Suppression of the NF-κB pathway by diesel exhaust particles impairs human antimycobacterial immunity

Journal of Immunology

Volumn 188, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 2778-2793

  Sarkar, Srijata ^a   Song, Youngmia ^a   Sarkar, Somak ^a   Kipen, Howard M ^b   Laumbach, Robert J ^b   Zhang, Junfeng ^a,c   Ohman Strickland, Pamela A ^a   Gardner, Carol R ^d   Schwander, Stephan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIESEL FUEL; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; MESSENGER RNA; MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 88; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 10; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 7; TUBERCULIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADULT; AIR POLLUTION; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; CONTROLLED STUDY; CSF3 GENE; CXCL10 GENE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DOWN REGULATION; EFFECTOR CELL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXHAUST GAS; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE TARGETING; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IFNA GENE; IFNB GENE; IFNG GENE; IL1A GENE; IL6 GENE; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFECTION RISK; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; MALE; MARKER GENE; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NFKB1A GENE; NONHUMAN; NORMAL HUMAN; PARTICULATE MATTER; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ADULT; APOPTOSIS; CELL SURVIVAL; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; MALE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; MIDDLE AGED; MONOCYTES; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NF-KAPPA B; PARTICULATE MATTER; REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUBERCULOSIS; VEHICLE EMISSIONS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84863264700     PISSN: 00221767     EISSN: 15506606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101380     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. World Health Organization. 2008. Air Quality and Health. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
2. World Health Organization. 2009. Global Health Risks. Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
3. Cohen, A. J., H. Ross Anderson, B. Ostro, K. D. Pandey, M. Krzyzanowski, N. Künzli, K. Gutschmidt, A. Pope, I. Romieu, J. M. Samet, and K. Smith. 2005. The global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 68: 1301-1307. (Pubitemid 41806214)
4. Dye, C., and B. G. Williams. 2010. The population dynamics and control of tuberculosis. Science 328: 856-861.
5. Lin, H. H., M. Murray, T. Cohen, C. Colijn, and M. Ezzati. 2008. Effects of smoking and solid-fuel use on COPD, lung cancer, and tuberculosis in China: a time-based, multiple risk factor, modelling study. Lancet 372: 1473-1483.
6. Bieber, J., and A. Kavanaugh. 2003. Cigarette smoking, TB, and TNF inhibitors. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 62: 1118-1119. (Pubitemid 37323581)
7. Dheda, K., M. A. Johnson, A. Zumla, and G. A. Rook. 2004. Smoking is not beneficial for tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. CareMed. 170: 821, author reply 821.
8. Pai, M., A. Mohan, K. Dheda, C. C. Leung, W. W. Yew, D. J. Christopher, and S. K. Sharma. 2007. Lethal interaction: the colliding epidemics of tobacco and tuberculosis. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 5: 385-391. (Pubitemid 47050160)
9. Davies, P. D., W. W. Yew, D. Ganguly, A. L. Davidow, L. B. Reichman, K. Dheda, and G. A. Rook. 2006. Smoking and tuberculosis: the epidemiological association and immunopathogenesis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100: 291-298. (Pubitemid 43174829)
10. Lin, H. H., M. Ezzati, and M. Murray. 2007. Tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 4: e20.
11. Bates, M. N., A. Khalakdina, M. Pai, L. Chang, F. Lessa, and K. R. Smith. 2007. Risk of tuberculosis from exposure to tobacco smoke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 167: 335-342. (Pubitemid 46333932)
12. Cowie, R. L. 1994. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150: 1460-1462. (Pubitemid 24356669)
13. Rees, D., and J. Murray. 2007. Silica, silicosis and tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 11: 474-484. (Pubitemid 46732632)
14. Hnizdo, E., and J. Murray. 1998. Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis relative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South African gold miners. Occup. Environ. Med. 55: 496-502. (Pubitemid 28335394)
15. Tremblay, G. A. 2007. Historical statistics support a hypothesis linking tuberculosis and air pollution caused by coal. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 11: 722-732. (Pubitemid 47056980)
16. Manchester-Neesvig, J. B., J. J. Schauer, and G. R. Cass. 2003. The distribution of particle-phase organic compounds in the atmosphere and their use for source apportionment during the Southern California Children's Health Study. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 53: 1065-1079. (Pubitemid 37100141)
17. Houk, V. N., J. H. Baker, K. Sorensen, and D. C. Kent. 1968. The epidemiology of tuberculosis infection in a closed environment. Arch. Environ. Health 16: 26-35.
18. Houk, V. N. 1980. Spread of tuberculosis via recirculated air in a naval vessel: the Byrd study. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 353: 10-24. (Pubitemid 11185041)
19. Ratcliffe, H. L. 1952. Tuberculosis induced by droplet nuclei infection; pulmonary tuberculosis of predetermined initial intensity in mammals. Am. J. Hyg. 55: 36-47.
20. Riley, R. L., C. C. Mills, F. O'Grady, L. U. Sultan, F. Wittstadt, and D. N. Shivpuri. 1962. Infectiousness of air from a tuberculosis ward. Ultraviolet irradiation of infected air: comparative infectiousness of different patients. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 85: 511-525.
21. Dheda, K., S. K. Schwander, B. Zhu, R. N. van Zyl-Smit, and Y. Zhang. 2010. The immunology of tuberculosis: from bench to bedside. Respirology 15: 433-450.
22. Schwander, S. K., M. Torres, E. Sada, C. Carranza, E. Ramos, M. Tary-Lehmann, R. S. Wallis, J. Sierra, and E. A. Rich. 1998. Enhanced responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens by human alveolar lymphocytes during active pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 178: 1434-1445.
23. Schwander, S. K., M. Torres, C. Carranza C, D. Escobedo, M. Tary-Lehmann, P. Anderson, Z. Toossi, J. J. Ellner, E. A. Rich, and E. Sada. 2000. Pulmonary mononuclear cell responses to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in healthy household contacts of patients with active tuberculosis and healthy controls from the community. J. Immunol. 165: 1479-1485. (Pubitemid 30604581)
24. Carranza, C., E. Juárez, M. Torres, J. J. Ellner, E. Sada, and S. K. Schwander. 2006. Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control by lung macrophages and CD8 cells from patient contacts. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173: 238-245. (Pubitemid 43187898)
25. Kaufmann, S. H. 2001. How can immunology contribute to the control of tuberculosis? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1: 20-30. (Pubitemid 33741972)
26. MacMicking, J. D., R. J. North, R. LaCourse, J. S. Mudgett, S. K. Shah, and C. F. Nathan. 1997. Identification of nitric oxide synthase as a protective locus against tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 5243-5248.
27. Cooper, A. M., D. K. Dalton, T. A. Stewart, J. P. Griffin, D. G. Russell, and I. M. Orme. 1993. Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon gamma gene-disrupted mice. J. Exp. Med. 178: 2243-2247. (Pubitemid 23344885)
28. Flynn, J. L., J. Chan, K. J. Triebold, D. K. Dalton, T. A. Stewart, and B. R. Bloom. 1993. An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Exp. Med. 178: 2249-2254. (Pubitemid 23344886)
29. Jouanguy, E., S. Lamhamedi-Cherradi, F. Altare, M. C. Fondanèche, D. Tuerlinckx, S. Blanche, J. F. Emile, J. L. Gaillard, R. Schreiber, M. Levin, et al. 1997. Partial interferon-gamma receptor 1 deficiency in a child with tuberculoid bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection and a sibling with clinical tuberculosis. J. Clin. Invest. 100: 2658-2664. (Pubitemid 28007532)
30. Jouanguy, E., F. Altare, S. Lamhamedi-Cherradi, and J. L. Casanova. 1997. Infections in IFNGR-1-deficient children. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 17: 583-587. (Pubitemid 27451154)
31. Caragol, I., M. Raspall, C. Fieschi, J. Feinberg, M. N. Larrosa, M. Hernández, C. Figueras, J. M. Bertrán, J. L. Casanova, and T. Español. 2003. Clinical tuberculosis in 2 of 3 siblings with interleukin-12 receptor beta1 deficiency. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37: 302-306. (Pubitemid 36930362)
32. Altare, F., A. Ensser, A. Breiman, J. Reichenbach, J. E. Baghdadi, A. Fischer, J. F. Emile, J. L. Gaillard, E. Meinl, and J. L. Casanova. 2001. Interleukin-12 receptor beta1 deficiency in a patient with abdominal tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 184: 231-236. (Pubitemid 32614057)
33. Picard, C., C. Fieschi, F. Altare, S. Al-Jumaah, S. Al-Hajjar, J. Feinberg, S. Dupuis, C. Soudais, I. Z. Al-Mohsen, E. Génin, et al. 2002. Inherited interleukin-12 deficiency: IL12B genotype and clinical phenotype of 13 patients from six kindreds. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70: 336-348. (Pubitemid 34112289)
34. Flynn, J. L., M. M. Goldstein, J. Chan, K. J. Triebold, K. Pfeffer, C. J. Lowenstein, R. Schreiber, T. W. Mak, and B. R. Bloom. 1995. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is required in the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Immunity 2: 561-572.
35. Flynn, J. L., and J. Chan. 2001. Tuberculosis: latency and reactivation. Infect. Immun. 69: 4195-4201. (Pubitemid 32574413)
36. Keane, J., S. Gershon, R. P. Wise, E. Mirabile-Levens, J. Kasznica, W. D. Schwieterman, J. N. Siegel, and M. M. Braun. 2001. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N. Engl. J. Med. 345: 1098-1104.
37. Wallis, R. S. 2008. Tumour necrosis factor antagonists: structure, function, and tuberculosis risks. Lancet Infect. Dis. 8: 601-611.
38. Bulut, Y., K. S. Michelsen, L. Hayrapetian, Y. Naiki, R. Spallek, M. Singh, and M. Arditi. 2005. Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock proteins use diverse Toll-like receptor pathways to activate pro-inflammatory signals. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 20961-20967. (Pubitemid 40805653)
39. Means, T. K., S. Wang, E. Lien, A. Yoshimura, D. T. Golenbock, and M. J. Fenton. 1999. Human toll-like receptors mediate cellular activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 163: 3920-3927. (Pubitemid 29450920)
40. Means, T. K., B. W. Jones, A. B. Schromm, B. A. Shurtleff, J. A. Smith, J. Keane, D. T. Golenbock, S. N. Vogel, and M. J. Fenton. 2001. Differential effects of a Toll-like receptor antagonist on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced macrophage responses. J. Immunol. 166: 4074-4082. (Pubitemid 32224938)
41. Reiling, N., C. Hölscher, A. Fehrenbach, S. Kröger, C. J. Kirschning, S. Goyert, and S. Ehlers. 2002. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor (TLR)2- and TLR4-mediated pathogen recognition in resistance to airborne infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 169: 3480-3484.
42. Bafica, A., C. A. Scanga, C. G. Feng, C. Leifer, A. Cheever, and A. Sher. 2005. TLR9 regulates Th1 responses and cooperates with TLR2 in mediating optimal resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Exp. Med. 202: 1715-1724. (Pubitemid 41815877)
43. Pompei, L., S. Jang, B. Zamlynny, S. Ravikumar, A. McBride, S. P. Hickman, and P. Salgame. 2007. Disparity in IL-12 release in dendritic cells and macrophages in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to use of distinct TLRs. J. Immunol. 178: 5192-5199. (Pubitemid 46595303)
44. Liu, P. T., and R. L. Modlin. 2008. Human macrophage host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20: 371-376.
45. Noss, E. H., R. K. Pai, T. J. Sellati, J. D. Radolf, J. Belisle, D. T. Golenbock, W. H. Boom, and C. V. Harding. 2001. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent inhibition of macrophage class II MHC expression and antigen processing by 19-kDa lipoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 167: 910-918. (Pubitemid 32660847)
46. Takeda, K., T. Kaisho, and S. Akira. 2003. Toll-like receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21: 335-376. (Pubitemid 37174535)
47. Akira, S., and K. Takeda. 2004. Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4: 499-511. (Pubitemid 38931765)
48. Trinchieri, G., and A. Sher. 2007. Cooperation of Toll-like receptor signals in innate immune defence. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7: 179-190.
49. Yamamoto, M., K. Takeda, and S. Akira. 2004. TIR domain-containing adaptors define the specificity of TLR signaling. Mol. Immunol. 40: 861-868. (Pubitemid 38032809)
50. Singh, S. B., A. S. Davis, G. A. Taylor, and V. Deretic. 2006. Human IRGM induces autophagy to eliminate intracellular mycobacteria. Science 313: 1438-1441. (Pubitemid 44360272)
51. Henderson, R. A., S. C. Watkins, and J. L. Flynn. 1997. Activation of human dendritic cells following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 159: 635-643. (Pubitemid 127484212)
52. Giacomini, E., E. Iona, L. Ferroni, M. Miettinen, L. Fattorini, G. Orefici, I. Julkunen, and E. M. Coccia. 2001. Infection of human macrophages and dendritic cells with Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces a differential cytokine gene expression that modulates T cell response. J. Immunol. 166: 7033-7041. (Pubitemid 32525572)
53. Rich, E. A., J. R. Panuska, R. S.Wallis, C. B.Wolf, M. L. Leonard, and J. J. Ellner. 1989. Dyscoordinate expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139: 1010-1016. (Pubitemid 19094330)
54. Law, K., M. Weiden, T. Harkin, K. Tchou-Wong, C. Chi, and W. N. Rom. 1996. Increased release of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factoralpha by bronchoalveolar cells lavaged from involved sites in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153: 799-804.
55. Vankayalapati, R., B. Wizel, D. L. Lakey, Y. Zhang, K. A. Coffee, D. E. Griffith, and P. F. Barnes. 2001. T cells enhance production of IL-18 by monocytes in response to an intracellular pathogen. J. Immunol. 166: 6749-6753. (Pubitemid 32467219)
56. Zissel, G., I. Bäumer, M. Schlaak, and J. Müller-Quernheim. 2000. In vitro release of interleukin-15 by broncho-alveolar lavage cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with different lung diseases. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 11: 105-112. (Pubitemid 30145410)
57. Bonecini-Almeida, M. G., J. L. Ho, N. Boéchat, R. C. Huard, S. Chitale, H. Doo, J. Geng, L. Rego, L. C. Lazzarini, A. L. Kritski, et al. 2004. Downmodulation of lung immune responses by interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and analysis of TGF-beta receptors I and II in active tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 72: 2628-2634.
58. Krutzik, S. R., P. A. Sieling, and R. L. Modlin. 2001. The role of Toll-like receptors in host defense against microbial infection. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13: 104-108. (Pubitemid 32096968)
59. Ohtani, T., S. Nakagawa, M. Kurosawa, M. Mizuashi, M. Ozawa, and S. Aiba. 2005. Cellular basis of the role of diesel exhaust particles in inducing Th2- dominant response. J. Immunol. 174: 2412-2419. (Pubitemid 40223991)
60. Finkelman, F. D., M. Yang, T. Orekhova, E. Clyne, J. Bernstein, M. Whitekus, D. Diaz-Sanchez, and S. C. Morris. 2004. Diesel exhaust particles suppress in vivo IFN-gamma production by inhibiting cytokine effects on NK and NKT cells. J. Immunol. 172: 3808-3813. (Pubitemid 38337966)
61. Chan, R. C., M. Wang, N. Li, Y. Yanagawa, K. Onoé, J. J. Lee, and A. E. Nel. 2006. Pro-oxidative diesel exhaust particle chemicals inhibit LPS-induced dendritic cell responses involved in T-helper differentiation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 118: 455-465. (Pubitemid 44142730)
62. Hiramatsu, K., Y. Saito, K. Sakakibara, A. Azuma, H. Takizawa, and I. Sugawara. 2005. The effects of inhalation of diesel exhaust on murine mycobacterial infection. Exp. Lung Res. 31: 405-415. (Pubitemid 40563305)
63. Yin, X. J., C. C. Dong, J. Y. Ma, J. R. Roberts, J. M. Antonini, and J. K. Ma. 2007. Suppression of phagocytic and bactericidal functions of rat alveolar macrophages by the organic component of diesel exhaust particles. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70: 820-828. (Pubitemid 46633969)
64. Yang, H. M., J. M. Antonini, M. W. Barger, L. Butterworth, B. R. Roberts, J. K. Ma, V. Castranova, and J. Y. Ma. 2001. Diesel exhaust particles suppress macrophage function and slow the pulmonary clearance of Listeria monocytogenes in rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 109: 515-521. (Pubitemid 32998810)
65. Sagai, M., H. Saito, T. Ichinose, M. Kodama, and Y. Mori. 1993. Biological effects of diesel exhaust particles. I. In vitro production of superoxide and in vivo toxicity in mouse. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 14: 37-47. (Pubitemid 23024256)
66. Bøyum, A. 1976. Isolation of lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages. Scand. J. Immunol. 5(Suppl 5): 9-15.
67. Guerkov, R. E., O. S. Targoni, C. R. Kreher, B. O. Boehm, M. T. Herrera, M. Tary-Lehmann, P. V. Lehmann, and S. K. Schwander. 2003. Detection of low-frequency antigen-specific IL-10-producing CD4(+) T cells via ELISPOT in PBMC: cognate vs. nonspecific production of the cytokine. J. Immunol. Methods 279: 111-121. (Pubitemid 37297495)
68. Nakamura, T., S. K. Schwander, R. Donnelly, F. Ortega, F. Togo, G. Broderick, Y. Yamamoto, N. S. Cherniack, D. Rapoport, and B. H. Natelson. 2010. Cytokines across the night in chronic fatigue syndrome with and without fibromyalgia. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 17: 582-587.
69. Li, N., M. Wang, T. D. Oberley, J. M. Sempf, and A. E. Nel. 2002. Comparison of the pro-oxidative and proinflammatory effects of organic diesel exhaust particle chemicals in bronchial epithelial cells and macrophages. J. Immunol. 169: 4531-4541. (Pubitemid 35178231)
70. Singh, P., D. M. DeMarini, C. A. Dick, D. G. Tabor, J. V. Ryan, W. P. Linak, T. Kobayashi, and M. I. Gilmour. 2004. Sample characterization of automobile and forklift diesel exhaust particles and comparative pulmonary toxicity in mice. Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 820-825. (Pubitemid 38811922)
71. Pan, C. J., D. A. Schmitz, A. K. Cho, J. Froines, and J. M. Fukuto. 2004. Inherent redox properties of diesel exhaust particles: catalysis of the generation of reactive oxygen species by biological reductants. Toxicol. Sci. 81: 225-232. (Pubitemid 39199880)
72. Bonay, M., A. Chambellan, M. Grandsaigne, M. Aubier, and P. Soler. 2006. Effects of diesel particles on the control of intracellular mycobacterial growth by human macrophages in vitro. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 46: 419-425.
73. Bhatt, K., and P. Salgame. 2007. Host innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Immunol. 27: 347-362. (Pubitemid 46906653)
74. Redford, P. S., A. Boonstra, S. Read, J. Pitt, C. Graham, E. Stavropoulos, G. J. Bancroft, and A. O'Garra. 2010. Enhanced protection to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in IL-10-deficient mice is accompanied by early and enhanced Th1 responses in the lung. Eur. J. Immunol. 40: 2200-2210.
75. Redford, P. S., P. J. Murray, and A. O'Garra. 2011. The role of IL-10 in immune regulation during M. tuberculosis infection. Mucosal Immunol. 4: 261-270.
76. O'Leary, S., M. P. O'Sullivan, and J. Keane. 2011. IL-10 blocks phagosome maturation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human macrophages. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 45: 172-180.
77. Almeida, A. S., P. M. Lago, N. Boechat, R. C. Huard, L. C. Lazzarini, A. R. Santos, M. Nociari, H. Zhu, B. M. Perez-Sweeney, H. Bang, et al. 2009. Tuberculosis is associated with a down-modulatory lung immune response that impairs Th1-type immunity. J. Immunol. 183: 718-731.
78. Oberdörster, G., E. Oberdö rster, and J. Oberdörster. 2005. Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 113: 823-839. (Pubitemid 40984181)
79. Medvedev, A. E., P. Henneke, A. Schromm, E. Lien, R. Ingalls, M. J. Fenton, D. T. Golenbock, and S. N. Vogel. 2001. Induction of tolerance to lipopolysaccharide and mycobacterial components in Chinese hamster ovary/CD14 cells is not affected by overexpression of Toll-like receptors 2 or 4. J. Immunol. 167: 2257-2267. (Pubitemid 32747538)
80. Medvedev, A. E., I. Sabroe, J. D. Hasday, and S. N. Vogel. 2006. Tolerance to microbial TLR ligands: molecular mechanisms and relevance to disease. J. Endotoxin Res. 12: 133-150. (Pubitemid 47487520)
81. Medvedev, A. E., W. Piao, J. Shoenfelt, S. H. Rhee, H. Chen, S. Basu, L. M. Wahl, M. J. Fenton, and S. N. Vogel. 2007. Role of TLR4 tyrosine phosphorylation in signal transduction and endotoxin tolerance. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 16042-16053. (Pubitemid 47100380)
82. Takeda, K., and S. Akira. 2005. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity. Int. Immunol. 17: 1-14.
83. Saxena, R. K., Q. B. Saxena, D. N. Weissman, J. P. Simpson, T. A. Bledsoe, and D. M. Lewis. 2003. Effect of diesel exhaust particulate on bacillus Calmette-Guerin lung infection in mice and attendant changes in lung interstitial lymphoid subpopulations and IFNgamma response. Toxicol. Sci. 73: 66-71. (Pubitemid 36609087)
84. Bayram, H., J. L. Devalia, R. J. Sapsford, T. Ohtoshi, Y. Miyabara, M. Sagai, and R. J. Davies. 1998. The effect of diesel exhaust particles on cell function and release of inflammatory mediators from human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 18: 441-448. (Pubitemid 128354103)
85. Vogel, C. F., E. Sciullo, P. Wong, P. Kuzmicky, N. Kado, and F. Matsumura. 2005. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein in human macrophage cell line U937 exposed to air pollution particulates. Environ. Health Perspect. 113: 1536-1541. (Pubitemid 41614908)
86. Seagrave, J., C. Knall, J. D. McDonald, and J. L. Mauderly. 2004. Diesel particulate material binds and concentrates a proinflammatory cytokine that causes neutrophil migration. Inhal. Toxicol. 16(Suppl 1): 93-98. (Pubitemid 38923905)
87. Becker, S., and J. M. Soukup. 1999. Exposure to urban air particulates alters the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response to respiratory viral infection. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 57: 445-457. (Pubitemid 29405935)
88. Amakawa, K., T. Terashima, T. Matsuzaki, A. Matsumaru, M. Sagai, and K. Yamaguchi. 2003. Suppressive effects of diesel exhaust particles on cytokine release from human and murine alveolar macrophages. Exp. Lung Res. 29: 149-164. (Pubitemid 36469977)
89. Mundandhara, S. D., S. Becker, and M. C. Madden. 2006. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on human alveolar macrophage ability to secrete inflammatory mediators in response to lipopolysaccharide. Toxicol. In Vitro 20: 614-624. (Pubitemid 43948879)
90. Pacheco, K. A., M. Tarkowski, C. Sterritt, J. Negri, L. J. Rosenwasser, and L. Borish. 2001. The influence of diesel exhaust particles on mononuclear phagocytic cell-derived cytokines: IL-10, TGF-beta and IL-1 beta. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 126: 374-383. (Pubitemid 34008706)
91. Auger, F., M. C. Gendron, C. Chamot, F. Marano, and A. C. Dazy. 2006. Responses of well-differentiated nasal epithelial cells exposed to particles: role of the epithelium in airway inflammation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 215: 285-294. (Pubitemid 44313958)
92. Thoma-Uszynski, S., S. Stenger, O. Takeuchi, M. T. Ochoa, M. Engele, P. A. Sieling, P. F. Barnes, M. Rollinghoff, P. L. Bolcskei, M. Wagner, et al. 2001. Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors. Science 291: 1544-1547. (Pubitemid 32179220)
93. Williams, M. A., C. Cheadle, T. Watkins, A. Tailor, S. Killedar, P. Breysse, K. C. Barnes, and S. N. Georas. 2007. TLR2 and TLR4 as Potential Biomarkers of Environmental Particulate Matter Exposed Human Myeloid Dendritic Cells. Biomark. Insights 2: 226-240.
94. Williams, M. A., M. Porter, M. Horton, J. Guo, J. Roman, D. Williams, P. Breysse, and S. N. Georas. 2007. Ambient particulate matter directs nonclassic dendritic cell activation and a mixed TH1/TH2-like cytokine response by naive CD4+ T cells. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 119: 488-497. (Pubitemid 46204812)
95. Doyle, S. L., and L. A. O'Neill. 2006. Toll-like receptors: from the discovery of NFkappaB to new insights into transcriptional regulations in innate immunity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 72: 1102-1113. (Pubitemid 44468394)
96. Miggin, S. M., and L. A. O'Neill. 2006. New insights into the regulation of TLR signaling. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80: 220-226. (Pubitemid 44835495)
97. Chen, H., M. J. Cowan, J. D. Hasday, S. N. Vogel, and A. E. Medvedev. 2007. Tobacco smoking inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of IL-1R-associated kinase, p38, and NF-kappaB in alveolar macrophages stimulated with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists. J. Immunol. 179: 6097-6106.
98. Diaz-Sanchez, D., A. Tsien, J. Fleming, and A. Saxon. 1997. Combined diesel exhaust particulate and ragweed allergen challenge markedly enhances human in vivo nasal ragweed-specific IgE and skews cytokine production to a T helper cell 2-type pattern. J. Immunol. 158: 2406-2413. (Pubitemid 127470028)
99. Diaz-Sanchez, D., L. Proietti, and R. Polosa. 2003. Diesel fumes and the rising prevalence of atopy: an urban legend? Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 3: 146-152. (Pubitemid 39467928)
100. Diaz-Sanchez, D., M. P. Garcia, M. Wang, M. Jyrala, and A. Saxon. 1999. Nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles can induce sensitization to a neoallergen in the human mucosa. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104: 1183-1188. (Pubitemid 30004977)
101. Polosa, R., S. Salvi, and G. U. Di Maria. 2002. Allergic susceptibility associated with diesel exhaust particle exposure: clear as mud. Arch. Environ. Health 57: 188-193. (Pubitemid 36014929)
102. Takano, H., T. Ichinose, Y. Miyabara, T. Yoshikawa, and M. Sagai. 1998. Diesel exhaust particles enhance airway responsiveness following allergen exposure in mice. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 20: 329-336. (Pubitemid 28305555)
103. Yanagisawa, R., H. Takano, K. I. Inoue, T. Ichinose, K. Sadakane, S. Yoshino, K. Yamaki, T. Yoshikawa, and K. Hayakawa. 2006. Components of diesel exhaust particles differentially affect Th1/Th2 response in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Clin. Exp. Allergy 36: 386-395. (Pubitemid 43344721)
104. Gordon, S., and F. O. Martinez. 2010. Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions. Immunity 32: 593-604.
105. Varin, A., and S. Gordon. 2009. Alternative activation of macrophages: immune function and cellular biology. Immunobiology 214: 630-641.
106. Porta, C., M. Rimoldi, G. Raes, L. Brys, P. Ghezzi, D. Di Liberto, F. Dieli, S. Ghisletti, G. Natoli, P. De Baetselier, et al. 2009. Tolerance and M2 (alternative) macrophage polarization are related processes orchestrated by p50 nuclear factor kappaB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 14978-14983.
107. Saxena, Q. B., R. K. Saxena, P. D. Siegel, and D. M. Lewis. 2003. Identification of organic fractions of diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) which inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production from a murine macrophage cell line. Toxicol. Lett. 143: 317-322. (Pubitemid 36773956)