Conceptual Automaticity in Recognition Memory: Levels-of-processing Effects on Familiarity

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 123-138

  Toth, Jeffrey P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CONCEPT FORMATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; REACTION TIME; READING; RECALL; SPEECH PERCEPTION;

ADULT; ATTENTION; CONCEPT FORMATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; REACTION TIME; READING; SPEECH PERCEPTION; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 0030094587     PISSN: 11961961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1196-1961.50.1.123     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Atkinson, R.C., & Juola, J.F. (1974). Search and decision processes in recognition memory. In D.H. Krantz, R.C. Atkinson, R.D. Luce, & P. Suppes (Eds.), Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology, Vol. 1: Learning, memory and thinking (pp. 243-293). San Francisco: Freeman.
2. Bauer, R.M., & Verfaellie, M. (1992). Memory dissociations: A cognitive psychophysiology perspective. In L.S. Squire & N. Butters (Eds.), Neuropsychology of memory. New York: The Guilford Press.
3. Blaxton, T.A. (1989). Investigating dissociations among memory measures: Support for a transfer appropriate processing framework. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 657-668.
4. Brown, A.S., & Mitchell, D.B. (1994). Levels of processing in implicit memory: A reevaluation. Memory & Cognition, 22, 533-541.
5. Cermak, L.S. (1979). Amnesic patients' level of processing. In L.S. Cermak & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 119-139). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Challis, B.H., & Brodbeck, D.R. (1992). Level of processing affect priming in word-fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 595-607.
7. Craik, F.I.M., & Kirsner, K. (1974). The effect of speaker's voice on word recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1974, 274-284.
8. Craik, F.I.M., & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.
9. Craik, F.I.M., Moscovitch, M., & McDowd, J.M. (1994). Contributions of surface and conceptual information to performance on implicit and explicit memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 864-875.
10. Craik, F.I.M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.
11. Dosher, B.A. (1984). Discriminating preexperimental (semantic) from learned (episodic) associations: A speed-accuracy study. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 519-555.
12. Dovidio, J.F., & Fazio, R.H. (1991). New technologies for the direct and indirect assessment of attitudes. In J. Tanur (Ed.), Questions about questions: Inquiries into the cognitive bases of surveys. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
13. Gardiner, J.M. (1988a). Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory & Cognition, 16, 309-313.
14. Gardiner, J.M. (1988b). Generation and priming effects in word-fragment completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 495-501.
15. Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R.M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67.
16. Graf, P., & Mandler, G. (1984). Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 553-568.
17. Graf, P., Squire, L.R., & Mandler, G. (1984). The information that amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 164-178.
18. Gronland, S.D., & Ratcliff, R. (1989). Time-course of item and associative information: Implications for global memory models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 846-858.
19. Hamann, S.B. (1990). Level-of-processing effects in conceptually driven implicit tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 970-977.
20. Hermann, D.J., McLaughlin, J.P., & Nelson, B.C. (1975). Visual and semantic factors in recognition from long-term memory. Memory & Cognition, 3, 381-384.
21. Hintzman, D.L., & Curran, T. (1994). Retrieval dynamics of recognition and frequency judgments: Evidence for separate processes of familiarity and recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 1-18.
22. Hunt, R.R, & Toth, J.P. (1990). Perceptual identification, fragment completion, and free recall: Concepts and data. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 282-290.
23. Jacoby, L.L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.
24. Jacoby, L.L., Begg, I.M., & Toth, J.P. (in press-a). In defense of functional independence: Violations of assumptions underlying the process-dissociation procedure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
25. Jacoby, L.L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 3, 306-340.
26. Jacoby, L.L., Jennings, J.M., & Hay, J.F. (in press-b). Dissociating automatic and consciously-controlled processes: Implications for diagnosis and rehabilitation of memory deficits. In D.J. Herrmann, M.K. Johnson, C. McEvoy, C. Hertzog, & P. Hertel (Eds.), Basic and applied memory research: Theory in context. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Jacoby, L.L. & Kelley, C.M. (1991). Unconscious influences of memory: Dissociations and automaticity. In D.M. &. M. Rugg (Eds.), The neuropsychology of consciousness (pp. 201-233). London, UK: Academic Press.
28. Jacoby, L.L., Kelley, C.M., & Dywan, J. (1989a). Memory attributions. In H.L. Roediger & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honor of Endel Tulving (pp. 391-422). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Jacoby, L.L., Toth, J.P., & Yonelinas, A.P. (1993b). Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139-154.
30. Jacoby, L.L. & Whitehouse, K. (1989). An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 126-135.
31. Jacoby, L.L., Woloshyn, V., & Kelley, C.M. (1989b). Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 115-125.
32. Jacoby, L.L., Yonelinas, A.P., & Jennings, J.M. (in press-c). The relationship between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In J. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to the question of consciousness. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Jennings, J.M. & Jacoby, L.L. (1993). Automatic versus intentional uses of memory: Aging, attention, and control. Psychology and Aging, 8, 283-293.
34. Johnson, M.K., & Hasher, L. (1987). Human learning and memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 631-668.
35. Johnston, W.A., Dark, V., & Jacoby, L.L. (1985). Perceptual fluency and recognition judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 5, 3-11.
36. Johnston, W.A., Hawley, K.J., & Elliott, J.M.G. (1991). Contribution of perceptual fluency to recognition judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 210-223.
37. Juola, J.F., Fischler, I., Wood, C.T., & Atkinson, R.C. (1971). Recognition time for information stored in long-term memory. Perception and Psychophysics, 10, 8-14.
38. Kelley, C.M. & Jacoby, L.L., & Hollingshead, A. (1989). Direct and indirect tests of memory for source: Judgments of modality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 1101-1108.
39. Kirsner, K. (1973). An analysis of the visual component in recognition memory for verbal stimuli. Memory & Cognition, 1, 449-453.
40. Koriat, A., & Feuerstein, N. (1976). The recovery of incidentally acquired information. Acta Psychologica, 40, 463-474.
41. Kucera, H., & Francis, W.M. (1967). Computational analysis of present day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
42. Light, L.L. (1991). Memory and aging: Four hypotheses in search of data. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 333-376.
43. Logan, G.D., & Cowan, W.B. (1984). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychological Review, 91, 295-327.
44. Mandler, G. (1980). Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review, 87, 252-271.
45. Mandler, G. (1991). Your face looks familiar but I can't remember your name: A review of dual process theory. In W.E. Hockley & S.Lewandowsky (Eds.), Relating theory and data: Essays on human memory in honor of Bennett B. Murdock (pp. 207-225). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Mandler, G., Graf, P., & Kraft, D. (1986). Activation and elaboration effects in recognition and word priming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38A, 645-662.
47. Mandler, G., Pearlstone, Z., & Koopmans, H.J. (1969). Effects of organization and semantic similarity on recall and recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 410-423.
48. Masson, M.E.J. (1989). Fluent reprocessing as an implicit expression of memory for experience. In S. Lewandowsky, J.C. Dunn, & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
49. Mayes, A., Meudell, P., & Neary, D. (1980). Do amnesics adopt inefficient encoding strategies with faces and random shapes? Neuropsychologia, 18, 527-540.
50. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1989). Inferences about contextually defined categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 1134-1146.
51. Mulligan, N., & Hirshman, E. (1995). Speed-accuracy tradeoffs and the dual-process model of recognition memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 1-18.
52. Neumann, O. (1984). Automatic processing: A review of recent findings and a plea for an old theory. In W. Prinz & A.F. Sanders (Eds.), Cognition and motor processes (pp. 255-293). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
53. Parkin, A.J., Reid, T.K., & Russo, R. (1990). On the differential nature of implicit and explicit memory. Memory & Cognition, 18, 507-514.
54. Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory & Cognition, 21, 89-102.
55. Rajaram, S., & Roediger, H.L. (1993). Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 765-776.
56. Reed, A.V. (1973). Speed-accuracy trade-off in recognition memory. Science, 181, 574-576.
57. Reingold, E.M., & Toth, J.P. (1996). Process dissociations versus task dissociations: A controversy in progress. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition (pp. 159-202). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Richardson-Klavehn, A., Gardiner, J.M., & Java, R.I. (in press). Memory: Task dissociations, process dissociations, and dissociations of awareness. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.
59. Roediger, H.L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention with remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
60. Roediger, H.L., & Blaxton, T.A. (1987a). Effects of varying modality, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word fragment completion. Memory & Cognition, 15, 379-388.
61. Roediger, H.L., & Blaxton, T.A. (1987b). Retrieval modes produce dissociations in memory. In D.S. Gorfein & R.R. Hoffman (Eds.), Memory and cognitive processes: The Ebbinghaus centennial conference (pp.349-379). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
62. Roediger, H.L. & McDermott, K.B. (1993). Implicit memory in normal human subjects. In J. Spinnler & F. Boller (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology, Vol. 8 (pp.63-131). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
63. Roediger, H.L., Weldon, M.S., & Challis, B.H. (1989). Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention; A processing account. In H.L. Roediger & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 3-41). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
64. Schacter, D.L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 501-518.
65. Squire, L.R., Shimamura, A.P., & Graf, P. (1987). Strength and duration of priming effects in normal subjects and amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia, 25, 195-210.
66. Toth, J. P. (1995). Unintentional influences and opposition: A reply to Graf. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, in press.
67. Toth, J.P. & Hunt, R.R. (1990). Effect of generation on a word-identification task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 993-1003.
68. Toth, J.P., Lindsay, D.S., & Jacoby, L.L. (1992). Awareness, automaticity, and memory dissociations. In L.R. Squire & N. Butters (Eds.), Neuropsychology of memory (pp. 46-57). New York: Guilford.
69. Toth, J.P., & Reingold, E.M. (1996). Beyond perception: Conceptual contributions to unconscious influences of memory. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Implicit cognition (pp. 41-84). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
70. Toth, J.P., Reingold, E.M., & Jacoby, L.L. (1994). Toward a redefinition of implicit memory: Process dissociations following elaborative processing and self-generation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 290-343.
71. Toth, J.P., Reingold, E.M., & Jacoby, L.L. (1995). A response to Graf and Komatsu's critique of the process dissociation procedure: When is caution necessary? European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 7, 113-130.
72. Verfaellie, M. & Treadwell, J.R. (1993). Status of recognition memory in amnesia. Neuropsychology, 7, 5-13.
73. Weldon, M.S. (1993). The time course of perceptual and conceptual contributions to word fragment completion priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 1010-1023.
74. Weldon, M.S., & Jackson-Barrett, J.L. (1993). Why do pictures produce priming on the word-fragment completion test? A study of encoding and retrieval factors. Memory & Cognition, 21, 519-528.
75. Whittlesea, B.W.A. (1993). Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 1235-1253.
76. Whittlesea, B.W.A., Jacoby, L.L., & Girard, K.A. (1990). Illusions of immediate memory: Evidence of an attributional basis for feelings of familiarity and perceptual quality. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 716-732.
77. Yonelinas, A.P. (1994). Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: Evidence for a dual-process model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1341-1354.
78. Yonelinas, A.P. & Jacoby, L.L. (1994). Dissociations of processes in recognition memory: Effects of interference and response speed. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, in press.
79. Yonelinas, A.P., Regehr, G., & Jacoby, L.L. (in press). Correcting for differences in response bias in a dual-process theory of memory. Journal of Memory and Language.