Local inflammation in chronic upper airway disease

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 18, Issue 16, 2012, Pages 2336-2346

  Calus, Lien ^a   van Zele, Thibaut ^a   Derycke, Lara ^a   Krysko, Olga ^a   Dutre, Tineke ^a   Tomassen, Peter ^a   Dullaers, Melissa ^a   Bachert, Claus ^a   Gevaert, Philippe ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Asthma; Chronic rhinosinusitis; Inflammation; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E ANTIBODY; INTERLEUKIN 13 ANTIBODY; INTERLEUKIN 4 ANTIBODY; INTERLEUKIN 5 ANTIBODY; STAPHYLOCOCCUS ENTEROTOXIN; SUPERANTIGEN;

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ASTHMA; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; NOSE POLYP; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHINOSINUSITIS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; T LYMPHOCYTE; TH2 CELL; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT;

ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NASAL POLYPS; PHENOTYPE; SINUSITIS;

EID: 84860167065     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161212800166022     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Hastan D, Fokkens WJ, Bachert C, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis in Europe - an underestimated disease. A GA(2) LEN study. Allergy 2011; 24.
2. Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J. European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007. Rhinol Suppl 2007; 20: 1-136.
3. Tomassen P, Newson RB, Hoffmans R, et al. Reliability of EP3OS symptom criteria and nasal endoscopy in the assessment of chronic rhinosinusitis--a GA(2) LEN study. Allergy 2011; 66(4): 556-561.
4. Pleis JR, Lucas JW, Ward BW. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2008. Vital Health Stat 10 2009; 242: 1-157.
5. Hastan D, Fokkens WJ, Bachert C, et al. Chronic rhinosinusitis in Europe - an underestimated disease. A GA2LEN study. Allergy 2011; 66(9): 1216-1223.
6. Min YG, Jung HW, Kim HS, Park SK, Yoo KY. Prevalence and risk factors of chronic sinusitis in Korea: results of a nationwide survey. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1996; 253(7): 435-439.
7. Koh WP, Yuan JM, Wang R, Seow A, Lee HP, Yu MC. Chronic rhinosinusitis and risk of lung cancer in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Int J Cancer 2008; 123(6): 1398-1402.
8. Chen Y, Dales R, Lin M. The Epidemiology of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Canadians. Laryngoscope 2003; 113(7): 1199-1205.
9. Collins JG. Prevalence of selected chronic conditions: United States, 1990-1992. Vital Health Stat 10 1997; 194: 1-89.
10. Jarvis D, Newson R, Lotvall J, et al. Asthma in adults and its association with chronic rhinosinusitis: The GA2LEN survey in Europe. Allergy 2011: In press; Doi: 10.1111/j.398-9995.2011.02709.x.
11. Hens G, Vanaudenaerde BM, Bullens DMA, et al. Original article: Sinonasal pathology in nonallergic asthma and COPD: 'united airway disease' beyond the scope of allergy. Allergy 2008; 63(3): 261-267.
12. Guilemany JM, Angrill J, Alobid I, et al. United airways again: high prevalence of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps in bronchiectasis. Allergy 2009; 64(5): 790-797.
13. Johansson L, Akerlund A, Holmberg K, Melen I, Bende M. Prevalence of nasal polyps in adults: the Skovde population-based study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2003; 112(7): 625-629.
14. Hedman J, Kaprio J, Poussa T, Nieminen MM. Prevalence of asthma, aspirin intolerance, nasal polyposis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a population-based study. International Journal of Epidemiology 1999 August 1, 1999; 28(4): 717-722.
15. el Hasnaoui A, Jankowski R, Serrano E, Pribil C, Neukirch F, Klossek JM. Evaluation of a diagnostic questionnaire for nasal polyposis: an observational, cross-sectional study. Rhinology 2004; 42(1): 1-7.
16. Klossek JM, Neukirch F, Pribil C, et al. Prevalence of nasal polyposis in France: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Allergy 2005; 60(2): 233-237.
17. Bachert C, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Cuvelier C, van Cauwenberge P. Nasal polyposis: from cytokines to growth. Am J Rhinol 2000; 14(5): 279-290.
18. Gevaert P, Lang-Loidolt D, Lackner A, et al. Nasal IL-5 levels determine the response to anti-IL-5 treatment in patients with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118(5): 1133-1141.
19. Plager DA, Kahl JC, Asmann YW, Nilson AE, Pallanch JF, Friedman O, et al. Gene transcription changes in asthmatic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and comparison to those in atopic dermatitis. PLoS One.5(7): e11450.
20. Van Zele T, Claeys S, Gevaert P, et al. Differentiation of chronic sinus diseases by measurement of inflammatory mediators. Allergy 2006; 61(11): 1280-1289.
21. Fan Y, Xia W, Liu W, Chen R, Li X, Xu R, et al. Increased nasal IL-5 levels act as a predisposing factor of asthma in southern China. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127(5): 1312-1313+3-4.
22. Bachert C, Zhang N, Holtappels G, et al. Presence of IL-5 protein and IgE antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins in nasal polyps is associated with comorbid asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126(5): 962-8+8+e1-6.
23. Price AE, Liang HE, Sullivan BM, et al. Systemically dispersed innate IL-13-expressing cells in type 2 immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107(25): 11489-11494.
24. Eiwegger T, Akdis CA. IL-33 links tissue cells, dendritic cells and Th2 cell development in a mouse model of asthma. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41(6): 1535-1538.
25. Reh DD, Wang Y, Ramanathan M, Jr., Lane AP. Treatmentrecalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps is associated with altered epithelial cell expression of interleukin-33. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2010; 24(2): 105-109.
26. Zhou B, Comeau MR, de Smedt T, et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a key initiator of allergic airway inflammation in mice. Nat Immunol 2005; 6(10): 1047-1053.
27. Headley MB, Zhou B, Shih WX, Aye T, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF. TSLP conditions the lung immune environment for the generation of pathogenic innate and antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. J Immunol 2009; 182(3): 1641-1647.
28. Liu T, Li TL, Zhao F, Xie C, Liu AM, Chen X, et al. Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Am J Med Sci 2011; 341(1): 40-47.
29. Kimura S, Pawankar R, Mori S, et al. Increased expression and role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in nasal polyposis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011; 3(3): 186-193.
30. Ebner S, Nguyen VA, Forstner M, et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin converts human epidermal Langerhans cells into antigen-presenting cells that induce proallergic T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119(4): 982-990.
31. Ito T, Wang YH, Duramad O, et al. TSLP-activated dendritic cells induce an inflammatory T helper type 2 cell response through OX40 ligand. J Exp Med 2005; 202(9): 1213-1223.
32. Bachert C, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Johansson SG, van Cauwenberge P. Total and specific IgE in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107(4): 607-614.
33. Zhang N, Holtappels G, Gevaert P, et al. Mucosal tissue polyclonal IgE is functional in response to allergen and SEB. Allergy 2011; 66(1): 141-148.
34. Powe DG, Bonnin AJ, Jones NS. 'Entopy': local allergy paradigm. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40(7): 987-997.
35. Rondon C, Fernandez J, Canto G, Blanca M. Local allergic rhinitis: concept, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approach. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2010; 20(5): 364-371.
36. Rondon C, Romero JJ, Lopez S, et al. Local IgE production and positive nasal provocation test in patients with persistent nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119(4): 899-905.
37. Rondon C, Dona I, Lopez S, et al. Seasonal idiopathic rhinitis with local inflammatory response and specific IgE in absence of systemic response. Allergy 2008; 63(10): 1352-1358.
38. Powe DG, Huskisson RS, Carney AS, Jenkins D, Jones NS. Evidence for an inflammatory pathophysiology in idiopathic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31(6): 864-872.
39. Ba L, Zhang N, Meng J, et al. The association between bacterial colonization and inflammatory pattern in Chinese chronic rhinosinusitis patients with nasal polyps. Allergy 2011; 66(10): 1296-1303.
40. Psaltis AJ, Bruhn MA, Ooi EH, Tan LW, Wormald PJ. Nasal mucosa expression of lactoferrin in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2007; 117(11): 2030-2035.
41. Schleimer RP, Kato A, Peters A, et al. Epithelium, inflammation, and immunity in the upper airways of humans: studies in chronic rhinosinusitis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6(3): 288-294.
42. Krysko O, Holtappels G, Zhang N, et al. Alternatively activated macrophages and impaired phagocytosis of S. aureus in chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy 2011; 66(3): 396-403.
43. Van Bruaene N, Bachert C. Tissue remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 11(1): 8-11.
44. Van Bruaene N, Derycke L, Perez-Novo CA, et al. TGF-beta signaling and collagen deposition in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124(2): 253-259.
45. Zhang N, Liu S, Lin P, et al. Remodeling and inflammation in Chinese versus white patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125(2): 507.
46. Kim HY, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. The many paths to asthma: phenotype shaped by innate and adaptive immunity. Nature immunology 2010; 11(7): 577-584.
47. Hammad H, Chieppa M, Perros F, Willart MA, Germain RN, Lambrecht BN. House dust mite allergen induces asthma via Tolllike receptor 4 triggering of airway structural cells. Nat Med 2009; 15(4): 410-416.
48. Nathan AT, Peterson EA, Chakir J, Wills-Karp M. Innate immune responses of airway epithelium to house dust mite are mediated through beta-glucan-dependent pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123(3): 612-618.
49. Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Dendritic cells and epithelial cells: linking innate and adaptive immunity in asthma. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8(3): 193-204.
50. Saenz SA, Taylor BC, Artis D. Welcome to the neighborhood: epithelial cell-derived cytokines license innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal sites. Immunol Rev 2008; 226: 172-190.
51. Wang YH, Angkasekwinai P, Lu N, et al. IL-25 augments type 2 immune responses by enhancing the expansion and functions of TSLP-DC-activated Th2 memory cells. J Exp Med 2007; 204(8): 1837-1847.
52. Smithgall MD, Comeau MR, Yoon BR, Kaufman D, Armitage R, Smith DE. IL-33 amplifies both Th1- and Th2-type responses through its activity on human basophils, allergen-reactive Th2 cells, iNKT and NK cells. Int Immunol 2008; 20(8): 1019-1030.
53. Barnes PJ. The cytokine network in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Invest 2008; 118(11): 3546-3556.
54. Wills-Karp M, Finkelman FD. Untangling the complex web of IL- 4- and IL-13-mediated signaling pathways. Sci Signal 2008; 1(51): 55.
55. Maurer D, Stingl G. Immunoglobulin E-binding structures on antigen-presenting cells present in skin and blood. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104(5): 707-710.
56. Maurer D, Fiebiger S, Ebner C, et al. Peripheral blood dendritic cells express Fc epsilon RI as a complex composed of Fc epsilon RI alpha- and Fc epsilon RI gamma-chains and can use this receptor for IgE-mediated allergen presentation. J Immunol 1996; 157(2): 607-616.
57. Novak N, Allam JP, Hagemann T, et al. Characterization of FcepsilonRI-bearing CD123 blood dendritic cell antigen-2 plasmacytoid dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114(2): 364-370.
58. Hammad H, Plantinga M, Deswarte K, Pouliot P, Willart MA, Kool M, et al. Inflammatory dendritic cells--not basophils--are necessary and sufficient for induction of Th2 immunity to inhaled house dust mite allergen. J Exp Med 2010; 207(10): 2097-2111.
59. Gould HJ, Sutton BJ. IgE in allergy and asthma today. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8(3): 205-217.
60. Perkins C, Wills-Karp M, Finkelman FD. IL-4 induces IL-13- independent allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118(2): 410-419.
61. Tanabe T, Fujimoto K, Yasuo M, et al. Modulation of mucus production by interleukin-13 receptor alpha2 in the human airway epithelium. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38(1): 122-134.
62. Balzar S, Strand M, Rhodes D, Wenzel SE. IgE expression pattern in lung: relation to systemic IgE and asthma phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119(4): 855-862.
63. Takhar P, Smurthwaite L, Coker HA, et al. Allergen drives class switching to IgE in the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis. J Immunol 2005; 174(8): 5024-5032.
64. Ying S, Humbert M, Meng Q, et al. Local expression of epsilon germline gene transcripts and RNA for the epsilon heavy chain of IgE in the bronchial mucosa in atopic and nonatopic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107(4): 686-692.
65. King CL, Poindexter RW, Ragunathan J, Fleisher TA, Ottesen EA, Nutman TB. Frequency analysis of IgE-secreting B lymphocytes in persons with normal or elevated serum IgE levels. J Immunol 1991; 146(5): 1478-1483.
66. Takhar P, Corrigan CJ, Smurthwaite L, et al. Class switch recombination to IgE in the bronchial mucosa of atopic and nonatopic patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119(1): 213-218.
67. Chvatchko Y, Kosco-Vilbois MH, Herren S, Lefort J, Bonnefoy JY. Germinal center formation and local immunoglobulin E (IgE) production in the lung after an airway antigenic challenge. J Exp Med 1996; 184(6): 2353-2360.
68. Yamauchi K, Inoue H. Airway remodeling in asthma and irreversible airflow limitation-ECM deposition in airway and possible therapy for remodeling. Allergol Int 2007; 56(4): 321-329.
69. Babu KS, Arshad SH, Holgate ST. Omalizumab, a novel anti-IgE therapy in allergic disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2001; 1(6): 1049-1058.
70. Lotvall J, Akdis CA, Bacharier LB, et al. Asthma endotypes: a new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127(2): 355-360.
71. Consequences of self and foreign superantigen interaction with specific V beta elements of the murine TCR alpha beta. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1989; 54 Pt 1: 401-407.
72. Dellabona P, Peccoud J, Kappler J, Marrack P, Benoist C, Mathis D. Superantigens interact with MHC class II molecules outside of the antigen groove. Cell 1990 Sep 21; 62(6): 1115-1121.
73. Balaban N, Rasooly A. Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 61(1): 1-10.
74. Hofer MF, Harbeck RJ, Schlievert PM, Leung DY. Staphylococcal toxins augment specific IgE responses by atopic patients exposed to allergen. J invest dermatol 1999; 112(2): 171-176.
75. Hofer MF, Lester MR, Schlievert PM, Leung DY. Upregulation of IgE synthesis by staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25(12): 1218-1227.
76. Bachert C, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Johansson SG, van Cauwenberge P. Total and specific IgE in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107(4): 607-614.
77. Bachert C, Gevaert P, Howarth P, Holtappels G, van Cauwenberge P, Johansson SG. IgE to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in serum is related to severity of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111(5): 1131-1132.
78. Bachert C, Gevaert P, Zhang N, van Zele T, Perez-Novo C. Role of staphylococcal superantigens in airway disease. Chem Immunol Allergy 2007; 93: 214-236.
79. Bachert C, Claeys SE, Tomassen P, van Zele T, Zhang N. Rhinosinusitis and asthma: a link for asthma severity. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2010; 10(3): 194-201.
80. Gould HJ, Takhar P, Harries HE, Chevretton E, Sutton BJ. The allergic march from Staphylococcus aureus superantigens to immunoglobulin E. Chem Immunol Allergy 2007; 93: 106-136.
81. Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Watelet JB, Claeys G, Holtappels G, Claeys C, et al. Staphylococcus aureus colonization and IgE antibody formation to enterotoxins is increased in nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114(4): 981-983.
82. Bachert C, Zhang N, Holtappels G, et al. Presence of IL-5 protein and IgE antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins in nasal polyps is associated with comorbid asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126(5): 962-968.
83. Krysko O, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Bachert C. Impairment of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and its role in chronic airway diseases. Apoptosis 2010; 15(9): 1137-1146.
84. Patou J, Gevaert P, van Zele T, Holtappels G, van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B, protein A, and lipoteichoic acid stimulations in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121(1): 110-115.
85. Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Local immunoglobulin production in nasal polyposis is modulated by superantigens. Clin Expl Allergy 2007; 37(12): 1840-1847.
86. Zhang N, Holtappels G, Gevaert P, Patou J, Dhaliwal B, Gould H, et al. Mucosal tissue polyclonal IgE is functional in response to allergen and SEB. Allergy 2011; 66(1): 141-148.
87. Wedi B, Wieczorek D, Stunkel T, Breuer K, Kapp A. Staphylococcal exotoxins exert proinflammatory effects through inhibition of eosinophil apoptosis, increased surface antigen expression (CD11b, CD45, CD54, and CD69), and enhanced cytokine-activated oxidative burst, thereby triggering allergic inflammatory reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109(3): 477-484.
88. Huvenne W, Callebaut I, Reekmans K, et al. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B augments granulocyte migration and survival via airway epithelial cell activation. Allergy 2010; 65(8): 1013-1020.
89. Perez-Novo CA, Waeytens A, Claeys C, Cauwenberge PV, Bachert C. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B regulates prostaglandin E2 synthesis, growth, and migration in nasal tissue fibroblasts. J Infect Dis 2008; 197(7): 1036-1043.
90. Wang JH, Kwon HJ, Jang YJ. Staphylococcus aureus increases cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase expression in nasal mucosae of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2010; 24(6): 422-427.
91. Rohde G, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, et al. Increased IgE-antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2004; 98(9): 858-864.
92. Kowalski ML, Cieslak M, Perez-Novo CA, Makowska JS, Bachert C. Clinical and immunological determinants of severe/refractory asthma (SRA): association with Staphylococcal superantigenspecific IgE antibodies. Allergy 2011; 66(1): 32-38.
93. Hollams EM, Hales BJ, Bachert C, et al. Th2-associated immunity to bacteria in teenagers and susceptibility to asthma. Eur Respir J 2010; 36(3): 509-516.
94. Pastacaldi C, Lewis P, Howarth P. Staphylococci and staphylococcal superantigens in asthma and rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy 2011; 66(4): 549-555.
95. Semic-Jusufagic A, Bachert C, Gevaert P, et al. Staphylococcus aureus sensitization and allergic disease in early childhood: population-based birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119(4): 930-936.
96. Rossi RE, Monasterolo G. Prevalence of serum IgE antibodies to the Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SAE, SEB, SEC, SED, TSST-1) in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 133(3): 261-266.
97. Lee JY, Kim HM, Ye YM, et al. Role of staphylococcal superantigen-specific IgE antibodies in aspirin-intolerant asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 2006; 27(5): 341-346.
98. Hauk PJ, Wenzel SE, Trumble AE, Szefler SJ, Leung DY. Increased T-cell receptor vbeta8+ T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of subjects with poorly controlled asthma: a potential role for microbial superantigens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104(1): 37-45.
99. Hellings PW, Hens G, Meyts I, et al. Aggravation of bronchial eosinophilia in mice by nasal and bronchial exposure to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36(8): 1063-1071.
100. Herz U, Ruckert R, Wollenhaupt K, Tschernig T, Neuhaus-Steinmetz U, Pabst R, et al. Airway exposure to bacterial superantigen (SEB) induces lymphocyte-dependent airway inflammation associated with increased airway responsiveness--a model for nonallergic asthma. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29(3): 1021-1031.
101. Bachert C, Van Bruaene N, Toskala E, et al. Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: 3-chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis - a GALEN study. Allergy 2009; 64(4): 520-533.
102. Li X, Meng J, Qiao X, et al. Expression of TGF, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitors in Chinese chronic rhinosinusitis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't] 2010 May; 125(5): 1061-1068.
103. Zhang N, Van Zele T, Perez-Novo C, et al. Different types of Teffector cells orchestrate mucosal inflammation in chronic sinus disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122(5): 961-968.
104. Ba L, Zhang N, Meng J, et al. The association between bacterial colonization and inflammatory pattern in Chinese chronic rhinosinusitis patients with nasal polyps. Allergy 2011; 66(10): 1296-1303.
105. Bachert C, van Zele T, Gevaert P, de Schrijver L, van Cauwenberge P. Superantigens and nasal polyps. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2003; 3(6): 523-531.
106. Huvenne W, Callebaut I, Plantinga M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B facilitates allergic sensitization in experimental asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40(7): 1079-1090.
107. Kraneveld AD, Kool M, van Houwelingen AH, et al. Elicitation of allergic asthma by immunoglobulin free light chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102(5): 1578-1583.
108. Redegeld FA, Nijkamp FP. Immunoglobulin free light chains and mast cells: pivotal role in T-cell-mediated immune reactions? Trends Immunol 2003; 24(4): 181-185.
109. Redegeld FA, van der Heijden MW, Kool M, et al. Immunoglobulin-free light chains elicit immediate hypersensitivitylike responses. Nat Med 2002; 8(7): 694-701.
110. Grzanka A, Misiolek M, Golusinski W, Jarzab J. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoids action: implications for treatment of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011; 268(2): 247-253.
111. Martinez-Devesa P, Patiar S. Oral steroids for nasal polyps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(7): CD005232.
112. Mullol J, Obando A, Pujols L, Alobid I. Corticosteroid treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis: the possibilities and the limits. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009; 29(4): 657-668.
113. Mullol J, Alobid I. Combined oral and intranasal corticosteroid therapy: an advance in the management of nasal polyposis? Ann Intern Med 2011; 154(5): 365-367.
114. Pujols L, Fuentes-Prado M, Fernandez-Bertolin L, et al. Lower sensitivity of nasal polyp fibroblasts to glucocorticoid antiproliferative effects. Respir Med 2011; 105(2): 218-225.
115. van Zele T, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, et al. Oral steroids and doxycycline: two different approaches to treat nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125(5): 1069-1076+e4.
116. Hissaria P, Smith W, Wormald PJ, et al. Short course of systemic corticosteroids in sinonasal polyposis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with evaluation of outcome measures. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118(1): 128-133.
117. Vaidyanathan S, Barnes M, Williamson P, Hopkinson P, Donnan PT, Lipworth B. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis with oral steroids followed by topical steroids: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154(5): 293-302.
118. Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J. EP3OS 2007: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology 2007; 45(2): 97-101.
119. Bousquet J, Clark TJ, Hurd S, et al. GINA guidelines on asthma and beyond. Allergy 2007; 62(2): 102-112.
120. Johnston NW, Sears MR. Asthma exacerbations. 1: epidemiology. Thorax 2006; 61(8): 722-8.
121. Rowe BH, Spooner C, Ducharme FM, Bretzlaff JA, Bota GW. Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001(1): CD002178.
122. Quon BS, Fitzgerald JM, Lemiere C, Shahidi N, Ducharme FM. Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(10): CD007524.
123. Fokkens W, Lund V, Bachert C, et al. EAACI position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps executive summary. Allergy 2005; 60(5): 583-601.
124. Papadopoulos NG, Christodoulou I, Rohde G, et al. Viruses and bacteria in acute asthma exacerbations--a GA(2) LEN-DARE systematic review. Allergy 2011; 66(4): 458-468.
125. Gotfried MH. Macrolides for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, asthma, and COPD. Chest 2004; 125(2 Suppl): 52S-60S.
126. Sundberg L, Eden T, Ernstson S. Penetration of doxycycline in respiratory mucosa. Acta Otolaryngol 1983; 96(5-6): 501-8.
127. Rempe S, Hayden JM, Robbins RA, Hoyt JC. Tetracyclines and pulmonary inflammation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2007; 7(4): 232-236.
128. Krakauer T, Buckley M. Doxycycline is anti-inflammatory and inhibits staphylococcal exotoxin-induced cytokines and chemokines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47(11): 3630-3.
129. Golub LM, Lee HM, Ryan ME, Giannobile WV, Payne J, Sorsa T. Tetracyclines inhibit connective tissue breakdown by multiple nonantimicrobial mechanisms. Adv Dent Res 1998; 12(2): 12-26.
130. Beekman B, Verzijl N, de Roos JA, Koopman JL, TeKoppele JM. Doxyclycline inhibits collagen synthesis by bovine chondrocytes cultured in alginate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 237(1): 107-110.
131. Gilbertson-Beadling S, Powers EA, Stamp-Cole M, et al. The tetracycline analogs minocycline and doxycycline inhibit angiogenesis in vitro by a non-metalloproteinase-dependent mechanism. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 36(5): 418-424.
132. Williams JW, Jr., Aguilar C, Cornell J, et al. Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003(2): CD000243.
133. Huck W, Reed BD, Nielsen RW, et al. Cefaclor vs amoxicillin in the treatment of acute, recurrent, and chronic sinusitis. Arch Fam Med 1993; 2(5): 497-503.
134. Legent F, Bordure P, Beauvillain C, Berche P. A double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Chemotherapy 1994; 40 Suppl 1: 8-15.
135. McNally PA, White MV, Kaliner MA. Sinusitis in an allergist's office: analysis of 200 consecutive cases. Allergy Asthma Proc 1997; 18(3): 169-175.
136. Subramanian HN, Schechtman KB, Hamilos DL. A retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes and time to relapse after intensive medical treatment for chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 2002; 16(6): 303-312.
137. Namyslowski G, Misiolek M, Czecior E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg b.i.d. with cefuroxime 500 mg b.i.d. in the treatment of chronic and acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis in adults. J Chemother 2002; 14(5): 508-517.
138. Hashiba M, Baba S. Efficacy of long-term administration of clarithromycin in the treatment of intractable chronic sinusitis. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1996; 525: 73-78.
139. Suzuki H, Shimomura A, Ikeda K, Oshima T, Takasaka T. Effects of long-term low-dose macrolide administration on neutrophil recruitment and IL-8 in the nasal discharge of chronic sinusitis patients. Tohoku J Exp Med 1997; 182(2): 115-1124.
140. Nishi K, Mizuguchi M, Tachibana H, et al. [Effect of clarithromycin on symptoms and mucociliary transport in patients with sino-bronchial syndrome]. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1995; 33(12): 1392-1400.
141. Gandhi A, Brodsky L, Ballow M. Benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with chronic sinusitis: assessment of outcome predictors. Allergy Proc 1993; 14(1): 37-43.
142. Scadding GK, Lund VJ, Darby YC. The effect of long-term antibiotic therapy upon ciliary beat frequency in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Laryngol Otol 1995; 109(1): 24-26.
143. Ichimura K, Shimazaki Y, Ishibashi T, Higo R. Effect of new macrolide roxithromycin upon nasal polyps associated with chronic sinusitis. Auris Nasus Larynx 1996; 23: 48-56.
144. Yamada T, Fujieda S, Mori S, Yamamoto H, Saito H. Macrolide treatment decreased the size of nasal polyps and IL-8 levels in nasal lavage. Am J Rhinol 2000; 14(3): 143-148.
145. Watelet JB, Claeys C, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Predictive and monitoring value of matrix metalloproteinase-9 for healing quality after sinus surgery. Wound Repair Regen 2004; 12(4): 412-418.
146. Huvenne W, Zhang N, Tijsma E, et al. Pilot study using doxycycline-releasing stents to ameliorate postoperative healing quality after sinus surgery. Wound Repair Regen 2008; 16(6): 757-767.
147. Friedlander AL, Albert RK. Chronic macrolide therapy in inflammatory airways diseases. Chest 2010; 138(5): 1202-1212.
148. Kostadima E, Tsiodras S, Alexopoulos EI, et al. Clarithromycin reduces the severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with asthma. Eur Respir J 2004; 23(5): 714-717.
149. Amayasu H, Yoshida S, Ebana S, et al. Clarithromycin suppresses bronchial hyperresponsiveness associated with eosinophilic inflammation in patients with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.2000; 84(6): 594-598.
150. Simpson JL, Powell H, Boyle MJ, Scott RJ, Gibson PG. Clarithromycin targets neutrophilic airway inflammation in refractory asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177(2): 148-55.
151. Hahn DL, Plane MB, Mahdi OS, Byrne GI. Secondary outcomes of a pilot randomized trial of azithromycin treatment for asthma. PLoS Clin Trials 2006; 1(2): e11.
152. Kraft M, Cassell GH, Pak J, Martin RJ. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in asthma: effect of clarithromycin. Chest 2002; 121(6): 1782-8.
153. Richeldi L, Ferrara G, Fabbri LM, Lasserson TJ, Gibson PG. Macrolides for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005(3): CD002997.
154. Bousquet J, Bachert C, Canonica GW, et al. Unmet needs in severe chronic upper airway disease (SCUAD). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124(3): 428-433.
155. Lavens D, Montoye T, Piessevaux J, et al. A complex interaction pattern of CIS and SOCS2 with the leptin receptor. J Cell Sci 2006; 119(Pt 11): 2214-2224.
156. Gevaert P, Van Bruaene N, Cattaert T, et al. Mepolizumab, a humanized anti-IL-5 mAb, as a treatment option for severe nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128(5): 989-995.
157. Oh CK, Geba GP, Molfino N. Investigational therapeutics targeting the IL-4/IL-13/STAT-6 pathway for the treatment of asthma. Eur Respir Rev. [Review] 2010 Mar 1; 19(115): 46-54.
158. Steinke JW. Anti-interleukin-4 therapy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2004; 24(4): 599-614+4.
159. Tomlinson KL, Davies GC, Sutton DJ, Palframan RT. Neutralisation of interleukin-13 in mice prevents airway pathology caused by chronic exposure to house dust mite. PloS one 2010; 5(10).
160. Walsh GM. Tralokinumab, an anti-IL-13 mAb for the potential treatment of asthma and COPD. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 11(11): 1305-1312.
161. Nicholson GC, Kariyawasam HH, Tan AJ, et al. The effects of an anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody on cytokine levels and nasal symptoms following nasal allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128(4): 800-807.
162. Ohga K, Kuromitsu S, Takezawa R, et al. YM-341619 suppresses the differentiation of spleen T cells into Th2 cells in vitro, eosinophilia, and airway hyperresponsiveness in rat allergic models. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590(1-3): 409-416.
163. Verbruggen K, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C. Anti-IgE for the treatment of allergic rhinitis--and eventually nasal polyps? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 148(2): 87-98.