In defense of functional independence: Violations of assumptions underlying the process-dissociation procedure?

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 484-495

  Jacoby, Larry L ^a   Begg, Ian Maynard ^a   Toth, Jeffrey P ^b  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031520771     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.23.2.484     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Bahrick, H. P. (1979). Maintenance of knowledge: Questions about memory we forgot to ask. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 296-308.
2. Curran, T., & Hintzman, D. L. (1995). Violations of the independence assumption in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 531-547.
3. Debner, J. A., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Unconscious perception: Attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 304-317.
4. Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory. New York: Dover. (Original work published 1885).
5. Flexser, A. J., & Tulving, E. (1978). Retrieval independence in recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 85, 153-171.
6. Gardiner, J. M., & Java, R. I. (1991). Forgetting in recognition memory with and without recollective experience. Memory & Cognition, 19, 617-623.
7. Graf, P., & Komatsu, S. (1994). Process dissociation procedure: Handle with caution! European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6, 113-129.
8. Greene, R. L. (1986). Word stems as cues in recall and completion tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 38(A), 663-673.
9. Hay, J. F., & Jacoby, L. L. (1996). Separating habit and recollection: Memory slips, process dissociations, and probability matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1323-1335.
10. Hintzman, D. L. (1980). Simpson's paradox and the analysis of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 87, 398-410.
11. Holender, D. (1986). Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 1-23.
12. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
13. Jacoby, L. L. (1996a). Dissociating automatic and consciously controlled effects of study/test compatibility. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 32-52.
14. Jacoby, L. L. (1996b). Testing assumptions of the process-dissociation procedure: Controversy, correlations, and criteria. Manuscript submitted for publication.
15. Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 3, 306-340.
16. Jacoby, L. L., & Hollingshead, A. (1990). Toward a generate/ recognize model of performance on direct and indirect tests of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 433-454.
17. Jacoby, L. L., Jennings, J. M., & Hay, J. F. (1996). Dissociating automatic and consciously controlled processes: Implications for diagnosis and rehabilitation of memory deficits. In D. J. Herrmann, C. L. McEvoy, C. Hertzog, P. Hertel, & M. K. Johnson (Eds.), Basic and applied memory research: Theory in context (Vol. 1, pp. 161-193). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P., & Yonelinas, A. P. (1993). Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139-154.
19. Jacoby, L. L., Yonelinas, A. P., & Jennings, J. (1996). The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In J. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to the question of consciousness (pp. 13-47). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Jones, G. V. (1987). Independence and exclusivity among psychological processes: Implications for the structure of recall. Psychological Review, 94, 229-235.
21. Koriat, A., & Feuerstein, N. (1976). The recovery of incidentally acquired information. Acta Psychologica, 40, 463-474.
22. Moscovitch, M., Vriezen, E. R., & Gottstein, J. (1993). Implicit tests of memory in patients with focal lesions or degenerative brain disorders. In H. Spinnler & F. Boller (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 8, pp. 133-173). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
23. Parkin, A. J., Reid, T. K., & Russo, R. (1990). On the differential nature of implicit and explicit memory. Memory & Cognition, 18, 507-514.
24. Reingold, E. M., & Goshen-Gottstein, Y. (1996). Separating consciously controlled and automatic influences in memory for new associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 397-406.
25. Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1993). Implicit memory in normal human subjects. In H. Spinnler & F. Boller (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 8, pp. 63-131). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
26. Toth, J. P. (1996). Conceptual automaticity in recognition memory: Levels-of-processing effects on familiarity. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50, 123-138.
27. Toth, J. P., Reingold, E. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Toward a redefinition of implicit memory: Process dissociations following elaborative processing and self-generation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 290-303.
28. Toth, J. P., Reingold, E. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1995). A response to Graf and Komatsu's (1994) critique of the process dissociation procedure: When is caution necessary? European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 7, 113-130.
29. Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
30. Yonelinas, A. P., & Jacoby, L. L. (1994). Dissociations of processes in recognition memory: Effects of interference and of response speed. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48(4), 516-534.