메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 469-479

Immunization strategies for Clostridium difficile infections

Author keywords

bacterial toxins; Clostridium difficile; immunotherapy; infection; monoclonal antibody; nosocomial disease; treatment update; vaccine; virulence factor

Indexed keywords

ACAM CDIFF; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE; BACTERIAL VACCINE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A ANTIBODY; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B ANTIBODY; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE VACCINE; CWP84 ANTIGEN; DNA VACCINE; FIDAXOMICIN; HYBRID PROTEIN; IC 84; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; METRONIDAZOLE; MK 3415; MK 6072; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PLACEBO; SUBUNIT VACCINE; TOXIN ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

EID: 84860573425     PISSN: 14760584     EISSN: 17448395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.18     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (29)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Interstinal flora in new-born infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis
    • Hall IC, O'Toole E. Interstinal flora in new-born infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am. J. Dis. Child 49(2), 390-402 (1935).
    • (1935) Am. J. Dis. Child , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    O'Toole, E.2
  • 2
    • 39749142406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical perspectives on studies of Clostridium difficile and C. difficile infection
    • DOI 10.1086/521865
    • Bartlett JG. Historical perspectives on studies of Clostridium difficile and C. difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(Suppl. 1), S4-S11 (2008). (Pubitemid 351323660)
    • (2008) Clinical Infectious Diseases , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 3
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7(7), 526-536 (2009).
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Microbiol. , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 4
    • 84860588872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Final Report for Rates of Clostridium difficile for Ohio Hospitals and Nursing Homes Ohio Department of Health, OH, USA
    • Final Report for Rates of Clostridium difficile for Ohio Hospitals and Nursing Homes. Final Report for Rates of Clostridium difficile for Ohio Hospitals and Nursing Homes. Ohio Department of Health, OH, USA (2006).
    • (2006) Final Report for Rates of Clostridium Difficile for Ohio Hospitals and Nursing Homes
  • 5
    • 35348962496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emerging infectious challenge of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: Clinical and economic consequences
    • DOI 10.1086/522676
    • O'Brien JA, Lahue BJ, Caro JJ, Davidson DM. The emerging infectious challenge of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 28(11), 1219-1227 (2007). (Pubitemid 47596558)
    • (2007) Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology , vol.28 , Issue.11 , pp. 1219-1227
    • O'Brien, J.A.1    Lahue, B.J.2    Caro, J.J.3    Davidson, D.M.4
  • 7
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67420-X, PII S014067360567420X
    • Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 366(9491), 1079-1084 (2005). (Pubitemid 41338761)
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , Issue.9491 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3    Killgore, G.4    Thompson, A.5    Brazier, J.6    Frost, E.7    McDonald, L.C.8
  • 9
    • 80055072760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/ NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile
    • Carter GP, Douce GR, Govind R et al. The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/ NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog. 7(10), e1002317 (2011).
    • (2011) PLoS Pathog. , vol.7 , Issue.10
    • Carter, G.P.1    Douce, G.R.2    Govind, R.3
  • 10
    • 80052859469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering the sporulation characteristics of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI/NAP1/027
    • Burns DA, Heeg D, Cartman ST, Minton NP. Reconsidering the sporulation characteristics of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI/NAP1/027. Plos One 6(9), e24894 (2011).
    • (2011) Plos One , vol.6 , Issue.9
    • Burns, D.A.1    Heeg, D.2    Cartman, S.T.3    Minton, N.P.4
  • 11
    • 77954581650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Freeman J, Bauer MP, Baines SD et al. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23(3), 529-549 (2010).
    • (2010) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 529-549
    • Freeman, J.1    Bauer, M.P.2    Baines, S.D.3
  • 12
    • 70649107673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (ESCMID): Treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI
    • Bauer MP, Kuijper EJ, Van Dissel JT. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15(12), 1067-1079 (2009).
    • (2009) Clin. Microbiol. Infect. , vol.15 , Issue.12 , pp. 1067-1079
    • Bauer, M.P.1    Kuijper, E.J.2    Van Dissel, J.T.3
  • 13
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of america (shea) and the infectious diseases society of america (IDSA
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31(5), 431-455 (2010).
    • (2010) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 15
    • 79551527297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. New Engl. J. Med. 364(5), 422-431 (2011).
    • (2011) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.364 , Issue.5 , pp. 422-431
    • Louie, T.J.1    Miller, M.A.2    Mullane, K.M.3
  • 16
    • 33645455337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease
    • Mcfarland LV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101(4), 812-822 (2006).
    • (2006) Am. J. Gastroenterol. , vol.101 , Issue.4 , pp. 812-822
    • Mcfarland, L.V.1
  • 17
    • 34447630803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial
    • Hickson M, D'Souza AL, Muthu N et al. Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ 335(7610), 80 (2007).
    • (2007) BMJ , vol.335 , Issue.7610 , pp. 80
    • Hickson, M.1    D'Souza, A.L.2    Muthu, N.3
  • 20
    • 17444366186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: Mechanism of action and role in disease
    • DOI 10.1128/CMR.18.2.247-263.2005
    • Voth DE, Ballard JD. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18(2), 247-263 (2005). (Pubitemid 40548293)
    • (2005) Clinical Microbiology Reviews , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 247-263
    • Voth, D.E.1    Ballard, J.D.2
  • 23
    • 36849050145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile glucosyltransferase toxin B-essential amino acids for substrate binding
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M703138200
    • Jank T, Giesemann T, Aktories K. Clostridium difficile glucosyltransferase toxin B-essential amino acids for substrate binding. J. Biol. Chem. 282(48), 35222-35231 (2007). (Pubitemid 350232434)
    • (2007) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.282 , Issue.48 , pp. 35222-35231
    • Jank, T.1    Giesemann, T.2    Aktories, K.3
  • 24
    • 69249090956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-function analysis of inositol hexakisphosphateinduced autoprocessing in Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • Pruitt RN, Chagot B, Cover M, Chazin WJ, Spiller B, Lacy DB. Structure-function analysis of inositol hexakisphosphateinduced autoprocessing in Clostridium difficile toxin A. J. Biol. Chem. 284(33), 21934-21940 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.284 , Issue.33 , pp. 21934-21940
    • Pruitt, R.N.1    Chagot, B.2    Cover, M.3    Chazin, W.J.4    Spiller, B.5    Lacy, D.B.6
  • 25
    • 23644460027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural basis for the function of Clostridium difficile toxin B
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.06.071, PII S0022283605007552
    • Reinert DJ, Jank T, Aktories K, Schulz GE. Structural basis for the function of Clostridium difficile toxin B. J. Mol. Biol. 351(5), 973-981 (2005). (Pubitemid 41133445)
    • (2005) Journal of Molecular Biology , vol.351 , Issue.5 , pp. 973-981
    • Reinert, D.J.1    Jank, T.2    Aktories, K.3    Schulz, G.E.4
  • 26
    • 79952360670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining an allosteric circuit in the cysteine protease domain of Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Shen A, Lupardus PJ, Gersch MM et al. Defining an allosteric circuit in the cysteine protease domain of Clostridium difficile toxins. Nat. Struc. Mol. Biol. 18(3), 364-371 (2011).
    • (2011) Nat. Struc. Mol. Biol. , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 364-371
    • Shen, A.1    Lupardus, P.J.2    Gersch, M.M.3
  • 27
    • 0021995801 scopus 로고
    • Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals
    • Lyerly DM, Saum KE, Macdonald DK, Wilkins TD. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals. Infect. Immun. 47(2), 349-352 (1985). (Pubitemid 15169828)
    • (1985) Infection and Immunity , vol.47 , Issue.2 , pp. 349-352
    • Lyerly, D.M.1    Saum, K.E.2    MacDonald, D.K.3    Wilkins, T.D.4
  • 28
    • 0020029308 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the two toxins of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated cecitis in hamsters
    • Libby JM, Jortner BS, Wilkins TD. Effects of the two toxins of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated cecitis in hamsters. Infect. Immun. 36(2), 822-829 (1982). (Pubitemid 12101915)
    • (1982) Infection and Immunity , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 822-829
    • Libby, J.M.1    Jortner, B.S.2    Wilkins, T.D.3
  • 29
    • 0021344470 scopus 로고
    • Rapid death of infant rhesus monkeys injected with Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: Physiologic and pathologic basis
    • Arnon SS, Mills DC, Day PA, Henrickson RV, Sullivan NM, Wilkins TD. Rapid death of infant rhesus monkeys injected with Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: physiologic and pathologic basis. J. Pediatr. 104(1), 34-40 (1984). (Pubitemid 14178457)
    • (1984) Journal of Pediatrics , vol.104 , Issue.1 , pp. 34-40
    • Arnon, S.S.1    Mills, D.C.2    Day, P.A.3
  • 30
    • 76649121515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mariner-based transposon system for in vivo random mutagenesis of Clostridium difficile
    • Cartman ST, Minton NP. A mariner-based transposon system for in vivo random mutagenesis of Clostridium difficile. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76(4), 1103-1109 (2010).
    • (2010) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.76 , Issue.4 , pp. 1103-1109
    • Cartman, S.T.1    Minton, N.P.2
  • 32
    • 67349114409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile
    • Lyras D, O'Connor Jr, Howarth PM et al. Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile. Nature 458(7242), 1176-1179 (2009).
    • (2009) Nature , vol.458 , Issue.7242 , pp. 1176-1179
    • Lyras, D.1    O'Connor, J.R.2    Howarth, P.M.3
  • 33
    • 80054030152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both, toxin A and toxin B, are important in Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Minton NP. Both, toxin A and toxin B, are important in Clostridium difficile infection. Gut microbes 2(4), 252-255 (2011).
    • (2011) Gut microbes , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 252-255
    • Kuehne, S.A.1    Cartman, S.T.2    Minton, N.P.3
  • 35
    • 77958004353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical microbiology: A toxin contest
    • Ballard JD. Medical microbiology: a toxin contest. Nature 467(7316), 665-666 (2010).
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , Issue.7316 , pp. 665-666
    • Ballard, J.D.1
  • 37
    • 33845580482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ijid.2006.04.003, PII S1201971206000919
    • Drudy D, Fanning S, Kyne L. Toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 11(1), 5-10 (2007). (Pubitemid 44937660)
    • (2007) International Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-10
    • Drudy, D.1    Fanning, S.2    Kyne, L.3
  • 38
    • 0037424238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R-Ras glucosylation and transient RhoA activation determine the cytopathic effect produced by toxin B variants from toxin A-negative strains of Clostridium difficile
    • DOI 10.1074/jbc.M209244200
    • Chaves-Olarte E, Freer E, Parra A, Guzman-Verri C, Moreno E, Thelestam M. R-Ras glucosylation and transient RhoA activation determine the cytopathic effect produced by toxin B variants from toxin A-negative strains of Clostridium difficile. J. Biol. Chem. 278(10), 7956-7963 (2003). (Pubitemid 36800533)
    • (2003) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.278 , Issue.10 , pp. 7956-7963
    • Chaves-Olarte, E.1    Freer, E.2    Parra, A.3    Guzman-Verri, C.4    Moreno, E.5    Thelestam, M.6
  • 39
    • 77958132074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile
    • Lanis JM, Barua S, Ballard JD. Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog. 6(8), e1001061 (2010).
    • (2010) PLoS Pathog. , vol.6 , Issue.8
    • Lanis, J.M.1    Barua, S.2    Ballard, J.D.3
  • 40
    • 73449097193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria
    • Schwan C, Stecher B, Tzivelekidis T et al. Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. PLoS Pathog. 5(10), e1000626 (2009).
    • (2009) PLoS Pathog. , vol.5 , Issue.10
    • Schwan, C.1    Stecher, B.2    Tzivelekidis, T.3
  • 41
    • 0027963265 scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin G directed against toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile in the general population and patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • DOI 10.1016/0732-8893(94)90021-3
    • Bacon AE 3rd, Fekety R. Immunoglobulin G directed against toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile in the general population and patients with antibioticassociated diarrhea. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18(4), 205-209 (1994). (Pubitemid 24231268)
    • (1994) Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 205-209
    • Bacon III, A.E.1    Fekety, R.2
  • 42
    • 0026527192 scopus 로고
    • Human colonic aspirates containing immunoglobulin A antibody to Clostridium difficile toxin A inhibit toxin A-receptor binding
    • Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, Orellana J, Lamont JT. Human colonic aspirates containing immunoglobulin A antibody to Clostridium difficile toxin A inhibit toxin A-receptor binding. Gastroenterology 102(1), 35-40 (1992).
    • (1992) Gastroenterology , vol.102 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-40
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Pothoulakis, C.2    Orellana, J.3    Lamont, J.T.4
  • 43
    • 0020551089 scopus 로고
    • Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile
    • Viscidi R, Laughon BE, Yolken R et al. Serum antibody response to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. J. Infect. Dis. 148(1), 93-100 (1983). (Pubitemid 13039317)
    • (1983) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.148 , Issue.1 , pp. 93-100
    • Viscidi, R.1    Laughon, B.E.2    Yolken, R.3
  • 44
    • 79960420811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host immune response to Clostridium difficile
    • Kelly CP, Kine L. The host immune response to Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Microbiol. 60, 1070-1079 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.60 , pp. 1070-1079
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Kine, L.2
  • 45
    • 0021836686 scopus 로고
    • Serum antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxins in patients with Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • DOI 10.1007/BF01642866
    • Aronsson B, Granstrom M, Mollby R, Nord CE. Serum antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxins in patients with Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Infection 13(3), 97-101 (1985). (Pubitemid 15030800)
    • (1985) Infection , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 97-101
    • Aronsson, B.1    Granstrom, M.2    Mollby, R.3    Nord, C.E.4
  • 46
    • 0029152230 scopus 로고
    • Selective neutralization of a bacterial enterotoxin by serum immunoglobulin A in response to mucosal disease
    • Johnson S, Sypura WD, Gerding DN, Ewing SL, Janoff EN. Selective neutralization of a bacterial enterotoxin by serum immunoglobulin A in response to mucosal disease. Infect. Immun. 63(8), 3166-3173 (1995).
    • (1995) Infect. Immun. , vol.63 , Issue.8 , pp. 3166-3173
    • Johnson, S.1    Sypura, W.D.2    Gerding, D.N.3    Ewing, S.L.4    Janoff, E.N.5
  • 47
    • 74249096590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI
    • Leav BA, Blair B, Leney M et al. Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Vaccine 28(4), 965-969 (2010).
    • (2010) Vaccine , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 965-969
    • Leav, B.A.1    Blair, B.2    Leney, M.3
  • 48
    • 0025804091 scopus 로고
    • Passive immunization of hamsters against disease caused by Clostridium difficile by use of bovine immunoglobulin G concentrate
    • Lyerly DM, Bostwick EF, Binion SB, Wilkins TD. Passive immunization of hamsters against disease caused by Clostridium difficile by use of bovine immunoglobulin G concentrate. Infect. Immun. 59(6), 2215-2218 (1991).
    • (1991) Infect. Immun. , vol.59 , Issue.6 , pp. 2215-2218
    • Lyerly, D.M.1    Bostwick, E.F.2    Binion, S.B.3    Wilkins, T.D.4
  • 49
    • 0031948840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to recombinant Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are an effective treatment and prevent relapse of C. difficile-Associated disease in a hamster model of infection
    • Kink JA, Williams JA. Antibodies to recombinant Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are an effective treatment and prevent relapse of C. difficile-associated disease in a hamster model of infection. Infect. Immun. 66(5), 2018-2025 (1998). (Pubitemid 28194097)
    • (1998) Infection and Immunity , vol.66 , Issue.5 , pp. 2018-2025
    • Kink, J.A.1    Williams, J.A.2
  • 50
    • 0025727765 scopus 로고
    • Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin
    • 4 Pt 1
    • Leung DY, Kelly CP, Boguniewicz M, Pothoulakis C, Lamont JT, Flores A. Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin. J. Pediatr. 118(4 Pt 1), 633-637 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Pediatr. , vol.118 , pp. 633-637
    • Leung, D.Y.1    Kelly, C.P.2    Boguniewicz, M.3    Pothoulakis, C.4    Lamont, J.T.5    Flores, A.6
  • 52
    • 79151476267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: A review
    • Abougergi MS, Kwon JH. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a review. Dig. Dis. Sci. 56(1), 19-26 (2011).
    • (2011) Dig. Dis. Sci. , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-26
    • Abougergi, M.S.1    Kwon, J.H.2
  • 54
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. New Engl. J. Med. 362(3), 197-205 (2010).
    • (2010) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.362 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1    Molrine, D.C.2    Leav, B.A.3
  • 55
    • 0020650849 scopus 로고
    • Active and passive immunization to protect against antibiotic associated caecitis in hamsters
    • Fernie DS, Thomson RO, Batty I, Walker PD. Active and passive immunization to protect against antibiotic associated caecitis in hamsters. Dev. Biol. Stand. 53, 325-332 (1983).
    • (1983) Dev. Biol. Stand. , vol.53 , pp. 325-332
    • Fernie, D.S.1    Thomson, R.O.2    Batty, I.3    Walker, P.D.4
  • 57
    • 0023503051 scopus 로고
    • Immunization of adult hamsters against Clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis and transfer of protection to infant hamsters
    • Kim PH, Iaconis JP, Rolfe RD. Immunization of adult hamsters against Clostridium difficile-associated ileocecitis and transfer of protection to infant hamsters. Infect. Immun. 55(12), 2984-2992 (1987). (Pubitemid 18008268)
    • (1987) Infection and Immunity , vol.55 , Issue.12 , pp. 2984-2992
    • Kim, P.-H.1    Iaconis, J.P.2    Rolfe, R.D.3
  • 58
    • 0031446325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The C-terminal ligand-binding domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) abrogates TcdA-specific binding to cells arid prevents mouse lethality
    • DOI 10.1016/S0378-1097(97)00365-0, PII S0378109797003650
    • Sauerborn M, Leukel P, Von Eichel- Streiber C. The C-terminal ligand-binding domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) abrogates TcdA-specific binding to cells and prevents mouse lethality. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 155(1), 45-54 (1997). (Pubitemid 28020288)
    • (1997) FEMS Microbiology Letters , vol.155 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-54
    • Sauerborn, M.1    Leukel, P.2    Von Eichel-Streiber, C.3
  • 59
    • 45749103230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The coming of age of virus-like particle vaccines
    • DOI 10.1515/BC.2008.064
    • Jennings GT, Bachmann MF. The coming of age of virus-like particle vaccines. Biol. Chem. 389(5), 521-536 (2008). (Pubitemid 351874198)
    • (2008) Biological Chemistry , vol.389 , Issue.5 , pp. 521-536
    • Jennings, G.T.1    Bachmann, M.F.2
  • 60
    • 0030987748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective immunity against Clostridium difficile toxin A induced by oral immunization with a live, attenuated Vibrio cholerae vector strain
    • Ryan ET, Butterton JR, Smith RN, Carroll PA, Crean TI, Calderwood SB. Protective immunity against Clostridium difficile toxin A induced by oral immunization with a live, attenuated Vibrio cholerae vector strain. Infect. Immun. 65(7), 2941-2949 (1997). (Pubitemid 27264128)
    • (1997) Infection and Immunity , vol.65 , Issue.7 , pp. 2941-2949
    • Ryan, E.T.1    Butterton, J.R.2    Smith, R.N.3    Carroll, P.A.4    Crean, T.I.5    Calderwood, S.B.6
  • 61
    • 79959449569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization with Bacillus spores expressing toxin A peptide repeats protects against infection with Clostridium difficile strains producing toxins A and B
    • Permpoonpattana P, Hong HA, Phetcharaburanin J et al. Immunization with Bacillus spores expressing toxin A peptide repeats protects against infection with Clostridium difficile strains producing toxins A and B. Infect. Immun. 79(6), 2295-2302 (2011).
    • (2011) Infect. Immun. , vol.79 , Issue.6 , pp. 2295-2302
    • Permpoonpattana, P.1    Hong, H.A.2    Phetcharaburanin, J.3
  • 62
    • 67349187243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A DNA vaccine targeting the receptor-binding domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • Gardiner DF, Rosenberg T, Zaharatos J, Franco D, Ho DD. A DNA vaccine targeting the receptor-binding domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A. Vaccine 27(27), 3598-3604 (2009).
    • (2009) Vaccine , vol.27 , Issue.27 , pp. 3598-3604
    • Gardiner, D.F.1    Rosenberg, T.2    Zaharatos, J.3    Franco, D.4    Ho, D.D.5
  • 63
    • 0028818809 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of formalin-inactivated Clostridium difficile vaccines administered by parenteral and mucosal routes of immunization in hamsters
    • Torres JF, Lyerly DM, Hill JE, Monath TP. Evaluation of formalin-inactivated Clostridium difficile vaccines administered by parenteral and mucosal routes of immunization in hamsters. Infect. Immun. 63(12), 4619-4627 (1995).
    • (1995) Infect. Immun. , vol.63 , Issue.12 , pp. 4619-4627
    • Torres, J.F.1    Lyerly, D.M.2    Hill, J.E.3    Monath, T.P.4
  • 64
    • 0032829877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local and systemic neutralizing antibody responses induced by intranasal immunization with the nontoxic binding domain of toxin a from Clostridium difficile
    • Ward SJ, Douce G, Dougan G, Wren BW. Local and systemic neutralizing antibody responses induced by intranasal immunization with the nontoxic binding domain of toxin A from Clostridium difficile. Infect. Immun. 67(10), 5124-5132 (1999). (Pubitemid 29455282)
    • (1999) Infection and Immunity , vol.67 , Issue.10 , pp. 5124-5132
    • Ward, S.J.1    Douce, G.2    Dougan, G.3    Wren, B.W.4
  • 65
    • 0032900382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunogenicity of a Salmonella typhimurium aroA aroD vaccine expressing a nontoxic domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • Ward SJ, Douce G, Figueiredo D, Dougan G, Wren BW. Immunogenicity of a Salmonella typhimurium aroA aroD vaccine expressing a nontoxic domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A. Infect. Immun. 67(5), 2145-2152 (1999). (Pubitemid 29200465)
    • (1999) Infection and Immunity , vol.67 , Issue.5 , pp. 2145-2152
    • Ward, S.J.1    Douce, G.2    Figueiredo, D.3    Dougan, G.4    Wren, B.W.5
  • 69
    • 0033817386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of surface layer proteins from different Clostridium difficile clinical isolates
    • Cerquetti M, Molinari A, Sebastianelli A et al. Characterization of surface layer proteins from different Clostridium difficile clinical isolates. Microb. Pathog. 28(6), 363-372 (2000).
    • (2000) Microb. Pathog. , vol.28 , Issue.6 , pp. 363-372
    • Cerquetti, M.1    Molinari, A.2    Sebastianelli, A.3
  • 70
  • 71
    • 19544374453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Passive immunisation of hamsters against Clostridium difficile infection using antibodies to surface layer proteins
    • DOI 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.04.005, PII S0378109705002260
    • O'Brien JB, Mccabe MS, Athie-Morales V, Mcdonald GS, Ni Eidhin DB, Kelleher DP. Passive immunisation of hamsters against Clostridium difficile infection using antibodies to surface layer proteins. FEMS Microbiology Lett. 246(2), 199-205 (2005). (Pubitemid 40731481)
    • (2005) FEMS Microbiology Letters , vol.246 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-205
    • O'Brien, J.B.1    McCabe, M.S.2    Athie-Morales, V.3    McDonald, G.S.A.4    Ni Eidhin, D.B.5    Kelleher, D.P.6
  • 73
    • 35048837277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cwp84, a surface-associated protein of Clostridium difficile, is a cysteine protease with degrading activity on extracellular matrix proteins
    • DOI 10.1128/JB.00578-07
    • Janoir C, Pechine S, Grosdidier C, Collignon A. Cwp84, a surface-associated protein of Clostridium difficile, is a cysteine protease with degrading activity on extracellular matrix proteins. J. Bacteriol. 189(20), 7174-7180 (2007). (Pubitemid 47557330)
    • (2007) Journal of Bacteriology , vol.189 , Issue.20 , pp. 7174-7180
    • Janoir, C.1    Pechine, S.2    Grosdidier, C.3    Collignon, A.4
  • 74
    • 26944469989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of Clostridium difficile surface proteins and specific serum antibody response in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • DOI 10.1128/JCM.43.10.5018-5025.2005
    • Pechine S, Janoir C, Collignon A. Variability of Clostridium difficile surface proteins and specific serum antibody response in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(10), 5018-5025 (2005). (Pubitemid 41483998)
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.43 , Issue.10 , pp. 5018-5025
    • Pechine, S.1    Janoir, C.2    Collignon, A.3
  • 75
    • 80052576075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization of hamsters against Clostridium difficile infection using the Cwp84 protease as an antigen
    • Pechine S, Deneve C, Le Monnier A, Hoys S, Janoir C, Collignon A. Immunization of hamsters against Clostridium difficile infection using the Cwp84 protease as an antigen. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 63(1), 73-81 (2011).
    • (2011) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. , vol.63 , Issue.1 , pp. 73-81
    • Pechine, S.1    Deneve, C.2    Le Monnier, A.3    Hoys, S.4    Janoir, C.5    Collignon, A.6
  • 76
    • 34247178951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diminished intestinal colonization by Clostridium difficile and immune response in mice after mucosal immunization with surface proteins of Clostridium difficile
    • DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.055, PII S0264410X0700237X
    • Pechine S, Janoir C, Boureau et al. Diminished intestinal colonization by Clostridium difficile and immune response in mice after mucosal immunization with surface proteins of Clostridium difficile. Vaccine 25, 3946-3954 (2007). (Pubitemid 46617001)
    • (2007) Vaccine , vol.25 , Issue.20 , pp. 3946-3954
    • Pechine, S.1    Janoir, C.2    Boureau, H.3    Gleizes, A.4    Tsapis, N.5    Hoys, S.6    Fattal, E.7    Collignon, A.8
  • 77
    • 80053991733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encapsulation of Cwp84 into pectin beads for oral vaccination against Clostridium difficile
    • Sandolo C, Pechine S, Monnier AL et al. Encapsulation of Cwp84 into pectin beads for oral vaccination against Clostridium difficile. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 79(3), 566-573 (2011).
    • (2011) Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. , vol.79 , Issue.3 , pp. 566-573
    • Sandolo, C.1    Pechine, S.2    Monnier, A.L.3
  • 78
    • 34247556420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis and medical applications of oligosaccharides
    • DOI 10.1038/nature05819, PII NATURE05819
    • Seeberger PH, Werz DB. Synthesis and medical applications of oligosaccharides. Nature 446(7139), 1046-1051 (2007). (Pubitemid 46676067)
    • (2007) Nature , vol.446 , Issue.7139 , pp. 1046-1051
    • Seeberger, P.H.1    Werz, D.B.2
  • 79
    • 39649116922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile cell-surface polysaccharides composed of pentaglycosyl and hexaglycosyl phosphate repeating units
    • Ganeshapillai J, Vinogradov E, Rousseau J, Weese JS, Monteiro MA. Clostridium difficile cell-surface polysaccharides composed of pentaglycosyl and hexaglycosyl phosphate repeating units. Carbohydr. Res. 343(4), 703-710 (2008).
    • (2008) Carbohydr. Res. , vol.343 , Issue.4 , pp. 703-710
    • Ganeshapillai, J.1    Vinogradov, E.2    Rousseau, J.3    Weese, J.S.4    Monteiro, M.A.5
  • 80
    • 79851474622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First synthesis of C difficile PS-II cell wall polysaccharide repeating unit
    • Danieli E, Lay L, Proietti D, Berti F, Costantino P, Adamo R. First synthesis of C. difficile PS-II cell wall polysaccharide repeating unit. Org. Lett. 13(3), 378-381 (2011).
    • (2011) Org. Lett. , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 378-381
    • Danieli, E.1    Lay, L.2    Proietti, D.3    Berti, F.4    Costantino, P.5    Adamo, R.6
  • 81
    • 79957532830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A possible oligosaccharide-conjugate vaccine candidate for Clostridium difficile is antigenic and immunogenic
    • Oberli MA, Hecht ML, Bindschadler P, Adibekian A, Adam T, Seeberger PH. A possible oligosaccharide-conjugate vaccine candidate for Clostridium difficile is antigenic and immunogenic. Chem. Biol. 18(5), 580-588 (2011).
    • (2011) Chem. Biol. , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 580-588
    • Oberli, M.A.1    Hecht, M.L.2    Bindschadler, P.3    Adibekian, A.4    Adam, T.5    Seeberger, P.H.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.