Embracing intersectionality in gender and IT career choice research

SIGMIS-CPR'12 - Proceedings of the 2012 Computers and People Research Conference

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 199-211

  Trauth, Eileen M ^a   Cain, Curtis C ^a   Joshi, K D ^b   Kvasny, Lynette ^a   Booth, Kayla ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

career choice; ethnicity; gender; gender stereotypes; individual differences; IT professional; IT skills; IT workforce; race

Indexed keywords

CAREER CHOICE; ETHNICITY; GENDER; GENDER STEREOTYPES; INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES; IT PROFESSIONAL; IT SKILLS; IT WORKFORCE; RACE;

RESEARCH; SOCIAL SCIENCES;

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY;

EID: 84863536203     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1145/2214091.2214141     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (93)

1. Adya, M.P. 2008. Work Alienation Among IT Workers: a Cross-cultural Gender Comparison. Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel doctoral consortium and research (SIGMIS CPR '08), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 66-69.
2. Adya, M., and Kaiser, K. 2005. Early Determinants of Women in the IT Workforce: A Model of Girls' Career Choices. Information Technology and People, 18,3, 230.
3. Ahuja, M.K. 1995. Information Technology and the Gender Factor. Proceedings of the 1995 ACM SIGCPR conference on Supporting teams, groups, and learning inside and outside the IS function reinventing IS (SIGCPR '95), Olfman, L (Ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 156-166.
4. Ahuja, M., Robinson,J., Herring,S., and Ogan, C. 2004. Exploring Antecedents of Gender Equitable Outcomes in IT Higher Education. Proceedings of the 2004 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Careers, culture, and ethics in a networked environment (SIGMIS CPR '04), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 120-123.
5. Armstrong, D.J., Riemenschneider, C.K., Reid, M.F., and Nelms, J.E. 2011. Challenges and Barriers Facing Women in the IS Workforce: How Far Have We Come? Proceedings of the 49th SIGMIS annual conference on Computer personnel research (SIGMIS-CPR '11), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 107-112.
6. Atwater, L. E., Brett, J. F., Waldman, D., DiMare, L., &Hayden, M. V. 2004. Men's and Women's Perceptions of the Gender Typing of Management Subroles. Sex Roles, 50, 3/4, (Feb. 2004), 191-199.
7. Babcock, L., Laschever, S. 2003. Women Don't Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA.
8. Beise, C., Chevli-Saroq, N., Andersen, S., and Myers, M. 2002. A Model for Examination of Underrepresented Groups in the IT Workforce. Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '02), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 106-110.
9. Bem, S.L. 1981. Gender Schema Theory: A Cognitive Account of Sex Typing. Psychological Review, 88, 4, 354-364.
10. Berkelaar, B.L., Kisselburgh, L.G., and Buzzanell, P.M. 2008. Locating and Disseminating Effective Messages: Enhancing Gender Representation in Computing Majors and Careers. Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel doctoral consortium and research (SIGMIS CPR '08), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 106-108.
11. Buche, M.W. 2008. Influence of Gender on IT Professional Work Identity: Outcomes from a PLS Study. Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel doctoral consortium and research (SIGMIS CPR '08), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 134-140.
12. Caraway, N. 1991. Segregated Sisterhood: Racism and the Politics of American Feminism. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
13. Carayon, P., Hoonakker, P., Marchand, S., and Schwarz, J. 2003. Job Characteristics and Quality of Working Life in the IT Workforce: the Role of Gender. Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia--leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 58-63.
14. Carter, R.T. and Goodwin, L. 1994. Racial Identity and Education. Review of Research in Education, 20, 291-336.
15. Cejka, M. A., & Eagly, A. 1999. Gender-Stereotypic Images of Occupations Correspond to the Sex Segregation of Employment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 4 (April 1999), 413-423.
16. Clayton, K.L., von Hellens, L.A., and Nielsen, S.H. 2009. Gender Stereotypes Prevail in ICT: a Research Review. Proceedings of the special interest group on management information system's 47th annual conference on Computer personnel research (SIGMIS CPR '09), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 53-158.
17. Cokley, K.O. 2002. Ethnicity, Gender and Academic Self- Concept: A Preliminary Examination of Academic Disidentification and Implications for Psychologists. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 4, 379-388.
18. Cokley, K.O. 2005. Racial(ized) Identity, Ethnic Identity, and Afrocentric Values: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges in Understanding African American Identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 4, 517-526.
19. Cokley, K.O. 2003. What Do We Know about the Motivation of African American Students?: Challenging the 'Anti-Intellectual' Myth. Harvard Educational Review, 73, 4, (Winter 2003).
20. Collins, P.H. 1998. It's All in the Family: Intersection of Gender, Race, and Nation. Hypatia, 13, 3, 62-82.
21. Costa, P. J., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. 2001. Gender Differences in Personality Traits across Cultures: Robust and Surprising Findings. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81, 2, 322-331.
22. Cukier, W. 2003. Constructing the IT Skills Shortage in Canada: the Implications of Institutional Discourse and Practices for the Participation of Women. Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia - leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 24-33.
23. Davis, A. 1983. Women, Race and Class. New York: Vintage Books, New York, NY, USA.
24. Davis, J., and Kuhn, S. 2003. What Makes Dick and Jane Run?: Examining the Retention of Women and Men in the Software and Internet Industry. Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia - leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 154-156.
25. Eagly, H., & Wood, W. 1991. Explaining Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Meta-analytical Perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 306-315.
26. Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. 2000. Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal. In Eckes, T. and Trautner, H.M. (Eds), The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 123-174.
27. Enneis, W.H., Palormo, J.M., & Sorenson, W.W. 1971. Current perspectives on selection testing. Panel in Proceedings of the ninth annual SIGCPR conference (SIGCPR '71), Willoughby (Ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 54-74.
28. Franklin, A.J. 1999. Invisibility Syndrome and Racial Identity Development in Psychotherapy and Counseling African American Men. The Counseling Psychologist, 27, 6, 761-793.
29. Gallivan, M. 2003. Examining Gender Differences in IT Professionals' Perceptions of Job Stress in Response to Technological Change. Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia--leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10-23.
30. Gallivan, M.J., and Benbunan-Fich, R. 2006. Examining the Relationship Between Gender and the Research Productivity of IS faculty. Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on computer personnel research: Forty four years of computer personnel research: achievements, challenges \& the future (SIGMIS CPR '06), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 103-113.
31. Gallivan, M., Adya, M., Ahuja, A., Hoonakker, P., and Woszczynski, A. 2006. Workforce Diversity in the IT Profession: Recognizing and Resolving the Shortage of Women and Minority Employees. Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on computer personnel research: Forty four years of computer personnel research: achievements, challenges \& the future (SIGMIS CPR '06), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 44-45.
32. Greening, T. 1999. Gender Stereotyping in a Computer Science Course. Proceedings of the 1999 ACM SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education (SIGCSE '99), New York, NY, USA, 203-207.
33. Guzman, I.R., Joseph, D., Papamichail, K.N., and Stanton, J.M. 2007. RIP - Beliefs About IT Culture: Exploring National and Gender Differences. Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel research: The global information technology workforce (SIGMIS CPR '07), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 217-220.
34. Harris, S. 1995. Psychosocial Development and Black Male Masculinity: Implications for Counseling Economically Disadvantaged African American Male Adolescents. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 3, 279-287.
35. Hazzan, O., and Levy, D. 2006. Women, Hi-tech and the Family-Career Conflict. In Trauth, E. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of gender and information technology, Hershey: Idea Group Inc, 7-12.
36. Huang, H., Kvasny, L., Joshi, KD., Trauth, E., and Mahar, J. 2009. Synthesizing IT Job Skills Identified in Academic Studies, Practitioner Publications and Job Ads. Proceedings of the ACM SIGMIS Computer Personnel Research Conference (Limerick, Ireland, May 2009), 19-25.
37. hooks, b. 1999. Aint I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, Boston: South End Press, Boston, MA, USA.
38. hooks, b. 2004. We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity, New York: Routledge, New York, NY, USA.
39. Hull, R. P., & Umansky, P. 1997. An Examination of Gender Stereotyping as an Explanation for Vertical Job Segregation in Public Accounting. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 22, 6, 507-528.
40. Igbaria, M., and Chidambaram, L. 1995. Examination of Gender Effects on Intention to Stay Among Information Systems Employees. Proceedings of the 1995 ACM SIGCPR conference on Supporting teams, groups, and learning inside and outside the IS function reinventing IS (SIGCPR '95), Olfman, L. (Ed.). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 167-180.
41. Jackson, R. L. 2006. Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse and Racial Politics in Popular Media. SUNY Press, Albany, NY, USA.
42. Jackson, R. L. 1999. The Negotiation of Cultural Identity. Praeger Press, Westport, CT, USA.
43. Joshi, K.D., and Kuhn, K. 2005. Examining the Masculinity and Femininity of Critical Attributes Necessary to Succeed in IT. Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGMIS CPR '05), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 32-35.
44. Joshi, K.D., and Kuhn, K. 2001. Gender Differences in IS Career Choice: Examine the Role of Attitudes and Social Norms in Selecting IS Profession. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '01), Serva, M. (Ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 121-124.
45. Joshi, K. D., and Kuhn, K. 2007. What It Takes to Succeed in Information Technology Consulting: Exploring the Gender Typing of Critical Attributes. Information Technology and People 20,4, 400-424.
46. Joshi, K. D., Kuhn, K., & Niederman, F. 2010. Excellence in IT Consulting: Integrating Multiple Stakeholders'Perceptions of Top Performers. IEEE Transaction of Engineering Management, 57,4, 589-606.
47. Joshi, K. D. and Schmidt, N. 2006. Is the Information Systems Profession Gendered? Characterization of IS Professionals and IS Careers. DATABASE for Advances in Information System, 37, 4, 26-41.
48. Joshi, K.D., Schmidt, N.L., and Kuhn, K. 2003. Is the Information Systems Profession Gendered?: Characterization of IS Professionals and IS Careers. Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia - leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1-9.
49. Katz,S., Aronis, J., Allbritton, D., Wilson, C., and Soffa, M.L. 2003. A Study to Identify Predictors of Achievement in an Introductory Computer Science Course. Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia - leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 157-161.
50. Katz, V. S., 2011. Children Being Seen and Heard: How Youth Contribute to their Migrant Families' Adaptation, Publidisa, Spain, 29-32.
51. Konrad, A. M., Ritchie, J.E., Lieb, P., & Corrigall, E. 2000. Sex Differences and Similarities in Job Attribute Preferences: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 593-641.
52. Kuhn, K. and Joshi, K. D. 2009. The Reported and Revealed Importance of Job Attributes: Implications of Gender Differences Among Information Technology Students. DATABASE for Advances in Information System, 40, 3, 40.
53. Kvasny, L. 2003. Triple Jeopardy: Race, Gender and Class Politics of Women in Technology. Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia - leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 112-116.
54. Kvasny, L. 2006. Let the Sisters Speak: Understanding Information Technology from the Standpoint of the 'Other'. The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems, 37, 4, 13-25.
55. Kvasny, L., Payton, F.C., Chong, J., and Mbarika, V. 2006. Information Technology Education and Employment for Women in Kenya. Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on computer personnel research: Forty four years of computer personnel research: achievements, challenges \& the future (SIGMIS CPR '06), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 114-119.
56. Kvasny, L., Trauth, E.M. and Morgan, A. 2009. Power Relations in IT Education and Work: The Intersectionality of Gender, Race and Class. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society (Special Issue on ICTs and Social Inclusion), 7, 2/3, 96-118.
57. Lending, D., and Kruck, S.E. 2002. What Predicts Student Performance in the First College-level IS Course?: Is it Different for Men and Women? Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '02), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 100-102.
58. Margolis, J., Estrella, R., Goode, J., Holme, J.J., Nao, K. 2008. Stuck in the Shallow End: Education, Race, and Computing. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
59. Myers, M.E., and Beise, C.M. 2001. Nerd Work: Attractors and Barriers Perceived by Students Entering the IT Field. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '01), Serva, M. (Ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 201-204.
60. Myers, M., Woszczynski, A., and Shade, S. 2005. Opportunities for Women in IT Security. Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGMIS CPR '05), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 36-39.
61. Newton, S., LeRouge, C., and Blanton, J.E. 2003. The Systems Developer Skill Set: Exploring Nature, Gaps, and Gender Differences Research in Progress. Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia - leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 150-153.
62. Niederman, F. and Sumner, M.R. 2001. Job Turnover Among MIS Professionals: an Exploratory Study of Employee Turnover. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '01), Serva, M. (Ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 11-20.
63. Nielsen, S.H., von Hellens, L.A., Beekhuyzen, J., and Trauth, E.M. 2003. Women Talking About IT Work: Duality or Dualism? Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia - leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 68-74.
64. Nielsen, S.H., von Hellens, L.A., Greenhill, A., and Pringle, R. 1997. "Collectivism and Connectivity: Culture and Gender in Information Technology Education," Proceedings of the 1997 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '97), Niederman, F. (Ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 9-13.
65. Nielsen, S.H., von Hellens, L.A., Greenhill, A., and Pringle, R. 1998. Conceptualizing the Influence of Cultural and Gender Factors on Students' Perceptions of IT Studies and Careers. Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '98), Agarwal, R. (Ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 86-95.
66. Nielsen, S.H., von Hellens, L.A., Greenhill, A., and Pringle, R. 2000. People, Business and IT Skills: the Perspective of Women in the IT Industry. Proceedings of the 2000 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '00), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 152-157.
67. Quesenberry, J.L. 2006. Career Anchors and Organizational Culture: a Study of Women in the IT Workforce. Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on computer personnel research: Forty four years of computer personnel research: achievements, challenges \& the future (SIGMIS CPR '06), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 342-344.
68. Quesenberry, J.L., and Trauth, E.M. 2007. What do Women Want?: an Investigation of Career Anchors Among Women in the IT Workforce. Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel research: The global information technology workforce (SIGMIS CPR '07), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 122-127.
69. Roldan, M., Soe, L., and Yakura, E.K. 2004. Perceptions of Chilly IT Organizational Contexts and Their Effect on the Retention and Promotion of Women in IT. Proceedings of the 2004 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Careers, culture, and ethics in a networked environment (SIGMIS CPR '04), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 108-113.
70. Saez, P. A., Casado, A., Wade, J.C. 2009. Factors Influencing Masculinity Ideology among Latino Men. Journal of Men's Studies, 17, 2, 116-128.
71. Smith, J. 1997. Different for Girls: How Culture Creates Women. Chatto and Windus Press, London, England.
72. Sumner, M.R., and Werner, K. 2001. The Impact of Gender Differences on the Career Experiences of Information Systems Professionals. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '01), Serva, M. (Ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 125-131.
73. Tapia, A.H. 2003. Hostile-Work-Environment.com. Proceedings of the 2003 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Freedom in Philadelphia - leveraging differences and diversity in the IT workforce (SIGMIS CPR '03), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 64-67.
74. Tapia, A.H., and Kvasny, L. 2004. Recruitment is Never Enough: Retention of Women and Minorities in the IT Workplace. Proceedings of the 2004 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Careers, culture, and ethics in a networked environment (SIGMIS CPR '04), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 84-91.
75. Trauth, E.M. 2002. Odd Girl Out: An Individual Differences Perspective on Women in the IT Profession, Information Technology and People, 15, 2, 98-118.
76. Trauth, E.M. 2006. Theorizing Gender and Information Technology Research. Encyclopedia of Gender and Information Technology, Trauth, E.M. (Ed.), Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA, 1154-1159.
77. Trauth, E.M., Adya, M., Armstrong, D.J., Joshi, K.D., Kvasny, L., Riemenschneider, C.K.,, and Quesenberry, J. 2010. Taking Stock of Research on Gender and the IT Workforce. Proceedings of the 2010 Special Interest Group on Management Information System's 48th annual conference on Computer personnel research on Computer personnel research (SIGMIS-CPR '10), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 171-178.
78. Trauth, E.M., Farwell, D.W., & Lee, D. 1993. The IS Expectation Gap: Industry Expectations versus Academic Preparation, MIS Quarterly, 17, 3, 293-307.
79. Trauth, E., Joshi, K.D., Kvasny, L., Chong, J., Kulturel, S, &Mahar, J. 2010. Millennials and Masculinity: A Shifting Tide of Gender Typing of ICT? Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Lima, Peru, (August 12-15, 2010).
80. Trauth, E.M., Quesenberry,J.L., and Huang, H. 2006. Crosscultural Influences on Women in the IT Workforce. Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on computer personnel research: Forty four years of computer personnel research: achievements, challenges & the future (SIGMIS CPR '06), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 12-19.
81. Trauth, E.M., Quesenberry, J. and Huang, H. 2008. A Multicultural Analysis of Factors Influencing Career Choice for Women in the Information Technology Workforce. Journal of Global Information Management, 16, 4, 1-23.
82. Trauth, E.M., Quesenberry, J.L. and Huang, H. 2009. Retaining Women in the U.S. IT Workforce: Theorizing the Influence of Organizational Factors. European Journal of Information Systems (Special Issue on Meeting the Renewed Demand for IT Workers), 18, 476-497.
83. Trauth, E.M., Quesenberry, J.L., Huang, H., and McKnight, S. 2008. Linking Economic Development and Workforce Diversity through Action Research. Proceedings of the ACM SIGMIS Computer Personnel Research Conference, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 58-65.
84. Trauth, E.M., Quesenberry, J.L., and Morgan, A.J. 2004. Understanding the Under Representation of Women in IT: Toward a Theory of Individual Differences. Proceedings of the 2004 SIGMIS conference on Computer personnel research: Careers, culture, and ethics in a networked environment (SIGMIS CPR '04), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 114-119.
85. Trauth, E.M., Quesenberry,J.L., and Yeo, B. 2005. The Influence of Environmental Context on Women in the IT Workforce. Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMIS CPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGMIS CPR '05), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 24-31.
86. Trauth, E.M., Quesenberry, J. and Yeo, B. 2008. Environmental Influences on Gender in the IT Workforce. The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, 14, 4, 8-32.
87. US Census 2010, http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hispanic/ hispanic-pop-presentation.html
88. Vaas, L. 2000. How to Beat the Odds. EWeek, 17, 61.
89. Von Hellens, L.A., Nielsen, S.H., and Trauth, E.M. 2001. Breaking and Entering the Male Domain: Women in the IT Industry. Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGCPR conference on Computer personnel research (SIGCPR '01), Serva, M. (Ed.), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 116-120.
90. Willemsen, T. M. 2002. Gender Typing of the Successful Manager - A Stereotype Reconsidered. Sex Roles, 46, 11/12, 385-391.
91. Wilson, M. 2004. A Conceptual Framework for Studying Gender in Information Systems Research. Journal of Information Technology, 19, 81-92.
92. Wood, W. and Eagly, A. H. 2002. A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Behavior of Women and Men: Implications for the Origins of Sex Differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 5, 699-727.
93. Woodfield, R. 2002. Woman and Information Systems Development: Not just a Pretty (Inter)Face? Information Technology & People, 15, 2, 119-138