Betrayal trauma: Relationship to physical health, psychological distress, and a written disclosure intervention

Journal of Trauma and Dissociation

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 83-104

  Freyd, Jennifer J ^a   Klest, Bridget ^a   Allard, Carolyn B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

Betrayal trauma; Disclosure; Mental health; Physical health; Writing

Indexed keywords

ABUSE; ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION FUNCTION; DEPRESSION; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER; DISTRESS SYNDROME; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; TRUST; WRITING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CHRONIC DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DISCLOSURE; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; QUESTIONNAIRES; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 28044453312     PISSN: 15299732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J229v06n03_04     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Administration for Children and Families. (2002). Child maltreatment 2002. Washington, DC: Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved August 5, 2004 from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/publications/cm02/cm02.pdf.
2. Atlas, J.A., & Ingram, D.M. (1998). Betrayal trauma in adolescent inpatients. Psychological Reports, 83, 914.
3. Batten, S.V., Follette, V.M., Hall, M.L.R., & Palm, K.M. (2002). Physical and psychological effects of written disclosure among sexual abuse survivors. Behavior Therapy, 33, 107-122.
4. Bernstein, E.M., & Putnam, F.W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 174, 727-735.
5. Birrell, P.J. & Freyd, J.J. (in press). Betrayal Trauma: Relational models of harm and heating. Journal of Trauma Practice.
6. Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1989). The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-33): Early data on a new scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4(2), 151-163.
7. Briere, J. (1997). Psychological assessment of adult posttraumatic states. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
8. Carlson, E.B., & Putnam, F.W. (1993). An update on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Dissociation, 6(1), 16-27.
9. Carlson, E.B., & Rosser-Hogan, R. (1993). Mental health status of Cambodian refugees ten years after leaving their homes. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 223-231.
10. Chu, J.A, & Dill, D.L. (1990). Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 887-892.
11. DePrince, A.P., & Freyd, J.J. (2002). The harm of trauma: Pathological fear, shattered assumptions, or betrayal? In J. Kauggman (Ed.), Loss of the assumptive world: A theory of traumatic loss (pp. 71-82). New York: Taylor and Francis.
12. Elliott, D.M. & Briere, J. (1992). Sexual abuse trauma among professional women: Validating the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40). Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 391-398.
13. Felitti, V.J. (1991). Long-term medical consequences of incest, rape, and molestation. Southern Medical Journal, 84, 328-331.
14. Felitti, V.J. (2002). The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult health: Turning gold into lead. The Permanente Journal, 6, 44-47.
15. Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D.F., Spitz, A.M., Edwards, V., Koss, M.P., & Marks, J.S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245-258.
16. Feske, U. (2001). Treating low-income and African American women with posttraumatic stress disorder: A case series. Behavior Therapy. 32, 585-601.
17. Freyd, J.J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
18. Freyd, J.J. (1999). Blind to betrayal: New perspectives on memory for trauma. The Harvard Mental Health Letter, 15(12), 4-6.
19. Freyd, J.J. (2001). Memory and dimensions of trauma: Terror may be 'all-too-well remembered' and betrayal buried. In J.R. Conte (Ed.), Critical issues in child sexual abuse: Historical, legal, and psychological perspectives (pp. 139-173). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
20. Freyd, J.J., DePrince, A.P., & Zurbriggen, E.L. (2001). Self-reported memory for abuse depends upon victim-perpetrator relationship. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2(3), 5-17.
21. Gold, S.R., Milan, L.D, Mayall, A, & Johnson, A.E. (1994). A cross-validation study of the Trauma Symptom Checklist: The role of mediating variables. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9, 12-26.
22. Goldberg, L.R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde & I. Deary & F.D. Fruyt & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality Psychology in Europe (vol. 7, pp. 7-28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
23. Goldberg, L.R. & Freyd, J.J. (2003a). The Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey (BBTS). Retrieved April 1, 2003 from http://dynamic.uoregon.edu/~jjf/bbts/.
24. Goldberg, L.R. & Freyd, J.J. (2003b). Self-reports of potentially disturbing experiences in an adult community sample: Gender differences in event frequencies, test-retest stabilities, and the hierarchical factor structure of the items in a brief betrayal-trauma survey. Manuscript submitted for publication.
25. Goldsmith, R.E., Freyd, J.J., & DePrince, A.P. (2004). Health correlates of exposure to betrayal trauma. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Seattle, February 12-16, 2004.
26. Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E.M., & Bernstein, D.P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 600-606.
27. Kendall-Tackett, K. (2000). The long-term health effects of victimization. Joining Forces, 5(1), 1-4.
28. Kendall-Tackett, K., & Marshall, R. (1999). Victimization and diabetes: An exploratory study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 593-596.
29. Kendall-Tackett, K., Marshall, R., & Ness, K. (2000). Victimization, healthcare use and health maintenance. Family Violence & Sexual Assault Bulletin, 16, 18-21.
30. Kendall-Tackett, K., Marshall, R., & Ness, K. (2003). Chronic pain syndromes and violence against women. Women and Therapy, 26(1-2), 45-56.
31. Kendler, K.S., Bulik, C.M., Silberg, J., Hettema, J.M., Myers, J., & Prescott, C.A. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: An epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 953-959.
32. Krupnick, J.L. (2000). Interpersonal psychotherapy for PTSD following interpersonal trauma. Directions in Psychiatry, 20, 237-252.
33. Lumley, M.A., & Provenzano, K.M. (2003). Stress management through written emotional disclosure improves academic performance among college students with physical symptoms. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 641-649.
34. Nelson, E.C., Heath, A.C., Madden, P.A.F., Cooper, M.L., Dinwiddie, S.H., Bucholz, K.K., Glowinski, A., McLaughlin, T., Dunne, M.P., Statham, D.J., & Martin, N.G. (2002). Association between self-reported childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychosocial outcomes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 139-145.
35. Norris, F.H., Friedman, M.J., Watson, P.J., Byrne, C.M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207-239.
36. Pennebaker, J.W. (1982). The Psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag.
37. Pennebaker, J.W. (1993). Putting stress into words: Health, linguistic, and therapeutic implications. Behavior Research & Therapy, 31, 539-548.
38. Pennebaker, J.W. (1994). Hints on running a writing experiment. Retrieved November 12, 2003, from http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/faculty/Pennebaker/Reprints/ Hints.DOC
39. Pennebaker, J.W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8(3), 162-166.
40. Pennebaker, J.W., & Francis, M.E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional and language processes in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10(6), 601-626.
41. Pennebaker, J.W., & Graybeal, A. (2001). Patterns of natural language use: Disclosure, personality, and social integration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(3), 90-93.
42. Pennebaker, J.W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 239-245.
43. Petrie, K.J., Booth, R.J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (1998). The immunological effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1264-1272.
44. Petrie, K.J., Booth, R.J., Pennebaker, J.W., Davison, K.P., & Thomas, M.G. (1995). Disclosure of trauma and immune response to a hepatitis B vaccination program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 787-792.
45. Romans, S., Belaise, C., Martin, J., Morris, E., & Raffi, A. (2002). Childhood abuse and later medical disorders in women. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71, 141-150.
46. Runtz, M.G. (2002). Health concerns of university women with a history of child physical and sexual maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 7, 241-253.
47. Smyth, J.M., Stone, A.A., Hurewitz, A., & Kaell, A. (1999). Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA, 281, 1304-1309.
48. Spera, S.P., Buhrfeind, E.D., & Pennebaker, J.W. (1994). Expressive writing and coping with job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 722-733.
49. Ullman, S.E. (2003) Social reactions to child sexual abuse disclosures: A critical review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 12, 89-121.