Selenium-rich foods: A promising approach to colorectal cancer prevention

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 165-172

  Hu, Ying ^a   McIntosh, Graeme H ^a   Young, Graeme P ^a  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chemoprevention; Colorectal cancer; Health benefit; Selenium; Selenium rich foods

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; FERTILIZER; SELENIUM; SELENOCYSTEINE; SELENOMETHIONINE; SELENOPROTEIN;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BIOAVAILABILITY; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RECURRENCE; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; COLORECTAL ADENOMA; COLORECTAL CANCER; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA REPAIR; ECOLOGY; FATTY ACID METABOLISM; FOOD; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK REDUCTION; SELENIUM RICH FOOD;

ANIMALS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; FOOD; HUMANS; SELENIUM; SELENOPROTEINS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84862940798     PISSN: 13892010     EISSN: 18734316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920112798868809     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Davis, C.D.; Milner, J.A. Molecular targets for nutritional preemption of cancer. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets, 2007, 7(5), 410-415.
2. Giovannucci, E. Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am., 2002, 31(4), 925-943.
3. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington. DC: AICR, 2007.
4. Rayman, M.P. Selenoproteins and human health: Insights from epidemiological data. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2009, 1790(11), 1533-1540.
5. Rayman, M.P. The use of high-selenium yeast to raise selenium status: how does it measure up? Br. J. Nutr., 2004, 92(4), 557-573.
6. Rayman, M.P. Food-chain selenium and human health: emphasis on intake. Br. J. Nutr., 2008, 100(2), 254-268.
7. Rayman, M.P. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet, 2000, 356(9225), 233-241.
8. Rayman, M.P. Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 2005, 64(4), 527-542.
9. Ip, C.; Lisk, D.J.; Scimeca, J.A. Potential of food modification in cancer prevention. Cancer Res., 1994, 54(7 Suppl), 1957s-1959s.
10. Finley, J.W.; Davis, C.D.; Feng, Y. Selenium from high selenium broccoli protects rats from colon cancer. J. Nutr., 2000, 130(9), 2384-2389.
11. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vitamin and mineral supplementation. J. Am. Diet Assoc., 1996, 96, 73-77.
12. Williams, C.D.; Satia, J.A.; Adair, L.S.; Stevens, J.; Galanko, J.; Keku, T.O.; Sandler, R.S. Antioxidant and DNA methylationrelated nutrients and risk of distal colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control, 2010.
13. Schrauzer, G.N. Selenium. Mechanistic aspects of anticarcinogenic action. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 1992, 33, 51-62.
14. Schrauzer, G.N.; White, D.A.; Schneider, C.J. Cancer mortality correlation studies--III: statistical associations with dietary selenium intakes. Bioinorg. Chem., 1977, 7(1), 23-31.
15. Jacobs, E.T.; Jiang, R.; Alberts, D.S.; Greenberg, E.R.; Gunter, E.W.; Karagas, M.R.; Lanza, E.; Ratnasinghe, L.; Reid, M.E.; Schatzkin, A.; Smith-Warner, S.A.; Wallace, K.; Martinez, M.E. Selenium and colorectal adenoma: results of a pooled analysis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2004, 96(22), 1669-1675.
16. Peters, U.; Chatterjee, N.; Church, T.R.; Mayo, C.; Sturup, S.; Foster, C.B.; Schatzkin, A.; Hayes, R.B. High serum selenium and reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenoma in a colorectal cancer early detection program. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2006, 15(2), 315-320.
17. Fernandez-Banares, F.; Cabre, E.; Esteve, M.; Mingorance, M.D.; Abad-Lacruz, A.; Lachica, M.; Gil, A.; Gassull, M.A. Serum selenium and risk of large size colorectal adenomas in a geographical area with a low selenium status. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 2002, 97(8), 2103-2108.
18. Connelly-Frost, A.; Poole, C.; Satia, J.A.; Kupper, L.L.; Millikan, R.C.; Sandler, R.S. Selenium, apoptosis, and colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2006, 15(3), 486-493.
19. Connelly-Frost, A.; Poole, C.; Satia, J.A.; Kupper, L.L.; Millikan, R.C.; Sandler, R.S. Selenium, folate, and colon cancer. Nutr. Cancer. 2009, 61(2), 165-178.
20. Russo, M.W.; Murray, S.C.; Wurzelmann, J.I.; Woosley, J.T.; Sandler, R.S. Plasma selenium levels and the risk of colorectal adenomas. Nutr. Cancer. 1997, 28(2), 125-129.
21. Garland, M.; Morris, J.S.; Stampfer, M.J.; Colditz, G.A.; Spate, V.L.; Baskett, C.K.; Rosner, B.; Speizer, F.E.; Willett, W.C.; Hunter, D.J. Prospective study of toenail selenium levels and cancer among women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1995, 87(7), 497-505.
22. Nelson, R.L.; Davis, F.G.; Sutter, E.; Kikendall, J.W.; Sobin, L.H.; Milner, J.A.; Bowen, P.E. Serum selenium and colonic neoplastic risk. Dis. Colon Rectu., 1995, 38(12), 1306-1310.
23. Wallace, K.; Byers, T.; Morris, J.S.; Cole, B.F.; Greenberg, E.R.; Baron, J.A.; Gudino, A.; Spate, V.; Karagas, M.R. Prediagnostic serum selenium concentration and the risk of recurrent colorectal adenoma: a nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2003, 12(5), 464-467.
24. Clark, L.C.; Combs, G.F., Jr.; Turnbull, B.W.; Slate, E.H.; Chalker, D.K.; Chow, J.; Davis, L.S.; Glover, R.A.; Graham, G.F.; Gross, E.G.; Krongrad, A.; Lesher, J.L., Jr.; Park, H.K.; Sanders, B.B., Jr.; Smith, C.L.; Taylor, J.R. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA, 1996, 276(24), 1957-1963.
25. Duffield-Lillico, A.J.; Reid, M.E.; Turnbull, B.W.; Combs, G.F., Jr.; Slate, E.H.; Fischbach, L.A.; Marshall, J.R.; Clark, L.C. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2002, 11(7), 630-639.
26. Blot, W.J.; Li, J.Y.; Taylor, P.R.; Guo, W.; Dawsey, S.; Wang, G.Q.; Yang, C.S.; Zheng, S.F.; Gail, M.; Li, G.Y. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/ mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1993, 85(18), 1483-1492.
27. Qiao, Y.L.; Dawsey, S.M.; Kamangar, F.; Fan, J.H.; Abnet, C.C.; Sun, X.D.; Johnson, L.L.; Gail, M.H.; Dong, Z.W.; Yu, B.; Mark, S.D.; Taylor, P.R. Total and cancer mortality after supplementation with vitamins and minerals: follow-up of the Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2009, 101(7), 507-518.
28. Reid, M.E.; Duffield-Lillico, A.J.; Sunga, A.; Fakih, M.; Alberts, D.S.; Marshall, J.R. Selenium supplementation and colorectal adenomas: an analysis of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial. Int. J. Cancer, 2006, 118(7), 1777-1781.
29. Papaioannou, D.; Cooper, K.; Christopher Carroll, C.; Hind, D.; Pilgrim, H.; Tappenden, P.; Logan, R.F. Antioxidants in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis., 2010.
30. Lippman, S.M.; Klein, E.A.; Goodman, P.J.; Lucia, M.S.; Thompson, I.M.; Ford, L.G.; Parnes, H.L.; Minasian, L.M.; Gaziano, J.M.; Hartline, J.A.; Parsons, J.K.; Bearden, J.D., 3rd; Crawford, E.D.; Goodman, G.E.; Claudio, J.; Winquist, E.; Cook, E.D.; Karp, D.D.; Walther, P.; Lieber, M.M.; Kristal, A.R.; Darke, A.K.; Arnold, K.B.; Ganz, P.A.; Santella, R.M.; Albanes, D.; Taylor, P.R.; Probstfield, J.L.; Jagpal, T.J.; Crowley, J.J.; Meyskens, F.L., Jr.; Baker, L.H.; Coltman, C.A., Jr. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA, 2009, 301(1), 39-51.
31. Reid, M.E.; Duffield-Lillico, A.J.; Slate, E.; Natarajan, N.; Turnbull, B.; Jacobs, E.; Combs, G.F., Jr.; Alberts, D.S.; Clark, L.C.; Marshall, J.R. The nutritional prevention of cancer: 400 mcg per day selenium treatment. Nutr. Cancer, 2008, 60(2), 155-163.
32. Rudolf, E.; Kralova, V.; Cervinka, M. Selenium and colon cancerfrom chemoprevention to new treatment modality. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem., 2008, 8(6), 598-602.
33. Medina, D. Mechanisms of selenium inhibition of tumorigenesis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1986, 206, 465-472.
34. El-Bayoumy, K.; Sinha, R. Molecular chemoprevention by selenium: a genomic approach. Mutat. Res., 2005, 591(1-2), 224-236.
35. El-Bayoumy, K. The protective role of selenium on genetic damage and on cancer. Mutat. Res., 2001, 475(1-2), 123-139.
36. Finley, J.W. Reduction of cancer risk by consumption of seleniumenriched plants: enrichment of broccoli with selenium increases the anticarcinogenic properties of broccoli. J. Med. Food, 2003, 6(1), 19-26.
37. Shamberger, R.J.; Frost, D.F. Possible protective effect of selenium against human cancer. Canad. Med. Assoc. J., 1969, 100, 682.
38. Combs, G.F., Jr.; Gray, W.P. Chemopreventive agents: selenium. Pharmacol. Ther., 1998, 79(3), 179-192.
39. El-Bayoumy, K.; Upadhyaya, P.; Chae, Y.H.; Sohn, O.S.; Rao, C.V.; Fiala, E.; Reddy, B.S. Chemoprevention of cancer by organoselenium compounds. J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 1995, 22, 92-100.
40. Nayini, J.R.; Sugie, S.; el-Bayoumy, K.; Rao, C.V.; Rigotty, J.; Sohn, O.S.; Reddy, B.S. Effect of dietary benzylselenocyanate on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Nutr. Cancer, 1991, 15(2), 129-139.
41. Heard, J.W.; Stockdale, C.R.; Walker, G.P.; Leddin, C.M.; Dunshea, F.R.; McIntosh, G.H.; Shields, P.M.; McKenna, A.; Young, G.P.; Doyle, P.T. Increasing selenium concentration in milk: effects of amount of selenium from yeast and cereal grain supplements. J. Dairy Sci., 2007, 90(9), 4117-4127.
42. Letavayova, L.; Vlckova, V.; Brozmanova, J. Selenium: from cancer prevention to DNA damage. Toxicology, 2006, 227(1-2), 1-14.
43. Ip, C. Lessons from basic research in selenium and cancer prevention. J. Nutr., 1998, 128(11), 1845-1854.
44. McIntosh, G.H.; Royle, P.J.; Lesno, S.; Scherer, B.L. Selenised casein protects against AOM-induced colon tumors in Sprague Dawley rats. Nutr. Cancer, 2006, 54(2), 209-215.
45. Reddy, B.S.; Hirose, Y.; Lubet, R.A.; Steele, V.E.; Kelloff, G.J.; Rao, C.V. Lack of chemopreventive efficacy of DLselenomethionine in colon carcinogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Med., 2000, 5(4), 327-330.
46. Reddy, B.S.; Rivenson, A.; El-Bayoumy, K.; Upadhyaya, P.; Pittman, B.; Rao, C.V. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by organoselenium compounds and impact of high-or low-fat diets. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1997, 89(7), 506-512.
47. Reddy, B.S.; Hirose, Y.; Lubet, R.; Steele, V.; Kelloff, G.; Paulson, S.; Seibert, K.; Rao, C.V. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, administered during different stages of carcinogenesis. Cancer Res., 2000, 60(2), 293-297.
48. Hu, Y.; McIntosh, G.H.; Le Leu, R.K.; Woodman, R.; Young, G.P. Suppression of colorectal oncogenesis by selenium-enriched milk proteins: apoptosis and K-ras mutations. Cancer Res., 2008, 68(12), 4936-4944.
49. Mukherjee, B.; Basu, M.; Chatterjee, M. Effect of selenomethionine on N-methylnitronitrosoguanidine-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 2001, 10(4), 347-355.
50. Shiobara, Y.; Yoshida, T.; Suzuki, K.T. Effects of dietary selenium species on Se concentrations in hair, blood, and urine. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 1998, 152(2), 309-314.
51. Terry, N.; Zayed, A.M.; De Souza, M.P.; Tarun, A.S. Selenium in Higher Plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 2000, 51, 401-432.
52. Daniels, L.A. Selenium: does selenium status have health outcomes beyond overt deficiency? Med. J. Aust., 2004, 180(8), 373-374.
53. Whanger, P.D. Selenocompounds in plants and animals and their biological significance. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 2002, 21(3), 223-232.
54. Akesson, B.; Srikumar, T.S. Occurrence of low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight selenium compounds in fish. Food Chem., 1994, 51, 45-49.
55. El-Bayoumy, K.; Upadhyaya, P.; Date, V.; Sohn, O.S.; Fiala, E.S.; Reddy, B. Metabolism of [14C]benzyl selenocyanate in the F344 rat. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 1991, 4(5), 560-565.
56. Ghosh, S.; Das, R.K.; Sengupta, A.; Bhattacharya, S. Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in rat by diphenylmethyl selenocyanate through downregulation of COX-2 and modulation of glutathione-S-transferase and lipid peroxidation. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2005, 105(1-3), 171-185.
57. Reddy, B.S.; Rivenson, A.; Kulkarni, N.; Upadhyaya, P.; El-Bayoumy, K. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by the synthetic organoselenium compound 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) selenocyanate. Cancer Res., 1992, 52(20), 5635-5640.
58. Irons, R.; Carlson, B.A.; Hatfield, D.L.; Davis, C.D. Both selenoproteins and low molecular weight selenocompounds reduce colon cancer risk in mice with genetically impaired selenoprotein expression. J. Nutr., 2006, 136(5), 1311-1317.
59. Ip, C.; Thompson, H.J.; Zhu, Z.; Ganther, H.E. In vitro and in vivo studies of methylseleninic acid: evidence that a monomethylated selenium metabolite is critical for cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res., 2000, 60(11), 2882-2886.
60. Abdulah, R.; Miyazaki, K.; Nakazawa, M.; Koyama, H. Chemical forms of selenium for cancer prevention. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 2005, 19(2-3), 141-150.
61. Ip, C.; Lisk, D.J. Enrichment of selenium in allium vegetables for cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis, 1994, 15(9), 1881-1885.
62. Ip, C.; Lisk, D.J. Characterization of tissue selenium profiles and anticarcinogenic responses in rats fed natural sources of seleniumrich products. Carcinogenesis, 1994, 15(4), 573-576.
63. Ip, C.; Lisk, D.J. Efficacy of cancer prevention by high-selenium garlic is primarily dependent on the action of selenium. Carcinogenesis, 1995, 16(11), 2649-2652.
64. Schrauzer, G.N. Nutritional selenium supplements: product types, quality, and safety. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 2001, 20(1), 1-4.
65. Facompre, N.; El-Bayoumy, K. Potential stages for prostate cancer prevention with selenium: implications for cancer survivors. Cancer Res., 2009, 69(7), 2699-2703.
66. Ip, C.; Ganther, H.E. Activity of methylated forms of selenium in cancer prevention. Cancer Res., 1990, 50(4), 1206-1211.
67. Gromadzinska, J.; Reszka, E.; Bruzelius, K.; Wasowicz, W.; Akesson, B. Selenium and cancer: biomarkers of selenium status and molecular action of selenium supplements. Eur. J. Nutr., 2008, 47 Suppl. 2, 29-50.
68. Kryukov, G.V.; Castellano, S.; Novoselov, S.V.; Lobanov, A.V.; Zehtab, O.; Guigo, R.; Gladyshev, V.N. Characterization of mammalian selenoproteomes. Science, 2003, 300(5624), 1439-43.
69. Gopalakrishna, R.; Gundimeda, U. Protein kinase C as a molecular target for cancer prevention by selenocompounds. Nutr. Cancer, 2001, 40(1), 55-63.
70. Meplan, C.; Crosley, L.K.; Nicol, F.; Beckett, G.J.; Howie, A.F.; Hill, K.E.; Horgan, G.; Mathers, J.C.; Arthur, J.R.; Hesketh, J.E. Genetic polymorphisms in the human selenoprotein P gene determine the response of selenoprotein markers to selenium supplementation in a gender-specific manner (the SELGEN study). FASEB J., 2007, 21(12), 3063-3074.
71. Peters, U.; Takata, Y. Selenium and the prevention of prostate and colorectal cancer. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 2008, 52(11), 1261-1272.
72. Chu, F.F.; Esworthy, R.S.; Chu, P.G.; Longmate, J.A.; Huycke, M.M.; Wilczynski, S.; Doroshow, J.H. Bacteria-induced intestinal cancer in mice with disrupted Gpx1 and Gpx2 genes. Cancer Res., 2004, 64(3), 962-968.
73. Xia, Y.; Hill, K.E.; Byrne, D.W.; Xu, J.; Burk, R.F. Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2005, 81(4), 829-834.
74. Hurst, R.; Armah, C.N.; Dainty, J.R.; Hart, D.J.; Teucher, B.; Goldson, A.J.; Broadley, M.R.; Motley, A.K.; Fairweather-Tait, S.J. Establishing optimal selenium status: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2010, 91, 923-931.
75. Whanger, P.D. Selenium and its relationship to cancer: an update dagger. Br. J. Nutr., 2004, 91(1), 11-28.
76. Ip, C.; Lisk, D.J. Modulation of phase I and phase II xenobioticmetabolizing enzymes by selenium-enriched garlic in rats. Nutr. Cancer, 1997, 28(2), 184-188.
77. Sinha, R.; El-Bayoumy, K. Apoptosis is a critical cellular event in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy by selenium compounds. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets, 2004, 4(1), 13-28.
78. Seo, Y.R.; Sweeney, C.; Smith, M.L. Selenomethionine induction of DNA repair response in human fibroblasts. Oncogene, 2002, 21(23), 3663-3669.
79. Fiala, E.S.; Staretz, M.E.; Pandya, G.A.; El-Bayoumy, K.; Hamilton, S.R. Inhibition of DNA cytosine methyltransferase by chemopreventive selenium compounds, determined by an improved assay for DNA cytosine methyltransferase and DNA cytosine methylation. Carcinogenesis, 1998, 19(4), 597-604.
80. Hu, Y.; McIntosh, G.H.; Le Leu, R.K.; Young, G.P. Seleniumenriched milk proteins and selenium yeast affect selenoprotein activity and expression differently in mouse colon. Br. J. Nutr., 2010, 104(1), 17-23.
81. Combs, G. F.; Jr. Selenium in good food systems. Br. J. Nutr., 2001, 85, 517-547.
82. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., 2000.
83. Neve, J. Human selenium supplementation as assessed by changes in blood selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 1995, 9(2), 65-73.
84. Rayman, M.; Thompson, A.; Warren-Perry, M.; Galassini, R.; Catterick, J.; Hall, E.; Lawrence, D.; Bliss, J. Impact of selenium on mood and quality of life: a randomized, controlled trial. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 59(2), 147-154.
85. Duffield-Lillico, A.J.; Dalkin, B.L.; Reid, M.E.; Turnbull, B.W.; Slate, E.H.; Jacobs, E.T.; Marshall, J.R.; Clark, L.C. Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. BJU Int., 2003, 91(7), 608-612.
86. Dumont, E.; Vanhaecke, F.; Cornelis, R. Selenium speciation from food source to metabolites: a critical review. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2006, 385(7), 1304-1323.
87. Schrauzer, G.N. Selenomethionine: a review of its nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicity. J. Nutr., 2000, 130(7), 1653-1656.
88. Schrauzer, G.N. The nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicology of selenomethionine. Adv. Food Nutr. Res., 2003, 47, 73-112.
89. Lyons, G.H.; Judson, G.J.; Stangoulis, J.C.; Palmer, L.T.; Jones, J.A.; Graham, R.D. Trends in selenium status of South Australians. Med. J. Aust., 2004, 180(8), 383-386.
90. Longnecker, M.P.; Stram, D.O.; Taylor, P.R.; Levander, O.A.; Howe, M.; Veillon, C.; McAdam, P.A.; Patterson, K.Y.; Holden, J.M.; Morris, J.S.; Swanson, C.A.; Willett, W.C. Use of selenium concentration in whole blood, serum, toenails, or urine as a surrogate measure of selenium intake. Epidemiology, 1996, 7(4), 384-390.
91. Holden, J., Gebhardt, R., Davis, C., Lurie, D. A nationwide study of the selenium content and variability in white bread. J. Food Compos. Anal., 1991, 4, 183-195.
92. Finley, J.W. Designer foods. Is there a role for supplementation/ fortification? Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1996, 401, 213-220.
93. Hansen, J.C.; Deutch, B.; Pedersen, H.S. Selenium status in Greenland Inuit. Sci. Total Environ., 2004, 331(1-3), 207-214.
94. Parehk, P.P.; Khan. A.R.; Torres, M.A.; Kitto, M.E. Concentrations of selenium, barium, and radium in Brazil nuts. J. Food Comp. Analysis, 2008, 21, 332-335.
95. Ip, C.; Lisk, D.J. Bioactivity of selenium from Brazil nut for cancer prevention and selenoenzyme maintenance. Nutr. Cancer, 1994, 21(3), 203-212.
96. Thomson, C.D.; Chisholm, A.; McLachlan, S.K.; Campbell, J.M. Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2008, 87(2), 379-384.
97. Kannamkumarath, S.S.; Wrobel, K.; Wrobel, K.; Vonderheide, A.; Caruso, J.A. HPLC-ICP-MS determination of selenium distribution and speciation in different types of nut. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2002, 373(6), 454-460.
98. Varo, P.; Alfthan, G.; Ekholm, P.; Aro, A.; Koivistoinen, P. Selenium intake and serum selenium in Finland: effects of soil fertilization with selenium. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1988, 48(2), 324-329.
99. Aro, A.; Alfthan, G.; Varo, P. Effects of supplementation of fertilizers on human selenium status in Finland. Analyst., 1995, 120(3), 841-843.
100. Hartikainen, H. Biogeochemistry of selenium and its impact on food chain quality and human health. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 2005, 18(4), 309-318.
101. Tinggi, U. Essentiality and toxicity of selenium and its status in Australia: a review. Toxicol. Lett., 2003, 137(1-2), 103-110.
102. Lyons, M.P.; Papazyan, T.T.; Surai, P.F. Selenium in food chain and animal nutrition: lessons from nature. J. Anim. Sci., 2007, 20, 1135-1155.
103. McIntosh, G.H.; Dunshea, F.; McKenna, T.; Walker, G.; Hu, Y.; Heard, J.; Stockdale, R.; Shields, M.; Young, G.P.; Doyle, P. A dairy source of organic selenium for health and well being. Food Australia, 2008, 60, 132-134.
104. Liu, A.G.; Volker, S.E.; Jeffery, E.H.; Erdman, J.W., Jr. Feeding tomato and broccoli powders enriched with bioactives improves bioactivity markers in rats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57(16), 7304-7310.
105. Kubota, J.; Allaway, W.H.; Carter, D.L.; Cary, E.E. Selenium in crops in the United States in relation to selenium-responsive diseases of animals. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1967, 15, 448-454.