How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors

American Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 158, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 848-856

  Kraemer, H C ^a   Stice, E ^a   Kazdin, A ^a   Offord, D ^a   Kupfer, D ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONCEPT FORMATION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; GENOTYPE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENTAL DISEASE; METHODOLOGY; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; POLICY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

CAUSALITY; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MENTAL DISORDERS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); RISK FACTORS; TERMINOLOGY;

EID: 0034977454     PISSN: 0002953X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.848     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. On biometric language and its abuses
2. Coming to terms with the terms of risk
3. How can we learn about developmental processes from cross-sectional studies, or can we?
4. Measuring the potency of a risk factor for clinical or policy significance
5. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
6. The next generation of moderator research in personality psychology
7. Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures
8. Personality variables as mediators and moderators of family history risk for alcoholism: Conceptual and methodological issues
9. Measures of independent variables and mediators are useful in social psychology experiments: But are they necessary?
10. Causal models and logical inference in epidemiological psychiatry
11. Statistics and causal inference
12. Casual models do not support scientific conclusions: A comment in support of Freedman
13. From association to causation in observational studies: The role of tests of strongly ignorable treatment assignment
14. Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies
15. On the surprising longevity of flogged horses: Why there is a case for the significance test
16. The earth is round (p<0.05)
17. Misuse of statistical tests in three decades of psychotherapy research
18. p values, hypothesis tests, and likelihood: Implications for epidemiology of a neglected historical debate
19. Needed: A ban on the significance test
20. Statistical significance testing and cumulative knowledge in psychology: Implications for training of researchers
21. Should significance tests be banned? Introduction to a special section exploring the pros and cons
22. Misclassification in 2×2 tables
23. Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk
24. Effects of errors in classification and diagnosis in various types of epidemiological studies
25. The effects of misclassification on the bias in the difference between two proportions and the relative odds in the fourfold table
26. Effects of misclassification in epidemiologic studies
27. The robustness of common measures of 2×2 association to resist bias due to misclassifications
28. Effects of misclassifications on statistical inferences in epidemiology
29. Socialization mediators of the relation between socioeconomic status and child conduct problems
30. Relation between economic disadvantage and psychosocial morbidity in children
31. Some experimental results in the correlation of mental abilities
32. Correlation calculated from faulty data
33. Psychiatric risk associated with early puberty in adolescent girls
34. The long-term effects of maternal deprivation depend on the genetic background
35. Polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene and antidepressant efficacy of fluvoxamine
36. The cost of dichotomization
37. To increase power without increasing sample size
38. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Multimodal treatment study of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
39. Moderators and mediators of treatment response for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The multimodal treatment study of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
40. Environmental influences on epilepsy gene mapping in EL mice
41. The analysis of variance and the analysis of causes
42. Genetic aspects of intelligence