The process-dissociation approach two decades later: Convergence, boundary conditions, and new directions

Memory and Cognition

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 663-680

  Yonelinas, Andrew P ^a   Jacoby, Larry L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Amnesia; Automaticity; Control; Familiarity; Memory; Process dissociation; Recall; Recollection

Indexed keywords

AMNESIA; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION; AUTOMATISM; ENTORHINAL CORTEX; HIPPOCAMPUS; LEARNING; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROACTIVE INHIBITION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RAT; RECALL; RECOGNITION; TEMPORAL LOBE;

AMNESIA; ANIMALS; ATTENTION; AUTOMATISM; CUES; ENTORHINAL CORTEX; HIPPOCAMPUS; MENTAL RECALL; NERVE NET; PROACTIVE INHIBITION; RATS; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); TEMPORAL LOBE; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 84863487310     PISSN: 0090502X     EISSN: 15325946     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13421-012-0205-5     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Aggleton, J. P., & Brown, M. W. (1999). Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 425-489.
2. Aggleton, J. P., Vann, S. D., Denby, C., Dix, S., Mayes, A. R., Roberts, N., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2005). Sparing of the familiarity component of recognition memory in a patient with hippocampal pathology. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1810-1823. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuropsychologia. 2005. 01. 019.
3. Ally, B. A., Gold, C. A., & Budson, A. E. (2009). An evaluation of recollection and familiarity in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment using receiver operating characteristics. Brain and Cognition, 69, 504-513.
4. Aly, M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2012). Bridging consciousness and cognition in memory and perception: Evidence for both state and strength processes. PLoS One, 7, e30231.
5. Anderson, B. A., Jacoby, L. L., Thomas, R. C., & Balota, D. A. (2011). The effects of age and divided attention on spontaneous recognition. Memory & Cognition, 39, 725-735. doi: 10. 3758/s13421-010-0046-z.
6. Atkinson, R. C., & Juola, J. F. (1974). Search and decision processes in recognition memory. In D. H. Krantz, R. C. Atkinson, R. D. Luce, & P. Suppes (Eds.), Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology (Learning, memory and thinking, Vol. I, pp. 243-293). Oxford, U. K.: W. H. Freeman.
7. Bastin, C., van der Linden, M., Charnallet, A., Denby, C., Montaldi, D., Roberts, N., & Mayes, A. R. (2004). Dissociation between recall and recognition memory performance in an amnesic patient with hippocampal damage following carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurocase, 10, 330-344.
8. Begg, A. M., Anas, A., & Farinacci, S. (1992). Dissociation of processes in belief: Source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 121, 446-458.
9. Benjamin, A. S. (2001). On the dual effects of repetition on false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 941-947. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 27. 4. 941.
10. Bird, C. M., & Burgess, N. (2008). The hippocampus supports recognition memory for familiar words but not unfamiliar faces. Current Biology, 18, 1932-1936.
11. Blaxton, T. A., & Theodore, W. H. (1997). The role of the temporal lobes in recognizing visuospatial materials: Remembering versus knowing. Brain and Cognition, 35, 5-25.
12. Bowles, B., Crupi, C., Mirsattari, S. M., Pigott, S. E., Parrent, A. G., Pruessner, J. C., Köhler, S. (2007). Impaired familiarity with preserved recollection after anterior temporal-lobe resection that spares the hippocampus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 16382-16387.
13. Brandt, K. R., Gardiner, J. M., Vargha-Khadem, F., Baddeley, A. D., & Mishkin, M. (2008). Impairment of recollection but not familiarity in a case of developmental amnesia. Neurocase, 15, 60-65.
14. Buchner, A., Erdfelder, E., & Vaterrodt-Plünnecke, B. (1995). Toward unbiased measurement of conscious and unconscious memory processes within the process dissociation framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 124, 137-160. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 124. 2. 137.
15. Caldwell, J. I., & Masson, M. E. J. (2001). Conscious and unconscious influences of memory for object location. Memory & Cognition, 29, 285-295. doi: 10. 3758/BF03194922.
16. Cipolotti, L., Bird, C., Good, T., Macmanus, D., Rudge, P., & Shallice, T. (2006). Recollection and familiarity in dense hippocampal amnesia: A case study. Neuropsychologia, 44, 489-506.
17. Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684. doi: 10. 1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X.
18. Curran, T., & Hintzman, D. L. (1995). Violations of the independence assumption in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 531-547.
19. Curran, T., & Hintzman, D. L. (1997). Consequences and causes of correlations in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 496-504. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 23. 2. 496.
20. Debner, J. A., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Unconscious perception: Attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 304-317.
21. DeCarlo, L. T. (2003). An application of signal detection theory with finite mixture distributions to source discrimination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 767-778.
22. DeCarlo, L. T. (2008). Process dissociation and mixture signal detection theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 1565-1572.
23. Diana, R. A., Yonelinas, A. P., & Ranganath, C. (2007). Imaging recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe: A three-component model. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 379-386. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2007. 08. 001.
24. Diana, R. A., Yonelinas, A. P., & Ranganath, C. (2008). The effects of unitization on familiarity-based source memory: Testing a behavioral prediction derived from neuroimaging data. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 730-740. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 34. 4. 730.
25. Dodson, C. S., & Johnson, M. K. (1996). Some problems with the process-dissociation approach to memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 125, 181-194.
26. Donaldson, W. (1996). The role of decision processes in remembering and knowing. Memory & Cognition, 24, 523-533.
27. Dunn, J. C. (2004). Remember-know: A matter of confidence. Psychological Review, 111, 524-542.
28. Eichenbaum, H., Fortin, N., Sauvage, M., Robitsek, R. J., & Farovik, A. (2010). An animal model of amnesia that uses Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis to distinguish recollection from familiarity deficits in recognition memory. Neuropsychologia, 48, 2281-2289. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuropsychologia. 2009. 09. 015.
29. Eichenbaum, H., Otto, T., & Cohen, N. J. (1994). Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 449-517.
30. Eichenbaum, H., Yonelinas, A. P., & Ranganath, C. (2007). The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 123-152. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. neuro. 30. 051606. 094328.
31. Elfman, K. W., Parks, C. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2008). Testing a neurocomputational model of recollection, familiarity, and source recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 752-768.
32. Fortin, N. J., Wright, S. P., & Eichenbaum, H. (2004). Recollection-like memory retrieval in rats is dependent on the hippocampus. Nature, 431, 188-191.
33. Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience of human memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 87-115.
34. Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory & Cognition, 16, 309-313. doi: 10. 3758/BF03197041.
35. Gardiner, J. M., & Richardson-Klavehn, A. (2000). Remembering and knowing. In F. I. M. Craik & E. Tulving (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 229-244). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
36. Garner, W. L., Hake, H. W., & Eriksen, C. S. (1956). Operationism and the concept of perception. Psychological Review, 63, 149-159.
37. Guderian, S., Brigham, D., & Mishkin, M. (2011). Two processes support visual recognition memory in rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 19425-19430.
38. Hay, J. F., & Jacoby, L. L. (1996). Separating habit and recollection: Memory slips, process dissociations, and probability matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1323-1335. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 22. 6. 1323.
39. Hay, J. F., & Jacoby, L. L. (1999). Separating habit and recollection in young and older adults: Effects of elaborative processing and distinctiveness. Psychology and Aging, 14, 122-134. doi: 10. 1037/0882-7974. 14. 1. 122.
40. Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development: Can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9, 1-65.
41. Hintzman, D. L., & Curran, T. (1997). More than one way to violate independence: Reply to Jacoby and Shrout (1997). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 511-513.
42. Hirshman, E., & Master, S. (1997). Modeling the conscious correlates of recognition memory: Reflections on the remember-know paradigm. Memory & Cognition, 25, 345-351.
43. Howard, D. V., Fry, A. F., & Brune, C. M. (1991). Aging and memory for new associations: Direct versus indirect measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 779-792.
44. Hudson, J. (2008). Automatic memory processes in normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 44, 345-349.
45. Huppert, F. A., & Piercy, M. (1978). Dissociation between learning and remembering in organic amnesia. Nature, 275, 317-318.
46. Inoue, C., & Bellezza, F. S. (1998). The detection model of recognition using know and remember judgments. Memory & Cognition, 26, 299-308. doi: 10. 3758/BF03201141.
47. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541. doi: 10. 1016/0749-596X(91)90025-F.
48. Jacoby, L. L. (1998). Invariance in automatic influences of memory: Toward a user's guide for the process-dissociation procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 3-26.
49. Jacoby, L. L. (1999). Ironic effects of repetition: Measuring age-related differences in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 3-22.
50. Jacoby, L. L., Begg, I. M., & Toth, J. P. (1997). In defense of functional independence: Violations of assumptions underlying the process-dissociation procedure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 484-495. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 23. 2. 484.
51. Jacoby, L. L., Bishara, A. J., Hessels, S., & Hughes, A. (2007). Probabilistic retroactive interference: The role of accessibility bias in interference effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 136, 200-216.
52. Jacoby, L. L., Bishara, A. J., Hessels, S., & Toth, J. P. (2005). Aging, subjective experience, and cognitive control: Dramatic false remembering by older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 134, 131-148. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 134. 2. 131.
53. Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 110, 306-340. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 110. 3. 306.
54. Jacoby, L. L., Debner, J. A., & Hay, J. F. (2001). Proactive interference, accessibility bias, and process dissociations: Valid subjective reports of memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 686-700.
55. Jacoby, L. L., Jennings, J. M., & Hay, J. F. (1996). Dissociating automatic and consciously controlled processes: Implications for diagnosis and rehabilitation of memory deficits. In D. J. Herrmann, C. L. McEvoy, C. Hertzog, P. Hertel, & M. K. Johnson (Eds.), Basic and applied memory research: Theory in context (Vol. 1, pp. 161-193). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
56. Jacoby, L. L., Rogers, C. S., Bishara, A. J., & Shimizu, Y. (2012). Mistaking the recent past for the present: False seeing by older adults. Psychology and Aging, 27, 22-32. doi: 10. 1037/a0025924.
57. Jacoby, L. L., Shimizu, Y., Velanova, K., & Rhodes, M. (2005). Age differences in depth of retrieval: Memory for foils. Journal of Memory and Learning, 52, 493-504.
58. Jacoby, L. L., & Shrout, P. E. (1997). Toward a psychometric analysis of violations of the independence assumption in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 505-510.
59. Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P., & Yonelinas, A. P. (1993). Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 122, 139-154.
60. Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P., Yonelinas, A. P., & Debner, J. A. (1994). The relationship between conscious and unconscious influences: Independence or redundancy? Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 123, 216-219. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 123. 2. 216.
61. Jacoby, L. L., Wahlheim, C. N., Rhodes, M. G., Daniels, K. A., & Rogers, C. S. (2010). Learning to diminish the effects of proactive interference: Reducing false memory for young and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 38, 820-829. doi: 10. 3758/MC. 38. 6. 820.
62. Jacoby, L. L., Woloshyn, V., & Kelley, C. (1989). Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 118, 115-125.
63. Jacoby, L. L., Yonelinas, A. P., & Jennings, J. M. (1997). The relationship between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 13-47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
64. Jäger, T., Szabo, K., Griebe, M., Bäzner, H., Möller, J., & Hennerici, M. G. (2009). Selective disruption of hippocampus-mediated recognition memory processes after episodes of transient global amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 47, 70-76. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuropsychologia. 2008. 08. 019.
65. Jennings, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1993). Automatic versus intentional uses of memory: Aging, attention, and control. Psychology and Aging, 8, 283-293.
66. Jennings, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1997). An opposition procedure for detecting age-related deficits in recollection: Telling effects of repetition. Psychology and Aging, 12, 352-361.
67. Jennings, J. M., Webster, L. M., Kleykamp, B. A., & Dagenbach, D. (2005). Recollection training and transfer effects in older adults: Successful use of a repetition-lag procedure. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 12, 278-298.
68. Joordens, S., & Merikle, P. M. (1993). Independence or redundancy? Two models of conscious and unconscious influences. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 122, 462-467. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 122. 4. 462.
69. Kellen, D., & Klauer, K. C. (2011). Evaluating models of recognition memory using first- and second-choice responses. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 55, 251-266.
70. Kelley, C. M., & Rhodes, M. G. (2002). Making sense and nonsense of experience: Attributions in memory and judgment. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 41, pp. 293-320). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi: 10. 1016/S0079-7421(02)80010-X.
71. Kelley, R., & Wixted, J. T. (2001). On the nature of associative information in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 701-722. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 27. 3. 701.
72. Kishiyama, M. M., Yonelinas, A. P., & Lazzara, M. M. (2004). The von Restorff effect in amnesia: The contribution of the hippocampal system to novelty-related memory enhancements. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 15-23.
73. Knowlton, B. J., & Squire, L. R. (1995). Remembering and knowing: Two different expressions of declarative memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 699-710.
74. Koen, J. D., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2010). Memory variability is due to the contribution of recollection and familiarity, not to encoding variability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 1536-1542.
75. Light, L. L., Prull, M. W., La Voie, D. J., & Healy, M. R. (2000). Dual-process theories of memory in old age. In T. J. Perfect & E. A. Maylor (Eds.), Models of cognitive aging (pp. 238-300). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
76. Lindsay, D. S., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Stroop process dissociations: The relationship between facilitation and interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 20, 219-234. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 20. 2. 219.
77. MacLeod, C. M. (2008). Implicit memory tests: Techniques for reducing conscious intrusion. In R. A. Bjork (Ed.), Handbook of metamemory and memory (pp. 245-263). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
78. Mandler, G. (1980). Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review, 87, 252-271. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 87. 3. 252.
79. Manns, J. R., Hopkins, R. O., Reed, J. M., Kitchener, E. G., & Squire, L. R. (2003). Recognition memory and the human hippocampus. Neuron, 37, 171-180.
80. Mauboussin, M. J. (2009). Think twice: Harnessing the power of counterintuition (pp. 132-133). Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.
81. Mayes, A. R., Meudell, P. R., & Pickering, A. (1985). Is organic amnesia caused by a selective deficit in remembering contextual information? Cortex, 21, 167-202.
82. Merikle, P. M. (1992). Perception without awareness: Critical issues. American Psychologist, 47, 792-795.
83. Mickes, L., Wais, P. E., & Wixted, J. T. (2009). Recollection is a continuous process: Implications for dual-process theories of recognition memory. Psychological Science, 20, 509-515. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-9280. 2009. 02324. x.
84. Moscovitch, D. A., & McAndrews, M. P. (2002). Material-specific deficits in "remembering" in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy and excisions. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1335-1342.
85. Mulligan, N. W., & Hirshman, E. (1997). Measuring the bases of recognition memory: An investigation of the process-dissociation framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 280-304.
86. Norman, K. A., & O'Reilly, R. C. (2003). Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: A complementary-learning-systems approach. Psychological Review, 110, 611-646.
87. Onyper, S. V., Zhang, Y. X., & Howard, M. W. (2010). Some-or-none recollection: Evidence from item and source memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 139, 341-364. doi: 10. 1037/a0018926.
88. Parks, C. M., Murray, L. J., Elfman, K., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2011). Variations in recollection: The effects of complexity on source recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 861-873.
89. Parks, C. M., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2009). Evidence for a memory threshold in second-choice recognition memory responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 11515-11519.
90. Peters, J., Thoma, P., Koch, B., Schwarz, M., & Daum, I. (2009). Impairment of verbal recollection following ischemic damage to the right anterior hippocampus. Cortex, 45, 592-601.
91. Quamme, J. R., Yonelinas, A. P., & Norman, K. A. (2007). Effect of unitization on associative recognition in amnesia. Hippocampus, 17, 192-200.
92. Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Bjork, R. A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-543. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. ps. 39. 020188. 002355.
93. Richardson-Klavehn, A., Gardiner, J. M., & Java, R. I. (1996). Memory: Task dissociations, process dissociations and dissociations of consciousness. In G. D. M. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition (pp. 85-158). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
94. Roediger, H. L., III. (1980). Memory metaphors in cognitive psychology. Memory & Cognition, 8, 231-246.
95. Roediger, H. L., III. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
96. Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 21. 4. 803.
97. Rogers, C. S., Jacoby, L. L., & Sommers, M. S. (2012). Frequent false hearing by older adults: The role of age differences in metacognition. Psychology and Aging, 27, 33-45. doi: 10. 1037/a0026231.
98. Rotello, C. M., Macmillan, N. A., Reeder, J. A., & Wong, M. (2005). The remember response: Subject to bias, graded, and not a process-pure indicator of recollection. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 865-873. doi: 10. 3758/BF03196778.
99. Rotello, C. M., Macmillan, N. A., & van Tassel, G. (2000). Recall-to-reject in recognition: Evidence from ROC curves. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 67-88.
100. Rybash, J. M., & Hoyer, W. J. (1996). Process dissociation procedure reveals age differences in unconscious influences on memory for possible and impossible objects. Aging, Neuropsychology, & Cognition, 3, 251-263.
101. Sauvage, M. M., Fortin, N. J., Owens, C. B., Yonelinas, A. P., & Eichenbaum, H. (2008). Recognition memory: Opposite effects of hippocampal damage on recollection and familiarity. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 16-18.
102. Schacter, D. L., Chiu, C. Y., & Ochsner, K. N. (1993). Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 16, 159-182.
103. Schacter, D. L., Koutstaal, W., & Norman, K. A. (1997). False memories and aging. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 229-236. doi: 10. 1016/S1364-6613(97)01068-1.
104. Schacter, D. L., Verfaellie, M., & Anes, M. D. (1997). Illusory memories in amnesic patients: Conceptual and perceptual false recognition. Neuropsychology, 11, 331-342.
105. Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., & Nissley, H. M. (2000). Effects of divided attention on automatic and controlled components of memory after severe closed-head injury. Neuropsychology, 14, 559-569.
106. Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 20, 11-21.
107. Sherman, S. J., Atri, A., Hasselmo, M. E., Stern, C. E., & Howard, M. W. (2003). Scopolamine impairs human recognition memory: Data and modeling. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 526-539.
108. Skinner, E. I., & Fernandes, M. A. (2007). Neural correlates of recollection and familiarity: A review of neuroimaging and patient data. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2163-2179. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuropsychologia. 2007. 03. 007.
109. Slotnick, S. D., & Dodson, C. S. (2005). Support for a continuous (single-process) model of recognition memory and source memory. Memory & Cognition, 33, 151-170. doi: 10. 3758/BF03195305.
110. Slotnick, S. D., Klein, S. A., Dodson, C. S., & Shimamura, A. P. (2000). An analysis of signal detection and threshold models of source memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1499-1517. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 26. 6. 1499.
111. Squire, L. R. (1994). Declarative and nondeclarative memory: Multiple brain systems supporting learning and memory. In E. Daniel, L. Schacter, & E. E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 203-231). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
112. Squire, L. R., & Zola, S. M. (1998). Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia. Hippocampus, 8, 205-211.
113. Squire, L. R., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1988). Memory: Brain systems and behavior. Trends in Neurosciences, 11, 170-175.
114. Stewart, B. D., & Payne, B. K. (2008). Bringing automatic stereotyping under control: Implementation intentions as efficient means of thought control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1332-1345.
115. Toth, J. P. (1996). Conceptual automaticity in recognition memory: Levels-of-processing effects on familiarity. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50, 123-138.
116. Tse, C.-S., Balota, D. A., Moynan, S. C., Duchek, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (2010). The utility of placing recollection in opposition to familiarity in early discrimination of healthy aging and very mild dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Neuropsychology, 24, 49-67.
117. Tu, H., Hampton, R., & Murray, E. (2011). Perirhinal cortex removal dissociates two memory systems in matching-to-sample performance in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 16336-16343.
118. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26, 1-12. doi: 10. 1037/h0080017.
119. Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-306. doi: 10. 1126/science. 2296719.
120. Turriziani, P., Serra, L., Fadda, L., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2008). Recollection and familiarity in hippocampal amnesia. Hippocampus, 18, 469-480.
121. Verfaellie, M., & Treadwell, J. R. (1993). Status of recognition memory in amnesia. Neuropsychology, 7, 5-13. doi: 10. 1037/0894-4105. 7. 1. 5.
122. Visser, T. A. W., Merikle, P., & Di Lollo, V. (2005). Priming in the attentional blink: Perception without awareness? Visual Cognition, 12, 1362-1372.
123. Wahlheim, C. N., & Jacoby, L. L. (2011). Experience with proactive interference diminishes its effects: Mechanisms of change. Memory & Cognition, 39, 185-195. doi: 10. 3758/s13421-010-0017-4.
124. Wais, P. E. (2008). FMRI signals associated with memory strength in the medial temporal lobes: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 46, 3185-3196.
125. Warrington, E. K., & Weiskrantz, L. (1968). A study of learning and retention in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia, 6, 283-291.
126. Weiskrantz, L., & Warrington, E. K. (1975). The problem of the amnesic syndrome in man and animal. In R. I. Isaacson & K. H. Pribram (Eds.), The hippocampus (Vol. 2, pp. 283-291). New York, NY: Plenum.
127. Wickelgren, W. A. (1979). Chunking and consolidation: A theoretical synthesis of semantic networks, configuring in conditioning, S-R versus cognitive learning, normal forgetting, the amnesic syndrome, and the hippocampal arousal system. Psychological Review, 86, 44-60. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 86. 1. 44.
128. Wixted, J. T. (2007). Dual-process theory and signal-detection theory of recognition memory. Psychological Review, 114, 152-176. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 114. 1. 203.
129. Wixted, J. T., & Mickes, L. (2010). A continuous dual-process model of remember/know judgments. Psychological Review, 117, 1025-1054. doi: 10. 1037/a0020874.
130. Wolk, D. A., Dunfee, K. L., Dickerson, B. C., Aizenstein, H. J., & DeKosky, S. T. (2011). A medial temporal lobe division of labor: insights from memory in aging and early Alzheimer disease. Hippocampus, 21, 461-466.
131. Wolters, G., & Prinsen, A. (1997). Full versus divided attention and implicit memory performance. Memory & Cognition, 25, 764-771.
132. Yonelinas, A. P. (1994). Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: Evidence for a dual-process model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1341-1354. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 20. 6. 1341.
133. Yonelinas, A. P. (1997). Recognition memory ROCs for item and associative information: The contribution of recollection and familiarity. Memory & Cognition, 25, 747-763.
134. Yonelinas, A. P. (2001). Consciousness, control, and confidence: The 3 Cs of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 130, 361-379. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 130. 3. 361.
135. Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441-517. doi: 10. 1006/jmla. 2002. 2864.
136. Yonelinas, A. P., Aly, M., Wang, W.-C., & Koen, J. D. (2010). Recollection and familiarity: Examining controversial assumptions and new directions. Hippocampus, 20, 1178-1194.
137. Yonelinas, A. P., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Dissociations of processes in recognition memory: Effects of interference and of response speed. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48, 516-535. doi: 10. 1037/1196-1961. 48. 4. 516.
138. Yonelinas, A. P., & Jacoby, L. L. (1995). The relation between remembering and knowing as bases for recognition: Effects of size congruency. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 622-643. doi: 10. 1006/jmla. 1995. 1028.
139. Yonelinas, A. P., & Jacoby, L. L. (1996a). Noncriterial recollection: Familiarity as automatic, irrelevant recollection. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, 131-141.
140. Yonelinas, A. P., & Jacoby, L. L. (1996b). Response bias and the process dissociation procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 125, 422-434.
141. Yonelinas, A. P., Kroll, N. E. A., Dobbins, I., Lazzara, M., & Knight, R. T. (1998). Recollection and familiarity deficits in amnesia: Convergence of remember-know, process dissociation, and receiver operating characteristic data. Neuropsychology, 12, 323-339. doi: 10. 1037/0894-4105. 12. 3. 323.
142. Yonelinas, A. P., Kroll, N. E., Quamme, J. R., Lazzara, M. M., Sauvé, M.-J., Widaman, K. F., & Knight, R. T. (2002). Effects of extensive temporal lobe damage or mild hypoxia on recollection and familiarity. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 1236-1241.
143. Yonelinas, A. P., & Parks, C. M. (2007). Receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) in recognition memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 800-832. doi: 10. 1037/0033-2909. 133. 5. 800.
144. Yonelinas, A. P., Quamme, J. R., Widaman, K. F., Kroll, N. E. A., Sauvé, M. J., & Knight, R. T. (2004). Mild hypoxia disrupts recollection, not familiarity. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 4, 393-400. doi: 10. 3758/CABN. 4. 3. 393.
145. Yonelinas, A. P., Widaman, K., Mungas, D., Reed, B., Weiner, M. W., & Chui, H. C. (2007). Memory in the aging brain: Doubly dissociating the contribution of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Hippocampus, 17, 1134-1140.