Modeling Hippocampal and Neocortical Contributions to Recognition Memory: A Complementary-Learning-Systems Approach

Psychological Review

Volumn 110, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 611-646

  Norman, Kenneth A ^a,b   O'Reilly, Randall C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN CORTEX; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; LEARNING; MEMORY; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RECOGNITION;

CEREBRAL CORTEX; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; LEARNING; MEMORY; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 0012992869     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.4.611     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Aggleton, J. P., & Brown, M. W. (1999). Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 425-490.
2. Aggleton, J. P., & Shaw, C. (1996). Amnesia and recognition memory: A re-analysis of psychometric data. Neuropsychologia, 34, 51-62.
3. Atkinson, R. C., & Estes, W. K. (1963). Stimulus sampling theory. In R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, & E. Galanter (Eds.), Handbook of mathematical psychology (pp. 121-268). New York: Wiley.
4. Bauml, K. (1997). The list-strength effect: Strength-dependent competition or suppression? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 260-264.
5. Baxter, M. G., & Murray, E. A. (2001a). Effects of hippocampal lesions on delayed nonmatching-to-sample in monkeys: A reply to Zola and Squire (2001). Hippocampus, 11, 201-203.
6. Baxter, M. G., & Murray, E. A. (2001b). Opposite relationship of hippocampal and rhinal cortex damage to delayed nonmatching-to-sample deficits in monkeys. Hippocampus, 11, 61-71.
7. Beason-Held, L. L., Rosene, D. L., Killiany, R. J., & Moss, M. B. (1999). Hippocampal formation lesions produce memory impairments in the rhesus monkey. Hippocampus, 9, 562-574.
8. Bliss, T. V. P., & Collingridge, G. L. (1993, January 7). A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature, 361, 31-39.
9. Bogacz, R., & Brown, M. W. (2003). Comparison of computational models of familiarity discrimination in perirhinal cortex. Hippocampus, 13, 494-524.
10. Bogacz, R., Brown, M. W., & Giraud-Carrier, C. (2001). Model of familiarity discrimination in the perirhinal cortex. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 10, 5-23.
11. Brown, M. W., & Xiang, J. Z. (1998). Recognition memory: Neuronal substrates of the judgement of prior occurrence. Progress in Neurobiology, 55, 149-189.
12. Burgess, N., & O'Keefe, J. (1996). Neuronal computations underlying the firing of place cells and their role in navigation. Hippocampus, 6, 749-762.
13. Carpenter, G. A., & Grossberg, S. (1993). Normal and amnesic learning, recognition and memory by a neural model of cortico-hippocampal interactions. Trends in Neurosciences, 16, 131-137.
14. Clark, S. E., & Gronlund, S. D. (1996). Global matching models of recognition memory: How the models match the data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 37-60.
15. Clark, S. E., Hori, A., & Callan, D. E. (1993). Forced-choice associative recognition: Implications for global-memory models. Journal of Experimental Psychology; Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 871-881.
16. Cohen, N. J., & Eichenbaum, H. (1993). Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal system, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
17. Cohen, N. J., Poldrack, R. A., & Eichenbaum, H. (1997). Memory for items and memory for relations in the procedural/declarative memory frame-work. In A. R. Mayes & J. J. Downes (Eds.), Theories of organic amnesia (pp. 131-178). Hove, England: Psychology Press.
18. Curran, T. (2000). Brain potentials of recollection and familiarity. Memory & Cognition, 28, 923.
19. Curran. T., & Hintzman, D. L. (1995). Violations of the independence assumption in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 531-547.
20. Curran, T., Schacter, D. L., Norman. K., & Galluccio, L. (1997). False recognition after a right frontal lobe infarction: Memory for general and specific information. Neuropsychologia, 35, 1035.
21. Dennis, S., & Humphreys, M. S. (2001). A context noise model of episodic word recognition. Psychological Review, 108, 452-477.
22. Douglas. R. J., & Martin, K. A. C. (1990). Neocortex. In G. M. Shepherd (Ed.), The synoptic organization of the brain (pp. 389-438). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
23. Eichenbaum. H. (2000). Cortical-hippocampal networks for declarative memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1, 41-50.
24. Eichenbaum, H., Otto, T., & Cohen. N. J. (1994). Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 449-518.
25. Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67.
26. Glanzer, M., Adams, J. K., Iverson, G. J., & Kim, K. (1993). The regularities of recognition memory. Psychological Review, 100, 546-567.
27. Grossberg, S. (1976). Adaptive pattern classification and universal receding: I. Parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors. Biological Cybernetics, 23, 121-134.
28. Grossberg, S. (1986). The adaptive self-organization of serial order in behavior: Speech, language, and motor control. In E. C. Scwab & H. C. Nusbaum (Eds.), Pattern recognition in humans and machines: Vol. 1: Speech perception (pp. 187-294). New York: Academic Press.
29. Grossberg, S., & Stone, G. (1986). Neural dynamics of word recognition and recall: Attentional priming, learning, and resonance. Psychological Review, 93, 46-74.
30. Hasselmo, M. E. (1995). Neuromodulation and cortical function: Modeling the physiological basis of behavior. Behavioural Brain Research, 67, 1-27.
31. Hasselmo, M. E., Bodelon, C., & Wyble, B. P. (2002). A proposed function for hippocampal theta rhythm: Separate phases of encoding and retrieval enhance reversal of prior learning. Neural Computation, 14, 793-818.
32. Hasselmo, M. E., & Wyble, B. (1997). Free recall and recognition in a network model of the hippocampus: Simulating effects of scopolamine on human memory function. Behavioural Brain Research, 89, 1-34.
33. Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.
34. Hinton, G. E., & Plaut, D. C. (1987). Using fast weights to deblur old memories. In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 177-186). Hillsdale. NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Hintzman, D. L. (1988). Judgments of frequency and recognition memory in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 95, 528-551.
36. Hintzman, D. L. (2001). Similarity, global matching, and judgments of frequency. Memory & Cognition, 29, 547-556.
37. Hintzman, D. L., Curran. T., & Oppy, B. (1992). Effects of similiarity and repetition on mamory: Registration without learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 667-680.
38. Holdstock, J. S., Mayes, A. R., Roberts, N., Cezayirli, E., Isaac, C. L., O'Reilly, R. C., & Norman, K. A. (2002). Under what conditions is recognition spared relative to recall after selective hippocampal damage in humans? Hippocampus, 12, 341-351.
39. Humphreys, M. S., Bain, J. D., & Pike. R. (1989). Different ways to cue a coherent memory system: A theory for episodic, semantic, and procedural tasks. Psychological Review, 96, 208-233.
40. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
41. Jacoby, L. L., Yonelinas, A. P., & Jennings, J. M. (1997). The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 13-47). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
42. Joordens, S., & Hockley, W. E. (2000). Recollection and familiarity through the looking glass: When old does not mirror new. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1534.
43. Kahana, M. J., Rizzuto, D., & Schneider, A. (2003). Theoretical correlations and measured correlations: Relating recognition and recall in four distributed memory models. Manuscript submitted for publication.
44. Kanerva, P. (1988). Sparse distributed memory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
45. Kohonen, T. (1977). Associative memory: A system theoretical approach, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
46. Kroll, N. E. A., Knight, R. T., Metcalfe, J., Wolf, E. S., & Tulving, E. (1996). Cohesion failure as a source of memory illusions. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 176-196.
47. Levy, W. B. (1989). A computational approach to hippocampal function. In R. D. Hawkins & G. H. Bower (Eds.), Computational models of learning in simple neural systems (pp. 243-304). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
48. Li, L., Miller, E. K., & Desimone, R. (1993). The representation of stimulus familiarity in anterior inferior temporal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiolagy, 69, 1918-1929.
49. Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (1991). Detection theory: A user's guide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
50. Malenka, R. C., & Nicoll, R. A. (1993). NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity: Multiple forms and mechanisms. Trends in Neurosciences, 16, 521-527.
51. Mandler, G. (1980). Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review, 87, 252-271.
52. Manns, J. R., & Squire, L. R. (1999). Impaired recognition memory on the Doors and People test after damage limited to the hippocampal region. Hippocampus, 9, 495-499.
53. Marr, D. (1971). Simple memory: A theory for archicortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 262, 23-81.
54. Mayes, A. R., Holdstock. J. S., Isaac, C. L., Hunkin, N. M., & Roberts, N. (2002). Relative sparing of item recognition memory in a patient with adult-onset damage limited to the hippocampus. Hippocampus, 12, 325-340.
55. Mayes, A. R., Isaac, C. L., Downes, J. J., Holdstock, J. S., Hunkin, N. M., Montaldi, D., et al. (2001). Memory for single items, word pairs, and temporal order in a patient with selective hippocampal lesions. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 18, 97-123.
56. McClelland. J. L., & Chappell, M. (1998). Familiarity breeds differentiation: A subjective-likelihood approach to the effects of experience in recognition memory. Psychological Review, 105, 724.
57. McClelland, J. L., & Goddard, N. H. (1996). Considerations arising from a complementary learning systems perspective on hippocampus and neocortex. Hippocampus, 6, 654-665.
58. McClelland. J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995). Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review, 102, 419-457.
59. McNaughton, B. L., & Morris, R. G. M. (1987). Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage within a distributed memory system. Trends in Neurosciences, 10, 408-415.
60. Miller, E. K., Li, L., & Desimone, R. (1991, November 29). A neural mechanism for working and recognition memory in inferior temporal cortex. Science, 254, 1377-1379.
61. Minai, A. A., & Levy, W. B. (1994). Setting the activity level in sparse random networks. Neural Computation, 6, 85-99.
62. Mishkin, M., Suzuki. W., Gadian, D. G., & Vargha-Khadem, F. (1997). Hierarchical organization of cognitive memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 352, 1461-1467.
63. Mishkin, M., Vargha-Khadem, F., & Gadian, D. G. (1998). Amnesia and the organization of the hippocampal system. Hippocampus, 8, 212-216.
64. Mitchell, K. J., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Source monitoring: Attributing mental experiences. In E. Tulving & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 179-195). New York: Oxford University Press.
65. Moll, M., & Miikkulainen, R. (1997). Convergence-zone episodic memory: Analysis and simulations. Neural Networks, 10, 1017-1036.
66. Mumby, D. G., Wood, E. R., Duva, C. A., Kornecook, T. J., Pinel, J. P. J., & Phillips, A. G. (1996). Ischemia-induced object recognition deficits in rats are attenuated by hippocampal lesions before or soon after ischemia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110, 266-281.
67. Murnane, K., & Shiffrin, R. (1991a). Interference and the representation of events in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 855-874.
68. Murnane, K., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1991b). Word repetitions in sentence recognition. Memory & Cognition, 19, 119-130.
69. Murray, E. A., & Mishkin, M. (1998). Object recognition and location memory in monkeys with excitotoxic lesions of the amygdala and hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 6568.
70. Norman, K. A. (2002). Differential effects of list strength on recollection and familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 1083-1094.
71. Norman, K., Curran, T., & Tepe, K. (2002, April). Event-related potential correlates of interference effects on recognition memory. Poster presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, San Francisco.
72. Nowlan, S. J. (1990). Maximum likelihood competitive learning. In D. S. Touretzky (Ed.), Advances in neural information processing systems (Vol. 2, pp. 574-582). San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
73. Oja, E. (1982). A simplified neuron model as a principal component analyzer. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 15, 267-273.
74. O'Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
75. O'Reilly, R. C. (1996). The Leabra model of neural interactions and learning in the neocortex. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University.
76. O'Reilly, R. C. (1998). Six principles for biologically-based computational models of cortical cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, 455-462.
77. O'Reilly, R. C., & Busby, R. S. (2002). Generalizable relational binding from coarse-coded distributed representations. In T. G. Dietterich, S. Becker, & Z. Ghahramani (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems (Vol. 14, pp. 75-82). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
78. O'Reilly, R. C., & McClelland, J. L. (1994). Hippocampal conjunctive encoding, storage, and recall: Avoiding a tradeoff. Hippocampus, 4, 661-682.
79. O'Reilly, R. C., & Munakata, Y. (2000). Computational explorations in cognitive neuroscience: Understanding the mind by stimulating the brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
80. O'Reilly, R. C., Norman, K. A., & McClelland, J. L. (1998). A hippocampal model of recognition memory. In M. I. Jordan, M. J. Kearns, & S. A. Solla (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems (Vol. 10, pp. 73-79). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
81. O'Reilly, R. C., & Rudy, J. W. (2001). Conjunctive representations in learning and memory: Principles of cortical and hippocampal function. Psychological Review, 108, 311-345.
82. Raaijmakers, J. G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1992). Models for recall and recognition, Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 205-234.
83. Ratcliff, R. (1990). Connectionist models of recognition memory: Constraints imposed by learning and forgetting functions. Psychological Review, 97, 285-308.
84. Ratcliff, R., Clark, S., & Shiffrin, R. (1990). The list-strength effect: I. Data and discussion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 163-178.
85. Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (2000). Memory models. In E. Tulving & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 571-581). New York: Oxford University Press.
86. Ratcliff, R., Sheu, C.-F., & Gronlund, S. D. (1992). Testing global memory models using ROC curves. Psychological Review, 99, 518-535.
87. Ratcliff, R., Van Zandt, T., & McKoon, G. (1995). Process dissociation, single-process theories, and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 352-374.
88. Reder, L. M., Nhouyvanisvong, A., Schunn, C. D., Ayers, M. S., Angstadt, P., & Hiraki, K. A. (2000). A mechanistic account of the mirror effect for word frequency: A computational model of remember-know judgments in a continuous recognition paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 294-320.
89. Reed, J. M., Hamann, S. B., Stefanacci, L., & Squire, L. R. (1997). When amnesic patients perform well on recognition memory tests. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 1163-1170.
90. Reed, J. M., & Squire, L. R. (1997). Impaired recognition memory in patients with lesions limited to the hippocampal formation. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 667-675.
91. Rempel-Clower, N. L., Zola, S. M., & Amaral, D. G. (1996). Three cases of enduring memory impairment after bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation. Journal of Neuroscience, 16, 5233.
92. Riches, I. P., Wilson, F. A., & Brown, M. W. (1991). The effects of visual stimulation and memory on neurons of the hippocampal formation and the neighbouring parahippocampal gyrus and inferior temporal cortex of the primate. Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 1763-1779.
93. Rolls, E. T. (1989). Functions of neuronal networks in the hippocampus and neocortex in memory. In J. H. Byrne & W. O. Berry (Eds.), Neural models of plasticity: Experimental and theoretical approaches (pp. 240-265). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
94. Rolls, E. T., Baylis, G. C., Hasselmo, M. E., & Nalwa, V. (1989). The effect of learning on the face selective responses of neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus of the monkey. Experimental Brain Research, 76, 153-164.
95. Rotello, C. M., & Heit, E. (1999). Two-process models of recognition memory: Evidence for recall-to-reject. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 432-453.
96. Rotello, C. M., & Heit, E. (2000). Associative recognition: A case of recall-to-reject processing. Memory & Cognition, 28, 907-922.
97. Rotello, C. M., Macmillan, N. A., & Van Tassel, G. (2000). Recall-to-reject in recognition: Evidence from ROC curves. Journal of Memory and Language, 43, 67-88.
98. Rudy, J. W., & O'Reilly, R. C. (2001). Conjunctive representations, the hippocampus, and contextual fear conditioning. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 1, 66-82.
99. Rudy, J. W., & Sutherland, R. J. (1989). The hippocampal formation is necessary for rats to learn and remember configural discriminations. Behavioural Brain Research, 34, 97-109.
100. Rudy, J. W., & Sutherland, R. W. (1995). Configural association theory and the hippocampal formation: An appraisal and reconfiguration. Hippocampus, 5, 375-389.
101. Rumelhart, D. E., & Zipser, D. (1986). Feature discovery by competitive learning. In D. E. Rumelhart, J. L. McClelland, & PDP Research Group (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Vol. 1. Foundations (pp. 151-193). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
102. Sherry, D. F., & Schacter, D. L. (1987). The evolution of multiple memory systems. Psychological Review, 94, 439-454.
103. Shiffrin, R. M., Huber, D. E., & Marinelli, K. (1995). Effects of category length and strength on familiarity in recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 267-287.
104. Shiffrin, R. M., Ratcliff, R., & Clark, S. E. (1990). The list-strength effect: II. Theoretical mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 179-195.
105. Shiffrin, R. M., & Steyvers, M. (1997). A model for recognition memory: REM - Retrieving effectively from memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 145-166.
106. Snodgrass, J. G., & Corwin, J. (1988). Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 34-50.
107. Sohal, V. S., & Hasselmo, M. E. (2000). A model for experience-dependent changes in the responses of inferotemporal neurons. Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 11, 169.
108. Squire, L. R. (1987). Memory and brain. Oxford. England: Oxford University Press.
109. Squire, L. R. (1992a). Declarative and nondeclarative memory: Multiple brain systems supporting learning and memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 232-243.
110. Squire, L. R. (1992b). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review, 99, 195-231.
111. Squire, L. R., Shimamura, A. P., & Amaral, D. G. (1989). Memory and the hippocampus. In J. H. Byrne & W. O. Berry (Eds.), Neural models of plasticity: Experimental and theoretical approaches (pp. 208-239). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
112. Squire, L. R., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1991, September 20). The medial temporal memory system. Science. 253, 1380-1386.
113. Standing, L. (1973). Learning 10,000 pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 207-222.
114. Stark, C. E. L., & Squire, L. R. (2002, April). Memory for associations in patients with hippocampal damage. Poster session presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, San Francisco.
115. Sutherland, R. J., & Rudy, J. W. (1989). Configural association theory: The role of the hippocampal formation in learning, memory, and amnesia. Psychobiology, 17, 129-144.
116. Teyler, T. J., & Discenna, P. (1986). The hippocampal memory indexing theory. Behavioral Neuroscience, 100, 147-154.
117. Touretzky, D. S., & Redish, A. D. (1996). A theory of rodent navigation based on interacting representations of space. Hippocampus, 6, 247-270.
118. Treves, A., & Rolls, E. T. (1994). A computational analysis of the role of the hippocampus in memory. Hippocampus, 4, 374-392.
119. Vargha-Khadem, F., Gadian, D. G., Watkins, K. E., Connelly, A., Van Paesschen, W., & Mishkin, M. (1997, July 18). Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory. Science, 277, 376-380.
120. Wu, X., Baxter, R. A., & Levy, W. B. (1996). Context codes and the effect of noisy learning on a simplified hippocampal CA3 model. Biological Cybernetics, 74, 159-165.
121. Xiang, J. Z., & Brown, M. W. (1998). Differential encoding of novelty, familiarity, and recency in regions of the anterior temporal lobe. Neuropharmacology, 37, 657-676.
122. Yonelinas, A. P. (1994). Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: Evidence for a dual-process model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1341-1354.
123. Yonelinas, A. P. (1997). Recognition memory ROCs for item and associative information: The contribution of recollection and familiarity. Memory & Cognition, 25, 747-763.
124. Yonelinas, A. P. (2001). Consciousness, control, and confidence: The 3 Cs of recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 361-379.
125. Yonelinas. A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441-517.
126. Yonelinas, A. P., Dobbins, I., Szymanski, M. D., Dhaliwal, H. S., & King, L. (1996). Signal-detection, threshold, and dual-process models of recognition memory: ROCs and conscious recollection. Consciousness and Cognition, 5, 418-441.
127. Yonelinas. A. P., Hockley, W. E., & Murdock, B. B. (1992). Tests of the list-strength effect in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 345-355.
128. Zola, S. M., & Squire, L. R. (2001). Relationship between magnitude of damage to the hippocampus and impaired recognition memory in monkeys. Hippocampus. 11, 92-98.
129. Zola, S. M., Squire, L. R., Teng, E., Sefanacci, L., Buffalo, E., & Clark, R. E. (2000). Impaired recognition memory in monkeys after damage limited to the hippocampal region. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 451-463.
130. Zola-Morgan, S., Squire, L. R., & Amaral, D. G. (1986). Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: Enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, 6, 2950-2967.