Review of international grid codes for wind power integration: Diversity, technology and a case for global standard

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 3876-3890

  Mohseni, Mansour ^a   Islam, Syed M ^b  

^a Power System Consultants   (Australia)

^b CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Compliance technologies; Grid code regulations; Wind power plants

Indexed keywords

ACTIVE POWER; COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES; CONNECTION REQUIREMENTS; EXTENDED RANGE; FUTURE TRENDS; GLOBAL HARMONIZATION; GLOBAL STANDARDS; GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS; GRID CODES; HIGH VOLTAGE; INTERNATIONAL GRIDS; RIDETHROUGH CAPABILITY; SYSTEM OPERATOR; TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OPERATORS; WIND FARM; WIND GENERATOR SYSTEMS; WIND POWER INTEGRATIONS;

ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION; ELECTRIC UTILITIES; REACTIVE POWER;

WIND POWER;

EID: 84860222524     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.039     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. O. Anaya-Lara, N. Jenkins, J. Ekanayake, P. Cartwright, and M. Hughes Wind energy generation modeling and control 2009 Wiley
2. R.M. Zavadil, and C.J. Smith Status of wind-related US national and regional grid code activities Proceeding of IEEE power engineering society general meeting San Francisco 2005
3. S. Bernard, Beaulied, and G. Trudel Hydro-Quebec grid code for wind farm interconnection Proceedings of IEEE power engineering society general meeting San Francisco 2005
4. I. Erlich, W. Winter, and A. Dittrich Advanced grid requirements for the integration of wind turbines into the German transmission system Proceedings of IEEE power engineering society general meeting Montreal 2006
5. I.M. Dudurych, M. Holly, and M. Power Integration of wind power generation in the Irish grid Proceedings of IEEE power engineering society general meeting Montreal 2006
6. SKM, New generation technologies and GB grid codes; December 2004. Available at: http://www.ofgem.gov.uk/.
7. A. Morales, X. Robe, J.L.R. Amenedo, S. Arnaltes, R. Zubiaur, and Z. Torbado Advanced grid requirements for the integration of wind farms into the Spanish transmission system IET Renew Power Gener 2 1 2007 47 59
8. C. Jauch, J. Matevosyan, T. Ackermann, and S. Bolik International comparison of requirements for connection of wind turbines to power systems Wind Energy 8 8 Jul 2005 295 306
9. Christiansen W, Johnsen DT. Analysis of requirements in selected grid codes. Technical Report, Section of Electric Power Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU); 2006.
10. I.M. de Alegria, J. Andreu, J.L. Martin, P. Ibanez, J.L. Villate, and H. Camblong Connection requirements for wind farms: a survey on technical requirements and regulation Renew Sust Energy Rev 11 2007 1858 1872
11. M. Tsili, and S. Papathanassiou A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms IET Renew Power Gener 3 September (3) 2009 308 332
12. WWEA, World wind energy report 2010; June 2011. Available at: http://www.wwindea.org.
13. Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity. Final report on the disturbances on 4 November 2006. Available at: http://entsoe.eu/.
14. Energinet. Technical regulation 3.2.5 for wind power plants with a power output greater than 11 kW; September 2010. Available at: http://www.energinet. dk.
15. AEMC. National electricity rules, Version 45; July 2011. Available at: http://www.aemc.gov.au/.
16. M. Altin, O. Goksu, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodriguez, B.K. Jensen, and L. Helle Overview of recent grid codes for wind power integration Proceedings to the 12th international conference on optimization of electrical and electronic equipments Romania 2010
17. N.R. Ullah, K. Bhattacharya, and T. Thiringer Wind farms as reactive power ancillary service providers - technical and economic issues IEEE Trans Power Syst 22 November (4) 2007 1647 1656
18. G. Lalor, A. Mullane, and M. O'Malley Frequency control and wind turbine technologies IEEE Trans Power Syst 20 November (4) 2005 1905 1913
19. Red Electrica de Spana. Resolution-P.O.12.3-Response requirements against voltage dips in wind installations; March 2006. Available at: http://www.aeeolica.es/en/.
20. F.M. Hughes, O.A. Lara, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac Control of DFIG based wind generation for power network support IEEE Trans Power Syst 20 November (4) 2005 1958 1966
21. J. Ribrant, and L.M. Bertling Survey of failures in wind power systems with focus on Swedish wind power plants during 1997-2005 IEEE Trans Energy Convers 22 March (1) 2007 167 173
22. Z.S. Saoud, M.L. Lisboa, J.B. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac Application of STATCOMs to wind farms Proc IEE Gener Transm Distrib 145 September (5) 1998 511 516
23. M. Aten, J. Martinez, and P.J. Cartwright Fault recovery of a wind farm with fixed speed induction generators using a STATCOM Wind Eng 29 4 2005 365 375
24. H. Gaztanaga, I.E. Otadui, D. Ocnasu, and S. Bacha Real-time analysis of the transient response improvement of fixed-speed wind farms by using a reduced-scale STATCOM prototype IEEE Trans Power Syst 22 May (2) 2007 658 666
25. M. Molinas, J.A. Suul, and T. Undeland Low voltage ride through of wind farms with cage generators: STATCOM versus SVC IEEE Trans Power Electron 23 May (3) 2008 1104 1117
26. H.M.J. Hossain, H.R. Pota, V.A. Ugrinovskii, and R.A. Ramos Simultaneous STATCOM and pitch angle control for improved LVRT capability of fixed-speed wind turbines IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 1 October (3) 2010 142 151
27. Z. Chen, Y. Hu, and F. Blaabjerg Stability improvement of induction generator-based wind turbine systems IET Renew Power Gener 1 March (1) 2007 81 93
28. N.G. Jayanti, M. Basu, M.F. Conlon, and K. Gaughan Rating requirements of the unified power quality conditioner to integrate the fixed speed induction generator-type wind generation to the grid IET Renew Power Gener 3 June (2) 2009 131 141
29. D. Ramirez, S. Martinez, C.A. Paltero, F. Blazquez, and R.M. de Castro Low voltage ride-through capability for wind generators based on dynamic voltage restorers IEEE Trans Energy Convers 26 March (1) 2011 195 203
30. S.M. Muyeen, M.H. Ali, T. Murata, and J. Tamura Transient stability enhancement of wind generator by a new logical pitch controller IEEE Trans Power Energy 126 August (8) 2006 742 752
31. W. Freitas, A. Morelato, and W. Xu Improvement of induction generator stability using braking resistors IEEE Trans Power Syst 19 May (2) 2004 1247 1249
32. A. Causebrook, D.J. Atkinson, and A.G. Jack Fault ride-through of large wind farms using series dynamic braking resistors (March 2007) IEEE Trans Power Syst 22 August (3) 2007 966 975
33. X. Wu, A. Arulampalam, C. Zhan, and N. Jenkins Application of a static reactive power compensator (STATCOM) and a dynamic braking resistor (DBR) for the stability enhancement of a large wind farm Wind Eng 27 2 2003 93 106
34. S. Nomura, Y. Ohata, T. Hagita, H. Tsutsui, S. Tsuji-Iio, and R. Shimada Wind farms linked by SMES systems IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 15 June (2) 2005 1951 1954
35. T. Kinjo, T. Senjyu, N. Urasaki, and H. Fujita Terminal-voltage and output-power regulation of wind-turbine generator by series and parallel compensation using SMES Proc IEE Gener Transm Distrib 153 May (3) 2006 276 282
36. S.M. Muyeen, M. Hasan Ali, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, J. Tamura, and Y. Tomaki Comparative study on transient stability analysis of wind turbine generator system using different drive train models IET Renew Power Gener 1 June (2) 2007 131 141
37. M.H. Ali, and B. Wu Comparison of stabilization methods for fixed-speed wind generator systems IEEE Trans Power Deliv 25 January (1) 2010 323 331
38. M. Mohseni, S.M. Islam, and M.A.S. Masoum Impacts of symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sags on DFIG-based wind turbines considering phase-angle jump, voltage recovery, and sag parameters IEEE Trans Power Electron 26 May (5) 2011 1587 1598
39. Akhmatov V. Analysis of dynamic behavior of electric power systems with large amount of wind power. Ph.D. Thesis, Electr. Power Eng., Tech. Univ., Copenhagen, Denmark; April 2003.
40. J. Morren, and S. de Haan Ride-through of wind turbines with doubly fed induction generator during a voltage dip IEEE Trans Energy Convers 20 June (2) 2005 435 441
41. A.H. Kasem, E.F. El-Saadany, H.H. El-Tamaly, and M.A.A. Wahab An improved fault ride-through strategy for doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines IET Renew Power Gener 2 4 2008 201 214
42. P.S. Flannery, and G. Venkataramanan A fault tolerant doubly fed induction generator wind turbine using a parallel grid side rectifier and series grid side converter IEEE Trans Power Electron 23 May (3) 2008 1126 1134
43. P.S. Flannery, and G. Venkataramanan Unbalanced voltage sag ride-through of a doubly fed induction generator wind turbine with series grid-side converter IEEE Trans Ind Appl 45 September/October (5) 2009 1879 1887
44. J. Lopez, E. Gubia, E. Olea, J. Ruiz, and L. Marroyo Ride through of wind turbines with doubly fed induction generator under symmetrical voltage dips IEEE Trans Ind Electron 56 October (10) 2009 4246 4254
45. O.A. Baqi, and A. Nasiri A dynamic LVRT solution for doubly fed induction generators IEEE Trans Power Electron 25 January (1) 2010 193 196
46. J. Yang, J.E. Fletcher, and J. O'Reilly A series-dynamic-resistor-based converter protection scheme for doubly-fed induction generator during various fault conditions IEEE Trans Energy Convers 25 June (2) 2010 422 432
47. X. Yan, G. Venkataramanan, P.S. Flannery, Y. Wang, Q. Dong, and B. Zhang Voltage-sag tolerance of DFIG wind turbine with a series grid side passive-impedance network IEEE Trans Energy Convers 24 December (4) 2010 1048 1056
48. D. Xiang, L. Ran, P. Tavner, and S. Yang Control of a doubly fed induction generator in a wind turbine during grid fault ride through IEEE Trans Energy Convers 21 September (3) 2006 652 662
49. L. Xu, and Y. Wang Dynamic modeling and control of DFIG based wind turbines under unbalanced network conditions IEEE Trans Power Syst 22 February (1) 2007 314 323
50. L. Xu Coordinated control of DFIG's rotor and grid side converters during network unbalance IEEE Trans Power Electron 23 May (3) 2008 1041 1049
51. O.G. Bellmunt, A.J. Ferre, A. Sumper, and J.B. Jane Ride-through control of a doubly-fed induction generator under unbalanced voltage sags IEEE Trans Energy Convers 23 December (4) 2008 1036 1045
52. Y. Zhou, P. Bauer, J. Pierik, and J.A. Ferreira Operation of grid-connected DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage condition IEEE Trans Energy Convers 24 March (1) 2009 240 246
53. F.K.A. Lima, A. Luna, P. Rodriguez, E.H. Watanabe, and F. Blaabjerg Rotor voltage dynamics in the doubly fed induction generator during grid faults IEEE Trans Power Electron 25 January (1) 2010 118 130
54. M. Rahimi, and M. Parniani Coordinated control approaches for low-voltage ride-through enhancement in wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators IEEE Trans Energy Convers 25 September (3) 2010 873 883
55. M. Mohseni, M.A.S. Masoum, and S.M. Islam Fault ride-through capability enhancement for doubly fed induction wind generators IET Renew Power Gener 5 September (5) 2011 368 378
56. I. Erlich, J. Kretschmann, J. Fortmann, S.M. Engelhardt, and H. Wrede Modeling of wind turbines based on doubly-fed induction generators for power system stability studies IEEE Trans Power Syst 22 August (3) 2007 909 919
57. J. Yao, H. Li, Y. Liao, and Z. Chen An improved control strategy of limiting the DC-link voltage fluctuation for a doubly fed induction wind generator IEEE Trans Power Electron 23 May (3) 2008 1205 1213
58. A. Mullane, G. Lightbody, and R. Yacamini Wind-turbine fault ridethrough enhancement IEEE Trans Power Syst 20 November (4) 2005 1929 1937
59. J.F. Conroy, and R. Watson Low-voltage ride-through of a full converter wind turbine with permanent magnet generator IET Renew Power Gener 1 May (3) 2007 182 189
60. G. Ramtharan, A. Arulampalam, J.B. Ekanayake, F.M. Hughes, and N. Jenkins Fault ride through of fully rated converter wind turbines with AC and DC transmission systems IET Renew Power Gener 3 4 2009 426 438
61. H. Geng, G. Yang, D. Xu, and B. Wu Unified power control for PMSG-based WECS operating under different grid conditions IEEE Trans Energy Convers 26 September (3) 2011 822 830
62. E.D. Dorado, C. Carrillo, and J. Cidras Control algorithm for coordinated reactive power compensation in a wind park IEEE Trans Energy Convers 23 December (4) 2008 1064 1072
63. B. Ronner, P. Maibach, and T. Thurnherr Operational experiences of STATCOMs for wind parks IET Renew Power Gener 3 September (3) 2009 349 357
64. N.R. Ullah, and T. Thiringer Variable speed wind turbines for power system stability enhancement IEEE Trans Energy Convers 22 March (1) 2007 52 60
65. R.J. Konopinski, P. Vijayan, and V. Ajjarapu Extended reactive capability of DFIG wind parks for enhanced system performance IEEE Trans Power Syst 24 August (3) 2009 1346 1355
66. S. Engelhardt, I. Erlich, C. Feltes, J. Kretschmann, and F. Shewarega Reactive power capability of wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generators IEEE Trans Energy Convers 26 March (1) 2011 364 372
67. W. Qiao, R.G. Harley, and G.K. Vanayagamoorthy Coordinated reactive power control of a large wind farm and a STATCOM using heuristic dynamic programming IEEE Trans Energy Convers 24 June (2) 2009 493 503
68. M. Kayikci, and J. Milanovic Reactive power control strategies for DFIG based plants IEEE Trans Energy Convers 22 June (2) 2007 389 396
69. L.G. Meegahapola, T. Littler, and D. Flynn Decoupled-DFIG fault ride-through strategy for enhanced stability performance during grid faults IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 1 October (3) 2010 152 162
70. G. Tapia, A. Tapia, and J.X. Ostolaza Proportional-integral regulator based approach to wind farm reactive power management for secondary voltage control IEEE Trans Energy Convers 22 June (2) 2007 488 498
71. E. Vittal, M. O'Malley, and A. Keane A steady-state voltage stability analysis of power systems with high penetrations of wind IEEE Trans Power Syst 25 February (1) 2010 433 442
72. M. El Moursi, G. Joos, and C. Abbey A secondary voltage control strategy for transmission level interconnection of wind generation IEEE Trans Power Electron 23 May (3) 2008 1178 1190
73. N.R. Ullah, T. Thiringer, and D. Karlsson Voltage and transient stability support by wind farms complying with the E.ON Netz code IEEE Trans Power Syst 22 November (4) 2007 1647 1656
74. S. Foster, L. Xu, and B. Fox Coordinated reactive power control for facilitating fault ride through of doubly fed induction generator- and fixed speed induction generator-based wind farms IET Renew Power Gener 4 2010 128 138
75. A.E. Leon, J.M. Mauricio, A.G. -Expósito, and J.A. Solsona An improved control strategy for hybrid wind farms IEEE Trans Sustains Energy 1 October (3) 2010 131 141
76. S.M. Muyeen, R. Takahashi, T. Murata, and J. Tamura A variable speed wind turbine control strategy to meet wind farm grid code requirements IEEE Trans Power Syst 25 February (1) 2010 331 340
77. A. Mullane, and M. O'Malley The inertial response of induction-machine- based wind turbines IEEE Trans Power Syst 20 August (3) 2005 1496 1503
78. A. Tabesh, and R. Iravani Small-signal dynamic model and analysis of a fixed-speed wind farm - a frequency response approach IEEE Trans Power Deliv 21 April (2) 2006 778 787
79. A. Sumper, O.G. Bellmunt, A.S. Andreu, R.V. Robles, and J.R. Duran Response of fixed speed wind turbines to system frequency disturbances IEEE Trans Power Syst 24 February (1) 2009 181 192
80. J. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency IEEE Trans Energy Convers 19 December (4) 2004 800 802
81. J. Morren, S.W.H. Haan, W.L. Kling, and J.A. Ferreira Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control IEEE Trans Power Syst 21 February (1) 2006 433 434
82. R.G. de Almeida, and J.A.P. Lopes Participation of doubly fed induction wind generators in system frequency regulation IEEE Trans Power Syst 22 August (3) 2007 944 950
83. G. Ramtharan, J.B. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins Frequency support from doubly fed induction generator wind turbines IET Renew Power Gener 1 1 2007 3 9
84. N.R. Ullah, T. Thiringer, and D. Karlsson Temporary primary frequency control support by variable speed wind turbines - potential and applications IEEE Trans Power Syst 23 May (2) 2008 601 612
85. J.F. Conroy, and R. Watson Frequency response capability of full converter wind turbine generators in comparison to conventional generation IEEE Trans Power Syst 23 May (2) 2008 649 656
86. P.K. Keung, P. Li, H. Banakar, and T.O. Boon Kinetic energy of wind-turbine generators for system frequency support IEEE Trans Power Syst 24 February (1) 2009 279 287
87. J.M. Mauricio, A. Marano, A. Gomez-Exposito, and J.L.M. Ramos Frequency regulation contribution through variable-speed wind energy conversion systems IEEE Trans Power Syst 24 February (1) 2009 173 180
88. M. Kayikci, and J.V. Milanovic Dynamic contribution of DFIG-based wind plants to system frequency disturbances IEEE Trans Power Syst 24 May (2) 2009 859 867
89. D. Gautam, V. Vittal, L. Goel, R. Ayyanar, and T. Harbour Impact of increased penetrations of DFIG based wind turbine generators on transient and small signal stability of power systems IEEE Trans Power Syst 24 August (3) 2009 1426 1434
90. R. Doherty, A. Mullane, G. Nolan, D. Burke, A. Bryson, and M.J. O'Malley An assessment of the impact of wind generation on system frequency control IEEE Trans Power Syst 25 February (1) 2010 452 460
91. L.C. Chien, W.T. Lin, and Y.C. Yin Enhancing frequency response control by DFIGs in the high wind penetrated power systems IEEE Trans Power Syst 26 May (2) 2011 710 718
92. R.G. de Almeida, E.D. Castronuovo, and J.A.P. Lopes Optimum generation control in wind parks when carrying out system operator requests IEEE Trans Power Syst 21 May (2) 2006 718 725
93. Z. Lubosny, and J. Bialek Supervisory control of a wind farm IEEE Trans Power Syst 22 August (3) 2007 985 994
94. F.M. Hughes, O. Anaya-Lara, G. Ramtharan, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac Influence of tower shadow and wind turbulence on the performance of power system stabilizers for DFIG-based wind farms IEEE Trans Energy Convers 23 June (2) 2008 519 528
95. G. Tsourakis, B.M. Nomikos, and C.D. Vournas Contribution of doubly fed wind generators to oscillation damping IEEE Trans Energy Convers 24 September (3) 2009 783 791
96. A. Mendonca, and J.A.P. Lopes Robust tuning of power system stabilisers to install in wind energy conversion systems IET Renew Power Gener 3 December (4) 2009 465 475
97. F. Wu, X.P. Zhang, K. Godfrey, and P. Ju Small signal stability analysis and optimal control of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator IET Gener Transm Distrib 1 5 2007 751 760
98. F. Mei, and B.C. Pal Modal analysis of grid-connected doubly fed induction generators IEEE Trans Energy Convers 22 September (3) 2007 728 736
99. L. Yang, Z. Xu, J. Ostergaard, Z.Y. Dong, K.P. Wong, and X. Ma Oscillatory stability and eigenvalue sensitivity analysis of A DFIG wind turbine system small signal stability IEEE Trans Energy Convers 26 March (1) 2011 328 339
100. Z. Miao, L. Fan, D. Osborn, and S. Yuvarajan Control of DFIG-based wind generation to improve inter-area oscillation damping IEEE Trans Energy Convers 24 June (2) 2009 415 422
101. L. Fan, H. Yin, and Z. Miao On active/reactive power modulation of DFIG-based wind generation for interarea oscillation damping IEEE Trans Energy Convers 26 July (2) 2011 513 521
102. M. Mohseni, S. Islam, and M.A.S. Masoum Enhanced Hysteresis-Based Current Regulators in Vector Control of DFIG Wind Turbines IEEE Trans Power Electron 26 Jan (1) 2011 223 234
103. M. Mohseni, M.A.S. Masoum, and S. Islam Low and High Voltage Ride-Through of DFIG Wind Turbines using Hybrid Current Controlled Converters Electr Power Syst Res 81 July (7) 2011 1456 1465
104. M. Mohseni, and S. Islam Transient Control of DFIG-Based Wind Power Plants in Compliance with the Australian Grid Code IEEE Trans Power Electron 27 June (6) 2012 2813 2824