The case for a dual-process theory of transitive reasoning

Developmental Review

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 89-124

  Wright, Barlow C ^a  

^a BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Children's reasoning; Deduction; Dual process theory; Neuroscience; Non human cognition; Transitive inference

Indexed keywords

EID: 84861784831     PISSN: 02732297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2012.04.001     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Addessi E., Mancini A., Crescimbene L., Padoa-Schi oppa C., Visalberghi E. Preference transitivity and symbolic representation in Capuchin monkeys (Cebus paella). PLoS ONE 2008, 3(6):e2414. 10.1371./journal.pone.0002414.
2. Allen D.N. Transitive inference in animals: Reasoning or conditioned associations?. Rational animals? 2006, 175-185. Oxford University Press, Oxford. S. Hurley, M. Nudds (Eds.).
3. Alvarado M.C., Bachevalier J. Selective neurotoxic damage to the hippocampal formation impairs performance of the transverse patterning and location memory tasks in rhesus macaques. Hippocampus 2005, 15:118-131.
4. Ameel E., Verschueren N., Schaeken W. The relevance of selecting what's relevant: A dual process approach to transitive reasoning with spatial relations. Thinking and Reasoning 2007, 13(2):164-187.
5. Amsel E., Klaczynski P.A., Johnston A., Bench S., Close J., Sadler E., et al. A dual-process account of the development of scientific reasoning: The nature and development of metacognitive intercession skills. Cognitive Development 2008, 23:452-471.
6. Andrews G., Halford G.S. Children's ability to make transitive inferences: The importance of premise integration and structural complexity. Cognitive Development 1998, 13:479-513.
7. Bara B.G., Bucciarelli M., Lombardo V. Model theory of deduction: A unified computational approach. Cognitive Science 2001, 25:839-901.
8. Barrouillet P. Transitive inferences from set-inclusion relations and working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1996, 22(6):1408-1422.
9. Barrouillet P. Dual-process theories and cognitive development: Advances and challenges. Developmental Review 2011, 31:79-85.
10. Bond A.B., Kamil A.C., Balda R.P. Social complexity and transitive inference in corvids. Animal Behaviour 2003, 65:479-487.
11. Bouwmeester S., Sijtsma K. Measuring the ability of transitive reasoning, using product and strategy information. Psychometrika 2004, 69:123-146.
12. Bouwmeester S., Sijtsma K. Constructing a transitive reasoning test for 6- to 13-year-old children. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2006, 22(4):225-232.
13. Bouwmeester S., Sijtsma K. Latent class modeling of phases in the development of transitive reasoning. Multivariate Behavioral Research 2007, 43(3):457-480.
14. Brainerd C.J., Kingma J. Do children have to remember to reason? A fuzzy-trace theory of transitivity development. Developmental Review 1984, 4:311-377.
15. Brainerd C.J., Reyna V.F. Gist is the grist: Fuzzy-trace theory and the new intuitionism. Developmental Review 1990, 10:3-47.
16. Brainerd C.J., Reyna V.F. Explaining " memory free" reasoning. Psychological Science 1992, 3:332-339.
17. Brainerd C.J., Reyna V.F. Fuzzy-trace theory: Dual processes in reasoning, memory, and cognitive neuroscience. Advances in Child Development and Behavior 2001, 28:41-100.
18. Brainerd C.J., Reyna V.F. Fuzzy-trace theory and memory development. Developmental Review 2004, 24:396-439.
19. Breslow L. Reevaluation of the literature on the development of transitive inferences. Psychological Bulletin 1981, 89(2):325-351.
20. Browne W.J., Caplen G., Edgar J., Wilson L.R., Nicol C.J. Consistency transitivity and inter-relationships between measures of choice in environmental preference tests with chickens. Behavioural Processes 2010, 83:72-78.
21. Bryant P. Cognitive development. Psychology an integrated approach 1998, Wesley Longman Limited, London. M. Eysenck (Ed.).
22. Bryant P.E. Logical inferences and development. Piaget and knowing. Studies in genetic epistemology 1977, 53-64. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. B.A. Geber (Ed.).
23. Bryant P.E., Kopytynska H. Spontaneous measurement by young children. Nature 1976, 260:773.
24. Bryant P.E., Trabasso T. Transitive inferences and memory in young children. Nature 1971, 232:458-465.
25. Castle K., Needham J. First graders' understanding of measurement. Early Childhood Education Journal 2007, 35:215-221.
26. Chapell M.S., Overton W.F. Development of logical reasoning and the school performance of African American adolescents in relation to socioeconomic status, ethnic identity, and self-esteem. Journal of Black Psychology 2002, 28(4):295-317.
27. Chapman M. Constructivism and the problem of reality. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1999, 20(1):31-43.
28. Chapman M., Lindenberger U. Functions, operations and decalage in the development of transitivity. Developmental Psychology 1988, 24:542-551.
29. Chapman M., Lindenberger U. Transitivity judgments, memory for premises, and models of children's reasoning. Developmental Review 1992, 12(2):124-163.
30. Cheney D.L., Seyfarth R.M. How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species 1990, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
31. Clark H.H. Linguistic processes in deductive reasoning. Psychological Review 1969, 76(4):387-404.
32. Couvillon P.A., Bitterman M.E. A conventional conditioning analysis of " transitive inference" in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1986, 18(3):308-310.
33. Crone E.A., Wendelken C., Van Leijenhorst L., Honomichl R.D., Christoff K., Bunge S.A. Neurocognitive development of relational reasoning. Developmental Science 2009, 12(1):55-66.
34. Daisley J.N., Mascalzoni E., Rosa-Salva O., Rugani R., Regolin L. Lateralization of social cognition in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2009, 364:965-981.
35. D'Amato M.R., Colombo M. The symbolic distance effect in monkeys (Cebus apella). Animal Learning and Behavior 1990, 18:133-140.
36. Davis H. Transitive inference in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 1992, 106:342-349.
37. de Boysson-Bardies B., O'Regan K. What children do in spite of adults' hypotheses. Nature 1973, 246:531-534.
38. De Neys W., Dieussaert K. Individual differences in rational thinking time. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2005, 27:577-582.
39. De Neys W., Glumicic T. Conflict monitoring in dual process theories of thinking. Cognition 2008, 106(3):1248-1299.
40. De Neys W., Vanderputte K. When less is not always more: Stereotype knowledge and reasoning development. Developmental Psychology 2011, 47(2):432-441.
41. DeVito L.M., Lykken C., Kanter B.R., Eichenbaum H. Prefrontal cortex: Role in acquisition of overlapping associations and transitive inference. Learning & Memory 2010, 17(3):161-167.
42. Dickins T.E., Dickins D.W. Symbols, stimulus equivalence and the origins of language. Behavior and Philosophy 2001, 29:515-516.
43. Driscoll I., Howard S.R., Prusky G.T., Rudy J.W., Sutherland R.J. Seahorse wins all races: Hippocampus participates in both linear and non-linear visual discrimination learning. Behavioural Brain Research 2005, 164:29-35.
44. Dusek J.A., Eichenbaum H. The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997, 94(13):7109-7114.
45. Eichenbaum H. The hippocampus and declarative memory: Cognitive mechanisms and neural codes. Behavioural Brain Research 2001, 127:199-207.
46. Ellenbogen J.M., Hu P.T., Payne J.D., Titone D., Walker M.P. Human relational memory requires time and sleep. PNAS 2007, 104(18):7723-7728.
47. Evans J.St.B.T. In two minds: Dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 7(10):454-459.
48. Evans J.St.B.T. Dual process theories in reasoning: Contemporary issues and developmental applications. Developmental Review 2011, 31:86-102.
49. Ferreira M.B., Garcia-Marques L., Sherman S.J., Sherman J.W. Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91(5):797-813.
50. Frank M.J., Rudy J.W., Levy W.B., O'Reilly R.C. When logic fails: Implicit transitive inference in humans. Memory and Cognition 2005, 33:742-750.
51. Goel V., Makale M., Grafman J. The hippocampal system mediates logical reasoning about familiar spatial environments. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2004, 16(4):654-662.
52. Golde M., von Cramon D.Y., Schubotz R.I. Differential role of anterior prefrontal and premotor cortex in the processing of relational information. NeuroImage 2010, 49:2890-2900.
53. Goodwin G.P., Johnson-Laird P.N. Reasoning about the relations between relations. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2006, 59(6):1047-1069.
54. Greene A.E., Fugelsang J.A., Kraemer D.J.M., Shamosh N.A., Dunbar K.N. Frontopolar cortex mediates abstract integration in analogy. Brain Research 2006, 1096:125-137.
55. Greene A.J., Spellman B., Dusek J.A., Eichenbaum H.B., Levy W.B. Relational learning with and without awareness: Transitive inference using nonverbal stimuli in humans. Memory and Cognition 2001, 29:893-902.
56. Grosenick L., Clement T.S., Fernald R.D. Fish can infer social rank by observation alone. Nature 2007, 445:429-432.
57. Halford G.S. The development of thought 1982, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale NJ.
58. Halford G.S., Andrews G. The development of deductive reasoning: How important is complexity?. Thinking and Reasoning 2004, 10(2):123-145.
59. Halford G.S., Bain J.D., Maybery M.T. Working memory and representational processes: Implications for cognitive development. Attention and performance X 1984, 459-470. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. H. Bouma, D.G. Bouwhuis (Eds.).
60. Halford G.S., Maybery M., Bain J.D. Capacity limitations in children's reasoning: A dual-task approach. Child Development 1986, 57:616-627.
61. Halford G.S., Wilson W.H., Phillips S. Processing capacity defined by relational complexity: Implications for comparative, developmental, and cognitive psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1998, 21:803-864.
62. Hanlon F.M., Houck J.M., Pyeatt C.J., Lundy S.L., Euler M.J., Weisend M.P., et al. Bilateral hippocampal dysfunction in schizophrenia. NeuroImage 2011, 58:1158-1168.
63. Holcomb W.L., Stromer R., Mackay H.A. Transitivity and emergent sequence performances in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1997, 65:96-104.
64. Kallio K.D. Developmental change on a five-term transitive inference. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1982, 33:142-164.
65. Kavale K.A., Forness S.R., Lorsbach T.C. Fuzzy-trace theory: Implications for research in learning disabilities. Learning and Individual Differences 1995, 7(2):119-127.
66. Klaczynski P.A. Cognitive and social cognitive development: Dual-process research and theory. In two minds: Dual processes and beyond 2009, 265-292. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. J. Evans, K. Frankish (Eds.).
67. Lazareva O.F., Smirnova A.A., Zorina Z.A., Rayvesky V.V. Hooded crows solve a transitive inference problem cognitively. Animal Welfare Supplement 2001, 10:S219-S231.
68. Libben M., Titone D. The role of awareness and working memory in human transitive inference. Behavioural Processes 2008, 77:43-54.
69. Lutkus A., Trabasso T. Transitive inferences by preoperational, retarded adolescents. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 1974, 78:599-606.
70. MacLean E.L., Merritt D.J., Brannon E.M. Social complexity predicts transitive reasoning in prosimian primates. Animal Behaviour 2008, 76:479-486.
71. Markovits H., Dumas C. Can pigeons really make transitive inference?. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Animal Behaviour Processes 1992, 18:311-312.
72. Markovits H., Dumas C. Developmental patterns in the understanding of social and physical transitivity. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1999, 73:95-114.
73. Markovits H., Dumas C., Malfait N. Understanding transitivity of a spatial relationship, a developmental analysis. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1995, 59:124-141.
74. Markovits H., Thompson V. Different developmental patterns of simple deductive and probabilistic inferential reasoning. Memory and Cognition 2008, 36(6):1066-1078.
75. Markovits H., Venet M., Janveau-Brennan G., Malfait N., Pion N., Vadeboncoeur I. Reasoning in young children: Fantasy and information retrieval. Child Development 1996, 67:2857-2872.
76. Martin N., Alsop B. Transitive inference and awareness in humans. Behavioural Processes 2004, 67:157-165.
77. Maydak M., Stromer R., Mackay H.A., Stoddard L.T. Stimulus classes in matching to sample and sequence production: The emergence of numeric relations. Research in Developmental Disabilities 1995, 16(3):179-204.
78. McGonigle B.O., Chalmers M. Monkeys are rational. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1992, 45B:189-228.
79. Morsanyi K., Handley S.J. How smart do you need to be to get it wrong? The role of cognitive capacity in the development of heuristic-based judgement. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2008, 99:18-36.
80. Moses S.N., Villate C., Ryan J.D. An investigation of learning strategy underlying transitive inference performance in humans. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44:1370-1387.
81. Moyer R.S., Landauer T.K. Time required for judgments of numerical inequality. Nature 1967, 215:1519-1520.
82. Nagode J.C., Pardo J.V. Human hippocampal activation during transitive inference. NeuroReport 2002, 13:939-944.
83. Oakhill J. Why children have difficulty reasoning with three-term series problems. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1984, 2:223-230.
84. Padoa-Schippa C., Jandolo I., Visalberghi E. Multi-stage mental process for economic choice in capuchins. Cognition 2006, 99:B1-B13.
85. Pears R., Bryant P.E. Transitive inference by young children about spatial position. British Journal of Psychology 1990, 81:497-510.
86. Perner J., Aebi J. Feedback-dependent encoding of length series. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1985, 3:133-141.
87. Perner J., Mansbridge D.G. Developmental differences in encoding length series. Child Development 1983, 54:710-719.
88. Piaget J. The construction of reality in the child 1954, Basic Books, New York.
89. Piaget, J., Inhelder, B., & Szeminska, A. (1960). In E. Lunzer (Trans.), The child's conception of geometry. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
90. Piaget J., Grize J.B., Szeminska A., Bang Vinh. Epistemology and psychology of functions 1977, Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
91. Piaget J. Piaget's theory. Carmichael's manual of child psychology 1970, Wiley, New York. P.H. Mussen (Ed.).
92. Premack D. Human and animal cognition: Continuity and discontinuity. PNAS 2007, 104(35):13861-13867.
93. Rabinowitz S.M., Howe M.L. Development of the middle concept. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1994, 57(3):418-448.
94. Reyna V.F., Brainerd C.J. Fuzzy processing in transitivity development. Annals of Operations Research 1990, 23:37-63.
95. Reyna V.F., Brainerd C.J. Dual processes in decision making and developmental neuroscience: A fuzzy-trace model. Developmental Review 2011, 31:180-206.
96. Reyna V.F., Ellis S.C. Fuzzy-trace theory and framing effects in children's risky decision making. Psychological Science 1994, 5:275-279.
97. Reyna V.F., Estrada S.M., DeMarinis J.A., Myers R.M., Stanisz J.M., Mills B.A. Neurobiological and memory models of risky decision making in adolescents versus young adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2011, 37(5):1125-1142.
98. Reyna V.F., Farley F. Risk and rationality in adolescent decision making: Implications for theory, practice, and public policy. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2006, 7:1-44.
99. Reyna V.F., Kiernan B. The development of gist versus verbatim memory in sentence recognition: Effects of lexical familiarity, semantic content, encoding instruction, and retention interval. Developmental Psychology 1994, 30:178-191.
100. Riley C.A. The representation of comparative relations and the transitive inference task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1976, 22:1-22.
101. Riley C.A., Trabasso T. Comparatives, logical structure, and encoding in a transitive inference task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1974, 17:187-203.
102. Russell J., McCormack T., Robinson J., Lillis G. Logical (versus associative) performance on transitive inference tasks by children: Implications for the status of animals' performance. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 1996, 49B(3):231-244.
103. Shohamy D., Myers C.E., Kalanithi J., Gluck M.A. Basal ganglia and dopamine contributions to probabilistic category learning. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews 2008, 32(2):219-236.
104. Siegal M. Cognitive development. An introduction to developmental psychology 2003, 189-210. Blackwell, Oxford. A. Slater, G. Bremner (Eds.).
105. Siemann M., Delius J.D. Influences of task concreteness upon transitive responding in humans. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung 1996, 59:81-93.
106. Smith E.R., Collins E.C. Dual-process models: A social psychological perspective. In two minds: Dual processes and beyond 2009, 197-216. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. J. Evans, K. Frankish (Eds.).
107. Stanovich K.E. What intelligence tests miss. The psychology of rational thought 2009, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
108. Stanovich K.E., West R.F. Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2000, 23:645-726.
109. Stromer R., Mackay H.A., Cohen M., Stoddard L.T. Sequence learning in individuals with behavioural limitations. Journal of intellectual Disability Research 1993, 37:243-261.
110. Titone D., Ditman T., Holzman P.S., Eichenbaum H., Levy D.L. Transitive inference in Schizophrenia: Impairments in relational memory organization. Schizophrenia Research 2004, 68:235-247.
111. Trabasso T. Representation, memory and reasoning: How do we make transitive inferences?. Minnesota symposia on child psychology 1975, Vol. 9. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
112. Trabasso T. The role of memory as a system in making transitive inference. Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition 1977, 333-366. Erlbaum, Hillsdale NJ. R.V. Kail, J.W. Hagan (Eds.).
113. Trabasso T., Riley C.A., Wilson E.G. The representation of linear order and spatial strategies in reasoning. Reasoning, representation and process 1975, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. R. Falmagne (Ed.).
114. Trabasso T., van den Broek P., Suh S.Y. Logical necessity and transitivity of causal relations in stories. Discourse Processes 1989, 12:1-25.
115. Van der Lely H.K.J. Language and cognitive development in a grammatical SLI boy: Modularity and innateness. Journal of Neurolinguistic 1997, 10(2/3):75-107.
116. Van Elzakker M., O'Reilly R.C., Rudy J.W. Transitivity, flexibility, conjunctive representations and the hippocampus. I. An empirical analysis. Hippocampus 2003, 13:334-340.
117. Vasconcelos M. Transitive inference in non-human animals: An empirical and theoretical analysis. Behavioral Processes 2008, 78:313-334.
118. Verweij A.C., Sijtsma K., Koops W. A Mokken scale for transitive reasoning suited for longitudinal research. International Journal of Behavioral Development 1996, 19(1):219-238.
119. Verweij A.C., Sijtsma K., Koops W. An ordinal scale for transitive reasoning by means of a deductive strategy. International Journal of Behavioral Development 1999, 23(1):241-264.
120. Viskontas I.V., Holyoak K.J., Knowlton B.J. Relational integration in older adults. Thinking and Reasoning 2005, 11(4):390-410.
121. von Fersen L., Wynne C.D.L., Delius J.D., Staddon J.E.R. Transitive inference formation in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Animal Behavior Processes 1991, 17:334-341.
122. Wendelken C., Bunge S.A. Transitive inference. Distinct contributions of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2009, 22(5):837-847.
123. Wittemyer G., Getz W.M. Hierarchical dominance structure and social organisation in African elephants, Loxodonta africana. Animal Behaviour 2007, 73:671-681.
124. Wood J.N., Grafman J. Human prefrontal cortex function: Processing and representational perspectives. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2003, 4:139-147.
125. Wright, B. C. (1998a). Psychological mechanisms of logical transitive inference in adults and children. Doctoral dissertation. England: University of Oxford.
126. Wright B.C. And if the developmental data doesn't quite fit. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1998, 21:847-848.
127. Wright B.C. Re-conceptualising the transitive inference ability: A framework for research. Developmental Review 2001, 21(4):375-422.
128. Wright B.C. On the emergence of the discriminative mode for transitive-inference. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 2006, 18(5):776-800.
129. Wright B.C. The information processing task revisited: Investigating profiles from the start to the end of training. Thinking and Reasoning 2006, 12(1):91-123.
130. Wright, B. C. (submitted for publication). A missing comparison in transitive reasoning research.
131. Wright B.C., Dowker A.D. The role of cues to differential absolute size in children's transitive inferences. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2002, 81:249-275.
132. Wright B.C., Howells D. Getting one step closer to deduction: Introducing an alternative paradigm for transitive inference. Thinking and Reasoning 2008, 14(3):244-280.
133. Wright B.C., Robertson S., Hadfield L. Transitivity for height versus speed: To what extent do the under-7s really have a transitive capacity?. Thinking and Reasoning 2011, 17(1):57-81.
134. Wynne C.D.L. A minimal model of transitive inference. Models for action: Mechanisms for adaptive behaviour 1998, 269-307. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. C.D.L. Wynne, J.E.R. Staddon (Eds.).
135. Yamazaki Y. Logical and illogical behavior in animals. Japanese Psychological Research 2004, 46(3):195-206.