A., & Mastrodomenico, J. A. (2005). Physiological arousal and dissociation in acute trauma victims during trauma narratives. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 107-113. doi:10.1002/jts.20019
235. Noll, J. G., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (2003). A prospective investigation of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of sexuality. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 575-586. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.575
236. Oedegaard, K. J., Neckelmann, D., Benazzi, F., Syrstad, V. E. G., Akiskal, H. S., & Fasmer, O. B. (2008). Dissociative experiences differentiate Bipolar-II from unipolar depressed patients: The mediating role of cyclothymia and the Type A behaviour speed and impatience subscale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 207-216. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.018
237. Ogawa, J. R., Sroufe, L. A., Weinfield, N. S., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 855-879. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001478
238. Ost, J., Fellows, B., & Bull, R. (1997). Individual differences and the suggestibility of human memory. Contemporary Hypnosis, 14, 132-137. doi:10.1002/ch.95
239. Ost, J., Foster, S., Costall, A., & Bull, R. (2005). False reports of childhood events in appropriate interviews. Memory, 13, 700-710. doi:10.1080/09658210444000340
240. Ost, J., Granhag, P.-A., Udell, J., & Roos af Hjelmsäter, E. (2008). Familiarity breeds distortion: The effects of media exposure on false reports concerning media coverage of the terrorist attacks in London on 7 July 2005. Memory, 16, 76-85. doi:10.1080/09658210701723323
241. Paddock, J. R., Joseph, A. L., Chan, F. M., Terranova, S., Manning, C., & Loftus, E. F. (1998). When guided visualization procedures may backfire: Imagination inflation and predicting individual differences in suggestibility. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, S63-S75. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199812)12:7>H11021S63::AID-ACP600
242. Paddock, J. R., Terranova, S., Kwok, R., & Halpern, D. V. (2000). When knowing becomes remembering: Individual differences in susceptibility to suggestion. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 161, 453-468. doi:10.1080/00221320009596724
243. Palesh, O. (2001). Dissociation and delayed recall of traumatic memories in a Russian undergraduate sample (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (AAT No. 3015590)
244. Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
245. Pekala, R. J., Angelini, F., & Kumar, V. K. (2001). The importance of fantasy-proneness in dissociation: A replication. Contemporary Hypnosis, 18, 204-214. doi:10.1002/ch.231
246. Pekala, R. J., Kumar, V. K., Ainslie, G., Elliott, N. C., Mullen, K. J., Salinger, M. M., & Masten, E. (1999-2000). Dissociation as a function of child abuse and fantasy proneness in a substance abuse population. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 19, 105-129. doi:10.2190/52MX-76EL-4AC9-0M6T
247. Peleikis, D. E., Mykletun, A., & Dahl, A. A. (2005). Current mental health in women with childhood sexual abuse who had outpatient psychotherapy. European Psychiatry, 20, 260-267. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy .2005.01.004
248. Pezdek, K., & Lam, S. (2007). What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study "false memory," and what are the implications of these choices? Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 2-17. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.006
249. Phillips, M. L., Medford, N., Senior, C., Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., Brammer, M. J.,... David, A. S. (2001). Depersonalization disorder: Thinking without feeling. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 108, 145-160. doi:10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00119-6
250. Pieper, S., Out, D., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Behavioral and molecular genetics of dissociation: The role of the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 373-380. doi:10.1002/jts.20659
251. Piper, A., & Merskey, H. (2004). The persistence of folly: A critical examination of dissociative identity disorder. Part I. The excesses of an improbable concept. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 592-600.
252. Platt, R. D., Lacey, S. C., Iobst, A. D., & Finkelman, D. (1998). Absorption, dissociation, and fantasy-proneness as predictors of memory distortion in autobiographical and laboratory-generated memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, S77-S89. doi:10.1002/(SICI)10990720(199812)12:7>::AID-ACP601<.H110223.0.CO;2-C
253. Pole, N., Cumberbatch, E., Taylor, W. M., Metzler, T. J., Marmar, C. R., & Neylan, T. C. (2005). Comparisons between high and low peritraumatic dissociators in cardiovascular and emotional activity while remembering trauma. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6, 51-67. doi:10.1300/J229v06n04_04
254. Porter, S., Birt, A. R., Yuille, J. C., & Lehman, D. R. (2000). Negotiating false memories: Interviewer and rememberer characteristics relate to memory distortion. Psychological Science, 11, 507-510. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00297
255. Porter, S., Taylor, K., & ten Brink, L. (2008). Memory for media: Investigation of false memories for negatively and positively charged public events. Memory, 16, 658-666. doi:10.1080/09658210802154626
256. Prince, M., & Peterson, F. (1908). Experiments in psycho-galvanic reactions from co-conscious (subconscious) ideas in a case of multiple personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 3, 114-131. doi:10.1037/h0074093
257. Putnam, F. W. (1991). Dissociative phenomena. In A. Tasman & S. M. Goldfinger (Eds.), American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry (Vol. 10, pp. 145-160). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
258. Putnam, F. W. (1997). Dissociation in children and adolescents: A developmental model. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
259. Putnam, F. W., Helmers, K., & Trickett, P. K. (1993). Development, reliability and validity of a child dissociation scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17, 731-741. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(08)80004-X
260. Putnam, F. W., Zahn, T. P., & Post, R. M. (1990). Differential autonomic nervous system activity in multiple personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 31, 251-260. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(90)90094-L
261. Qin, J., Ogle, C. M., & Goodman, G. S. (2008). Adults' memories of childhood: True and false reports. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14, 373-391. doi:10.1037/a0014309
262. Rauschenberger, S. L., & Lynn, S. J. (1995). Fantasy proneness, DSM-II-R Axis I psychopathology, and dissociation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 373-380. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.2.373
263. Rauschenberger, S. L., & Lynn, S. J. (2002-2003). Fantasy-proneness, negative affect, and psychopathology. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 22, 239-255. doi:10.2190/AEXB-Y3JR-Y7T2-s0A7R
264. Reinders, A. A. T. S., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Paans, A. M. J., Korf, J., Willemsen, A. T. M., & den Boer, J. A. (2003). One brain, two selves. NeuroImage, 20, 2119-2125. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.021
265. Reinders, A. A. T. S., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Quak, J., Korf, J., Haaksma, J., Paans, A. M. J.,... den Boer, J. A. (2006). Psychobiological characteristics of dissociative identity disorder: A symptom provocation study. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 730-740. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005 .12.019
266. Reyes-Pérez, C. D., Martinez-Toboas, A., & Ledesma-Amador, D. (2005). Dissociative experiences in children with abuse histories: A replication in Puerto Rico. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6, 99-112. doi:10.1300/J229v06n01_06
267. Rhue, J. W., & Lynn, S. J. (1987). Fantasy proneness: Developmental antecedents. Journal of Personality, 55, 121-137. doi:10.1111/j.14676494.1987.tb00431.x
268. Riley, K. C. (1988). Measurement of dissociation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 449-450. doi:10.1097/00005053-19880700000008
269. Rocha-Rego, V., Fiszman, A., Portugal, L. C., Pereira, M. G., de Oliveira, L., Mendlowicz, M. V.,... Volchan, E. (2009). Is tonic immobility the core sign among conventional peritraumatic signs and symptoms listed for PTSD? Journal of Affective Disorders, 115, 269-273. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.09.005
270. Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803
271. Ross, C. A. (1991). Epidemiology of multiple personality disorder and dissociation. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 503-517.
272. Ross, C. A., Duffy, C. M. M., & Ellason, J. W. (2002). Prevalence, reliability and validity of dissociative disorders in an inpatient setting. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 3, 7-17. doi:10.1300/J229v03n01_02
273. Ross, C. A., & Haley, C. (2004). Acute stabilization and three-month follow-up in a trauma program. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5, 103-112. doi:10.1300/J229v05n01_06
274. Ross, C. A., Miller, S. D., Bjornson, L., Reagor, P., Fraser, G. A., & Anderson, G. (1991). Abuse histories in 102 cases of multiple personality disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 97-101.
275. Ross, C. A., & Ness, L. (2010). Symptom patterns in dissociative identity disorder patients and the general population. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11, 458-468. doi:10.1080/15299732.2010.495939
276. Ross, C. A., Heber, S., Norton, G. R., Anderson, D., Anderson, G., & Barchet, P. (1989). The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule: A structured interview. Dissociation, 2, 169-189.
277. Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 607-616. doi:10.1002/jts.20069
278. Rowland, L. M., Bustillo, J. R., Mullins, P. G., Jung, R. E., Lenroot, R., Landgraf, E.,... Brooks, W. M. (2005). Effects of ketamine on anterior cingulated glutamate metabolism in healthy humans: A 4-T proton MRS study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 394-396. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.394
279. Ruiz, M. A., Poythress, N. G., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Douglas, K. S. (2008). Factor structure and correlates of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in a large offender sample. Assessment, 15, 511-521. doi:10.1177/1073191108315548
280. Sachsse, U., Vogel, C., & Leichsenring, F. (2006). Results of psychodynamically oriented trauma-focused inpatient treatment for women with complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 70, 125-144. doi:10.1521/bumc.2006.70.2.125
281. Salmon, P., Skaife, K., & Rhodes, J. (2003). Abuse, dissociation, and somatization in irritable bowel syndrome: Towards an explanatory model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26, 1-18. doi:10.1023/A: 1021718304633
282. Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., & Avia, M. D. (2004). Personality correlates of fantasy proneness among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1069-1079. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.11.015
283. Ş ar, V., Akyüz, G., & Doǧ an, O. (2007). Prevalence of dissociative disorders among women in the general population. Psychiatry Research, 149, 169-176. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.01.005
284. Savitz, J. B., Van der Merwe, L., Newman, T. K., Solms, M., Stein, D. J., & Ramesar, R. S. (2008). The relationship between childhood abuse and dissociation. Is it influenced by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity? International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 11, 149161. doi:10.1017/S1461145707007900
285. Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H. J., & Topbas, M. (2005). Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from eastern Turkey. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59, 127-134. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01346.x
286. Saywitz, K. J., Goodman, G. S., Nicholas, E., & Moan, S. F. (1991). Children's memories of a physical examination involving genital touch: Implications for reports of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 682-691. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.5.682
287. Schacter, D. L., Kihlstrom, J. F., Kihlstrom, L. C., & Berren, M. B. (1989). Autobiographical memory in a case of multiple personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 508-514. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.98.4.508
288. Schechter, D. S., Zeanah, C. H., Myers, M. M., Brunelli, S. A., Liebowitz, M. R., Marshall, R. D.,... Hofer, M. A. (2004). Psychobiological dysregulation in violence-exposed mothers: Salivary cortisol of mothers with very young children preand post-separation stress. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 68, 319-336. doi:10.1521/bumc.68.4.319.56642
289. Schultz, T., Passmore, J. L., & Yoder, C. Y. (2003). Emotional closeness with perpetrators and amnesia for child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 12, 67-88. doi:10.1300/J070v12n01_04
290. Scott, J., Varghese, D., & McGrath, J. (2010). As the twig is bent, the tree inclines: Adult mental health consequences of childhood adversity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 111-112. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.188
291. Scroppo, J. C., Drob, J. L., Weinberger, J. L., & Eagle, P. (1998). Identifying dissociative identity disorder: A self-report and projective study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 272-284. doi:10.1037/0021843X.107.2.272
292. Shafer, A. B. (2006). Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 123-146. doi:10.1002/jclp.20213
293. Sierra, M., Senior, C., Dalton, J., McDonough, M., Bond, A., Phillips, M. L.,... David, A. S. (2002). Autonomic response in depersonalization disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 833-838. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.833
294. Sierra, M., Senior, C., Phillips, M. L., & David, A. S. (2006). Autonomic response in the perception of disgust and happiness in depersonalization disorder. Psychiatry Research, 145, 225-231. doi:10.1016/j.psychres .2005.05.022
295. Silva, C. (2006). An investigation of dysfluent speech and sexual abuse (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (AAT No. 3211744)
296. Simeon, D. (2009). Depersonalization disorder. In P. F. Dell & J. A. O'Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond (pp. 435-444). New York, NY: Routledge.
297. Simeon, D., Guralnik, O., Hazlett, E. A., Spiegel-Cohen, J., Hollander, E., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (2000). Feeling unreal: A PET study of depersonalization disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1782-1788. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1782
298. Simeon, D., Knutelska, M., Yehuda, R., Putnam, F., Schmeidler, J., & Smith, L. M. (2007). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in dissociative disorders, PSTD, and healthy volunteers. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 966-973. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.030
299. Simeon, D., Yehuda, R., Knutelska, M., & Schmeidler, J. (2008). Dissociation versus posttraumatic stress: Cortisol and physiological correlates in adults highly exposed to the World Trade Center attack on 9/11. Psychiatry Research, 161, 325-329. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.04.021
300. Skarbø, T., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Holte, A. (2004). Adolescent life events and adult mental health 5-9 years after referral for acute psychiatric outpatient treatment. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 401413. doi:10.1002/cpp.425
301. Smith, S. R., Chang, J., Kochinski, S., Patz, S., & Nowinski, L. A. (2010). Initial validity of the logical Rorschach in the assessment of trauma. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 222-231. doi:10.1080/00223891003670174
302. Somer, E. (2002). Posttraumatic dissociation as a mediator of the effects of trauma on distressful introspectiveness. Social Behavior and Personality, 30, 671-681. doi:10.2224/sbp.2002.30.7.671
303. Somer, E. (2003). Prediction of abstinence from heroin addiction by childhood trauma, dissociation, and extent of psychosocial treatment. Addiction Research and Theory, 11, 339-348. doi:10.1080/1606635031000141102
304. Somer, E., Dolgin, M., & Saadon, M. (2001). Validation of the Hebrew version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (H-DES) in Israel. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2, 53-65. doi:10.1300/J229v02n02_05
305. Somer, E., & Weiner, A. (1996). Dissociative symptomatology in adolescent diaries of incest victims. Dissociation, 9, 197-209.
306. Spanos, N. P., Burgess, C. A., Burgess, M. F., Samuels, C., & Blois, W. O. (1999). Creating false memories of infancy with hypnotic and nonhypnotic procedures. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 201-218. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199906)13:3<::AID-ACP565<.H110223.0.CO; 2-X
307. Spiegel, D. (1984). Multiple personality as a post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 101-110.
308. Spiegel, D., & Cardeña, E. (1991). Disintegrated experience: The dissociative disorders revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 366378. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.366
309. Spitzer, C., Barnow, S., Freyberger, H. J., & Grabe, H. J. (2007). Dissociation predicts symptom-related treatment outcome in short-term inpatient psychotherapy. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 682-687. doi:10.1080/00048670701449146
310. Spitzer, C., Vogel, M., Barnow, S., Freyberger, H. J., & Grabe, H. J. (2007). Psychopathology and alexithymia in severe mental illness: The impact of trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257, 191-196. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0669-z
311. Spreng, R. N., Mar, R. A., & Kim, A. S. N. (2009). The common neural basis of autobiographical memory, prospection, navigation, theory of mind, and the default mode: A quantitative meta-analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 489-510. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21029
312. Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 62-71. doi:10.1080/00223890802484381
313. Staniloiu, A., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2010). Searching for the anatomy of dissociative amnesia. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 218, 96-108. doi:10.1027/0044-3409/a000017
314. Staniloiu, A., Markowitsch, H. J., & Brand, M. (2010). Psychogenic amnesia-A malady of the constricted self. Consciousness and Cognition, 19, 778-801. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.024
315. Steinberg, M. (1994). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders-Revised (SCID-D-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
316. Stern, D. B. (1997). Unformulated experience: From dissociation to imagination in psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Routledge.
317. Sullivan, B. (2003). Dissociative and self-destructive behavioral outcomes of childhood abuse in psychiatric inpatients (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (AAT No. 3080974)
318. Svoboda, E., McKinnon, M. C., & Levine, B. (2006). The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2189-2208. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.023
319. Talbot, J. A., Talbot, N. L., & Tu, X. (2004). Shame-proneness as a diathesis for dissociation in women with histories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 445-448. doi:10.1023/B: JOTS.0000048959.29766.ae
320. Tamar-Gurol, D., Sar, V., Karadag, F., Evren, C., & Karagoz, M. (2008). Childhood emotional abuse, dissociation, and suicidality among patients with drug dependency in Turkey. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62, 540-547. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01847.x
321. Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J., Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L., & Rich, S. (1988). Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1031-1039. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1031
322. Terhune, D. B., Cardeña, E., & Lindgren, M. (2011). Dissociative tendencies and individual differences in high hypnotic suggestibility. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 16, 113-135. doi:10.1080/13546805.2010.503048
323. Thomson, P., Keehn, E. B., & Gumpel, T. P. (2009). Generators and interpretors in a performing arts population: Dissociation, trauma, fantasy proneness, and affective states. Creativity Research Journal, 21, 72-91. doi:10.1080/10400410802633533
324. Tichenor, V., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Metzler, T. J., & Ronfeldt, H. M. (1996). The relationship of peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: Findings in female Vietnam theater veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1054-1059. doi:10.1037/0022006X.64.5.1054
325. Torrens, D. (2005). Investigating schema-related memory distortions: Do dysphoric college students display negatively biased false memories? (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. NR06251)
326. Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., Reiffman, A., & Putnam, F. W. (2001). Variants of intrafamilial sexual abuse experience: Implications for shortand long-term development. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 10011019.
327. Twaite, J. A., & Rodriguez-Srednicki, O. (2004). Childhood sexual and physical abuse and adult vulnerability to PTSD: The mediating effects of attachment and dissociation. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13, 17-38. doi:10.1300/J070v13n01_02
328. Van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. New York, NY: Norton.
329. Vanderlinden, J., Van Dyck, R., Vandereycken, W., Vertommen, H., & Verkes, R. J. (1993). The Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q): Development and characteristics of a new self-report questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 1, 21-27. doi:10.1002/cpp.5640010105
330. Van Emmerik, A. A. P., Kamphuis, J. H., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008). Treating acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive behavioral therapy or structured writing therapy: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 93-100. doi:10.1159/000112886
331. Van Minnen, A., Wessel, I., Dijkstra, T., & Roelofs, K. (2002). Changes in PTSD patients' narratives during prolonged exposure therapy: A replication and extension. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 255-258. doi:10.1023/A:1015263513654
332. Vasterling, J. J., & Brewin, C. R. (Eds.). (2005). Neurobiology of PTSD: Biological, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
333. Vasterling, J. J., Duke, L. M., Brailey, K., Constans, J. I., Allain, A. N., & Sutker, P. B. (2002). Attention, learning, and memory performances and intellectual resources in Vietnam veterans: PTSD and no disorder comparisons. Neuropsychology, 16, 5-14. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.1.5
334. Veltman, D. J., de Ruiter, M. B., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Lazeron, R. H. C., Barkhof, F., Van Dyck, R.,... Phaf, R. H. (2005). Neurophysiological correlates of increased verbal working memory in high-dissociative participants: A functional MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 35, 175185. doi:10.1017/S0033291704002971
335. Vermetten, E., Schmahl, C., Lindner, S., Loewenstein, R. J., & Bremner, J. D. (2006). Hippocampal and amygdalar volumes in dissociative identity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 630-636. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.630
336. Waldo, T. G., & Merritt, R. D. (2000). Fantasy proneness, dissociation, and DSM-IV Axis II symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 555-558. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.555
337. Waller, N. G., Putnam, F. W., & Carlson, E. B. (1996). Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences. Psychological Methods, 1, 300-321. doi:10.1037/1082989X.1.3.300
338. Waller, N. G., & Ross, C. A. (1997). The prevalence and biometric structure of pathological dissociation in the general population: Taxometric and behavior genetic findings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 499-510. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.4.499
339. Watson, D. (2003). Investigating the construct validity of the dissociative taxon: Stability analyses of normal and pathological dissociation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 298-305. doi:10.1037/0021843X.112.2.298
340. Watson, D., Wu, K. D., & Cutshall, C. (2004). Symptom subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder and their relation to dissociation. Anxiety Disorders, 18, 435-458. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(03)00029-X
341. Weniger, G., Lange, C., Sachsse, U., & Irle, E. (2008). Amygdala and hippocampal volumes and cognition in adult survivors of childhood abuse with dissociative disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118, 281-290. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01246.x
342. Widom, C. S., & Morris, S. (1997). Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 2. Childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Assessment, 9, 34-46. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.1.34
343. Widom, C. S., & Shepard, R. L. (1996). Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 1. Childhood physical abuse. Psychological Assessment, 8, 412-421. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.412
344. Wilkinson, C., & Hyman, I. E., Jr. (1998). Individual differences related to two types of memory errors: Word lists may not generalize to autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, S29-S46. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199812)12:7Universal-GreekwithMathPi.-1.H11021S29::AID-ACP596Universal-GreekwithMathPi.-1.H110223.0.CO; 2-R
345. Williams, L. M. (1995). Recovered memories of abuse in women with documented child sexual victimization histories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 649-673. doi:10.1007/BF02102893
346. Wilsnack, S. C., Wonderlich, S. A., Kristjanson, A. F., Vogeltanz-Holm, N. D., & Wilsnack, H. W. (2002). Self-reports of forgetting and remembering childhood sexual abuse in a nationally representative sample of US women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 139-147. doi:10.1016/S01452134(01)00313-1
347. Wilson, K., & French, C. C. (2006). The relationship between susceptibility to false memories, dissociativity, and paranormal belief and experience. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1493-1502. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.008
348. Wilson, S. C., & Barber, T. X. (1983). The fantasy-prone personality; Implications for understanding imagery, hypnosis, and parapsychological phenomena. In A. Sheikh (Ed.), Imagery: Current theory, research, and application (pp. 340-390). New York, NY: Wiley.
349. Winograd, E., Peluso, J. P., & Glover, T. A. (1998). Individual differences in susceptibility to memory illusions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, S5-S27. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199812)12:7Universal-GreekwithMathPi.-1.H11021S5::AIDACP553Universal-GreekwithMathPi.-1.H110223.0.CO;2-D
350. Wolfradt, U., & Meyer, T. (1998). Interrogative suggestibility, anxiety and dissociation among anxious patients and normal controls. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 425-432. doi:10.1016/S01918869(98)00023-3
351. Wright, D. B., & Loftus, E. F. (1999). Measuring dissociation: Comparison of alternative forms of the Dissociative Experiences Scale. American Journal of Psychology, 112, 497-519. doi:10.2307/1423648
352. Wright, D. B., Loftus, E. F., & Hall, M. (2001). Now you see it; now you don't: Inhibiting recall and recognition of scenes. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 471-482. doi:10.1002/acp.719
353. Yeager, D. S., & Krosnick, J. A. (2010). The validity of self-reported nicotine product use in the 2001-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Medical Care, 48, 1128-1132. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181ef9948
354. Yu, J., Ross, C. A., Keyes, B. B., Li, Y., Dai, Y., Zhang, T.,... Xiao, Z. (2010). Dissociative disorders among Chinese inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11, 358-372. doi:10.1080/15299731003793468
355. Zermatten, A., Van der Linden, M., Larøi, F., & Ceschi, G. (2006). Reality monitoring and motor memory in checking-prone individuals. Anxiety Disorders, 20, 580-596. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.08.001
356. Zoellner, L. A., Foa, E. B., Brigidi, B. D., & Przeworski, A. (2000). Are trauma victims susceptible to "false memories"? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 517-524. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.517
357. Zoellner, L. A., Sacks, M., & Foa, E. B. (2007). Dissociation and serenity induction. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 252-262. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.06.003
358. Zoroǧ lu, S. S., Tuzun, U., Şar, V., Tutkun, H., Savaçs, H., Ozturk, M.,... Kora, M. E. (2003). Suicide attempt and self-mutilation among Turkish high school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 57, 119-126. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01088.x