A review of the current status of cultural and rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

International Journal of Food Science and Technology

Volumn 47, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 885-899

  Bisha, Bledar ^a   Simonson, Janet ^b   Janes, Marlene ^b   Bauman, Kellie ^a   Goodridge, Lawrence D ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^b LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cultural methods; Detection; Immunological methods; Molecular methods; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Vibrio spp

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL METHODS; IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS; MOLECULAR METHODS; VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS; VIBRIO SPP;

ERROR DETECTION; FOOD TECHNOLOGY;

MEATS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); OSTREIDAE; VIBRIO; VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS;

EID: 84859726801     PISSN: 09505423     EISSN: 13652621     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.02950.x     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Alam, M.J., Tomochika, K., Miyoshi, S. & Shinoda, S. (2001). Analysis of seawaters for the recovery of culturable Vibrio parahaemolyticus and some other vibrios. Microbiology and Immunology, 45, 393-397.
2. Ansaruzzaman, M., Lucas, M., Deen, J.L. et al. (2005). Pandemic serovars (O3:K6 and O4:K68) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with diarrhea in Mozambique: spread of the pandemic into the African continent. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 2559-2562.
3. Arakawa, E., Murase, T., Shimada, T., Okitsu, T., Yamai, S. & Watanabe, H. (1999). Emergence and prevalence of a novel Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 clone in Japan. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 52, 246-247.
4. Azanza, P.V., Buckle, K.A. & Fleet, G.H. (1996). Effect of diluents on the enumeration of Vibrio vulnificus. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 30, 385-390.
5. Bag, P.K., Nandi, S., Bhadra, R.K. et al. (1999). Clonal diversity among recently emerged strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 associated with pandemic spread. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37, 2354-2357.
6. Bej, A.K., Patterson, D.P., Brasher, C.W., Vickery, M.C., Jones, D.D. & Kaysner, C.A. (1999). Detection of total and hemolysin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish using multiplex PCR amplification of tl, tdh, and trh. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 36, 215-225.
7. Bhowmick, P.P., Khushiramani, R., Raghunath, P., Karunasagar, I. & Karunasagar, I. (2008). Molecular typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from seafood harvested along the south-west coast of India. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 46, 198-204.
8. Bhuiyan, N.A., Ansaruzzaman, M., Kamruzzaman, M. et al. (2002). Prevalence of the pandemic genotype of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and significance of its distribution across different serotypes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40, 284-286.
9. Bilung, L.M., Radu, S., Bahaman, A.R. et al. (2005). Random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from local cockles (Anadara granosa). American Journal of Immunology, 1, 31-36.
10. Blanco-Abad, V., Ansede-Bermejo, J., Rodriguez-Castro, A. & Martinez-Urtaza, J. (2009). Evaluation of different procedures for the optimized detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in mussels and environmental samples. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 129, 229-236.
11. Broberg, C.A., Calder, T.J. & Orth, K. (2011). Vibrio parahaemolyticus cell biology and pathogenicity determinants. Microbes and Infection, 13, 992-1001.
12. Canizalez-Roman, A., Flores-Villaseñor, H., Zazueta-Beltran, J., Muro-Amador, S. & León-Sicairos, N. (2011). Comparative evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium - PCR protocol with a conventional method for isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from environmental and clinical samples. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 57, 136-142.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1998). Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with eating raw oysters - Pacific Northwest, 1997. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 126-127.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1999). Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection associated with eating raw oysters and clams harvested from Long Island Sound-Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, 1998. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 603-604.
15. Cerdá-Cuéllar, M., Jofre, J. & Blanch, A.R. (2000). A selective medium and a specific probe for detection of Vibrio vulnificus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 855-859.
16. Chakraborty, R.D. & Surendran, P.K. (2009). Incidence and molecular typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Tiger shrimp culture environments along the southwest coast of India. Food Biotechnology, 23, 284-311.
17. Chang, T.C., Chen, C.H. & Chen, H.C. (1994). Development of a latex agglutination test for the rapid identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of Food Protection, 57, 31-36.
18. Chao, G., Jiao, X., Zhou, X. et al. (2009). Serodiversity, pandemic O3:K6 clone, molecular typing, and antibiotic susceptibility of foodborne and clinical Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates in Jiangsu, China. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 6, 1021-1028.
19. Chiou, C.S., Hsu, S.Y., Chiu, S.I., Wang, T.K. & Chao, C.S. (2000). Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar O3:K6 as cause of unusually high incidence of food-borne disease outbreaks in Taiwan from 1996 to 1999. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 4621-4625.
20. Chowdhury, N.R., Chakraborty, S., Eampokalap, B. et al. (2000a). Clonal dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus displaying similar DNA fingerprint but belonging to two different serovars (O3:K6 and O4:K68) in Thailand and India. Epidemiology and Infection, 125, 17-25.
21. Chowdhury, N.R., Chakraborty, S., Ramamurthy, T. et al. (2000b). Molecular evidence of clonal Vibrio parahaemolyticus pandemic strains. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 6, 631-636.
22. Chun, D., Chung, J.K., Tak, R. & Seol, S.Y. (1975). Nature of the Kanagawa phenomenon of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infection and Immunity, 12, 81-87.
23. Cook, D.W., Bowers, J.C. & DePaola, A. (2002). Density of total and pathogenic (tdh+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Atlantic and Gulf Coast molluscan shellfish at harvest. Journal of Food Protection, 65, 1873-1880.
24. Curtis, S.K., Kothary, M.H., Blodgett, R.J., Raybourne, R.B., Ziobro, G.C. & Tall, B.D. (2007). Rugosity in Grimontia hollisae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 1215-1224.
25. Daniels, N.A., MacKinnon, L., Bishop, R. et al. (2000a). Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections in the United States, 1973-1998. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 181, 1661-1666.
26. Daniels, N.A., Ray, B., Easton, A. et al. (2000b). Emergence of a new Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype in raw oysters: a prevention quandary. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 1541-1545.
27. Datta, S., Janes, M.E. & Simonson, J.G. (2008). Immunomagnetic separation and coagglutination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with anti-flagellar protein monoclonal antibody. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 15, 1541-1546.
28. DePaola, A., Hopkins, L.H., Peeler, J.T., Wentz, B. & McPhearson, R.M. (1990). Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in U.S. coastal waters and oysters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 2299-2302.
29. DePaola, A., Kaysner, C.A., Bowers, J. & Cook, D.W. (2000). Environmental investigations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters after outbreaks in Washington, Texas, and New York (1997 and 1998). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 4649-4654.
30. DePaola, A., Ulaszek, J., Kaysner, C.A. et al. (2003). Molecular, serological, and virulence characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from environmental, food, and clinical sources in North America and Asia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 3999-4005.
31. Di Pinto, A., Ciccarese, G., Tantillo, G., Catalano, D. & Forte, V.T. (2005). A collagenase - targeted multiplex PCR assay for identification of Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of Food Protection, 68, 150-153.
32. Dileep, V., Kumar, H.S., Kumar, Y., Nishibuchi, M., Karunasagar, I. & Karunasagar, I. (2003). Application of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with tropical seafoods and coastal environment. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 36, 423-427.
33. Donovan, T.J. & van Netten, P. (1995). Culture media for the isolation and enumeration of pathogenic Vibrio species in foods and environmental samples. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 26, 77-91.
34. Drake, S.L., DePaola, A. & Jaykus, L.A. (2007). An overview of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 6, 120-144.
35. Dziejman, M. & Yildiz, F.H. (2011). Genomics of pathogenic Vibrio species. In: Genomics of Foodborne Pathogens (edited by W. Wiedman & W. Zhang). Pp. 267-310. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media.
36. Earle, P.M. & Crisley, F.D. (1975). Isolation and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Cape Cod soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 29, 635-640.
37. Ellison, R.K., Malnati, E., DePaola, A., Bowers, J. & Rodrick, G.E. (2001). Populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in retail oysters from Florida using two methods. Journal of Food Protection, 64, 682-686.
38. Fujino, T., Okuno, Y., Nakoda, D. et al. (1953). On the bacteriological examination of shirasu food poisoning. Medical Journal of Osaka University, 4, 299-304.
39. González-Escalona, N., Cachicas, V., Acevedo, C. et al. (2005). Vibrio parahaemolyticus diarrhea, Chile, 1998 and 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11, 125-131.
40. González-Escalona, N., Blackstone, G.M. & DePaola, A. (2006). Characterization of a Vibrio alginolyticus strain, isolated from Alaskan oysters, carrying a hemolysin gene similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin gene (trh) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 7925-7929.
41. Gooch, J.A., DePaola, A., Kaysner, C.A. & Marshall, D.L. (2001). Evaluation of two direct plating methods using nonradioactive probes for enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 721-724.
42. Griffitt, K.J., Noriea, N.F. III, Johnson, C.N. & Grimes, D.J. (2011). Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the viable but nonculturable state using direct plate counts and recognition of individual gene fluorescence in situ hybridization. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 85, 114-118.
43. Hagen, C.J., Sloan, E.M., Lancette, G.A., Peeler, J.T. & Sofos, J.N. (1994). Enumeration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in various seafoods with two enrichment broths. Journal of Food Protection, 57, 403-409.
44. Hara-Kudo, Y., Nishina, T., Nakagawa, H., Konuma, H., Hasegawa, J. & Kumagai, S. (2001). Improved method for detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 5819-5823.
45. Hara-Kudo, Y., Sugiyama, K., Nishibuchi, M. et al. (2003). Prevalence of pandemic thermostable direct hemolysin-producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 in seafood and the coastal environment in Japan. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 3883-3891.
46. Hashii, N., Kondo, S., Iguchi, T., Nishibuchi, M. & Hisatsune, K. (2000). Chemical and serological properties of lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio parahaemolyticus O-untypeable strains isolated from patients. Microbiology and Immunology, 44, 229-234.
47. Hisatsune, K., Kiuye, A. & Kondo, S. (1980). Sugar composition of O-antigenic lipopolysaccharides isolated from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiology and Immunology, 24, 691-701.
48. Hisatsune, K., Iguchi, T., Haishima, Y., Tamura, N. & Kondo, S. (1993). Lipopolysaccharide isolated from a new O-antigenic form (O13) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiology and Immunology, 37, 143-147.
49. Høi, L., Larsen, J.L., Dalsgaard, I. & Dalsgaard, A. (1998a). Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus biotypes in Danish marine environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 7-13.
50. Høi, L., Dalsgaard, I. & Dalsgaard, A. (1998b). Improved isolation of Vibrio vulnificus from seawater and sediment with cellobiose-colistin agar. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 1721-1724.
51. Honda, T., Chearskul, S., Takeda, Y. & Miwatani, T. (1980). Immunological methods for detection of Kanagawa phenomenon of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 11, 600-603.
52. Honda, T., Yoh, M., Kongmuang, U. & Miwatani, T. (1985). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 22, 383-386.
53. Honda, T., Nishibuchi, M., Miwatani, T. & Kaper, J.B. (1986). Demonstration of a plasmid-borne gene encoding a thermostable direct hemolysin in Vibrio cholerae non-O1 strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52, 1218-1220.
54. Honda, T., Miwatani, T., Yabushita, Y., Koike, N. & Okada, K. (1995). A novel method to chemically immobilize antibody on nylon and its application to the rapid and differential detection of two Vibrio parahaemolyticus toxins in a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 2, 177-181.
55. Iguchi, T., Kondo, S. & Hisatsune, K. (1995). Vibrio parahaemolyticus O serotypes from O1 to O13 all produce R-type lipopolysaccharide: SDS-PAGE and compositional sugar analysis. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 130, 287-292.
56. Janda, J.M., Powers, C., Bryant, R.G. & Abbot, S.L. (1988). Current perspectives on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of clinically significant Vibrio spp. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1, 245-267.
57. Kaneko, T. & Colwell, R.R. (1975). Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay. Applied Microbiology, 30, 251-257.
58. Karunasagar, I., Sugumar, G., Karunasagar, I. & Reilley, P.J.A. (1995). Rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae contamination of seafood by polymerase chain reaction. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 4, 365-368.
59. Karunasagar, I., Sugumar, G., Karunasagar, I. & Reilly, P.J.A. (1996). Rapid polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Kanagawa positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafoods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 31, 317-323.
60. Kaufman, G.E., Blackstone, G.M., Vickery, M.C. et al. (2004). Real-time PCR quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters using an alternative matrix. Journal of Food Protection, 67, 2424-2429.
61. Kaysner, C.A. & DePaola, A. (2004). Vibrio. Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 9. Arlington, VA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
62. Kaysner, C.A., Abeyta, C. Jr, Stott, R.F., Lilja, J.L. & Wekell, M.M. (1990). Incidence of urea-hydrolyzing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Willapa Bay, Washington. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 904-907.
63. Khan, A.A., McCarthy, S., Wang, R.F. & Cerniglia, C.E. (2002). Characterization of United States outbreak isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR and development of a rapid PCR method for detection of O3:K6 isolates. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 206, 209-213.
64. Kourany, M. (1983). Medium for isolation and differentiation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 45, 310-312.
65. Kumar, B.K., Raghunath, P., Devegowda, D. et al. (2011). Development of monoclonal antibody based sandwich ELISA for the rapid detection of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, 244-249.
66. Lee, C. & Pan, S.F. (1993). Rapid and specific detection of the thermostable direct haemolysin gene in Vibrio parahaemolyticus by the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of General Microbiology, 139, 3225-3231.
67. Lee, C., Chen, L.H., Liu, M.L. & Su, Y.C. (1992). Use of an oligonucleotide probe to detect Vibrio parahaemolyticus in artificially contaminated oysters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 3419-3422.
68. Levin, R.E. (2010). Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In: Rapid Detection and Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens by Molecular Techniques. Pp. 167-192. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
69. Lu, P.L., Chang, S.C., Pan, H.J., Chen, M.L. & Luh, K.T. (2000). Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to the investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection, 33, 29-33.
70. Marshall, S., Clark, C.G., Wang, G., Mulvey, M., Kelly, M.T. & Johnson, W.M. (1999). Comparison of molecular methods for typing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37, 2473-2478.
71. Martinez-Urtaza, J., Simental, L., Velasco, D. et al. (2005). Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6, Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11, 1319-1320.
72. Martinez-Urtaza, J., Lozano-Leon, A., Vina-Feas, A., de Novoa, J. & Garcia-Martin, O. (2006). Differences in the API20E biochemical patterns of clinical and environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 255, 75-81.
73. Matsumoto, C., Okuda, J., Ishibashi, M. et al. (2000). Pandemic spread of an O3:K6 clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and emergence of related strains evidenced by arbitrarily primed PCR and toxRS sequence analyses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 578-585.
74. McLaughlin, J.C. (1995). Vibrio. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Chapter 35 (edited by E. JoBaron, M.A. Pfaller, F.C. Tenover, R.H. Yolken & P.R. Murray). Pp. 465-476. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Press.
75. McLaughlin, J.B., DePaola, A., Bopp, C.A. et al. (2005). Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1463-1470.
76. Miyamoto, Y., Kato, T., Obara, Y., Akiyama, S., Takizawa, K. & Yamai, S. (1969). In vitro hemolytic characteristic of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: its close correlation with human pathogenicity. The Journal of Bacteriology, 100, 1147-1149.
77. Miyasaka, J., Yahiro, S., Arahira, Y., Tokunaga, H., Katsuki, K. & Hara-Kudo, Y. (2006). Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus from wild aquatic birds in Japan. Epidemiology and Infection, 134, 780-785.
78. Myers, M.L., Panicker, G. & Bej, A.K. (2003). PCR detection of a newly emerged pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 pathogen in pure cultures and seeded waters from the Gulf of Mexico. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 2194-2200.
79. Nair, G.B., Ramamurthy, T., Bhattacharya, S.K., Dutta, B., Takeda, Y. & Sack, D.A. (2007). Global dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 and its serovariants. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20, 38-48.
80. Nasu, H., Iida, T., Sugahara, T. et al. (2000). A filamentous phage associated with recent pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 38, 2156-2161.
81. Nemoto, J., Sugawara, C., Akahane, K. et al. (2009). Rapid and specific detection of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene in Vibrio parahaemolyticus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 748-754.
82. Nemoto, J., Ikedo, M., Kojima, T., Momoda, T., Konuma, H. & Hara-Kudo, Y. (2011). Development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of Food Protection, 74, 1462-1467.
83. Nishibuchi, M. & Kaper, J.B. (1995). Thermostable direct hemolysin gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a virulence gene acquired by a marine bacterium. Infection and Immunity, 63, 2093-2099.
84. Nishibuchi, M., Ishibashi, M., Takeda, Y. & Kaper, J.B. (1985). Detection of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene and related DNA sequences in DNA colony hybridization test. Infection and Immunity, 49, 481-486.
85. Nishibuchi, M., Doke, S., Toizumi, S., Umeda, T., Yoh, M. & Miwatani, T. (1988). Isolation from a coastal fish of Vibrio hollisae capable of producing a hemolysin similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 2144-2146.
86. Nishibuchi, M., Khaeomanee-iam, V., Honda, T., Kaper, J.B. & Miwatani, T. (1990). Comparative analysis of the hemolysin genes of Vibrio cholerae non-O1, V. mimicus, and V. hollisae that are similar to the tdh gene of V. parahaemolyticus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 55, 251-256.
87. Nishibuchi, M., Janda, J.M. & Ezaki, T. (1996). The thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh) of Vibrio hollisae is dissimilar in prevalence to and phylogenetically from the tdh genes of other vibrios: implication in the horizontal transfer of the tdh gene. Microbiology and Immunology, 40, 59-65.
88. Nishibuchi, M., Doke, S., Toizumi, S., Umeda, T., Yoh, M. & Miwatani, T. (1998). Isolation from a coastal fish of Vibrio hollisae capable of producing a hemolysin similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 2144-2146.
89. Nordstrom, J.L. & DePaola, A. (2003). Improved recovery of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus from oysters using colony hybridization following enrichment. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 52, 273-277.
90. Nordstrom, J.L., Vickery, M.C., Blackstone, G.M., Murray, S.L. & DePaola, A. (2007). Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay with an internal amplification control for the detection of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria in oysters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 5840-5847.
91. Notomi, T., Okayama, H., Masubuchi, H. et al. (2000). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 28, e63.
92. Okuda, J., Ishibashi, M., Abbott, S.L., Janda, J.M. & Nishibuchi, M. (1997a). Analysis of the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene and the tdh- related hemolysin (trh) genes in urease-positive strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated on the West Coast of the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 1965-1971.
93. Okuda, J., Ishibashi, M., Hayakawa, E. et al. (1997b). Emergence of a unique O3:K3 clone of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Calcutta, India and isolation of strains from same clonal group from South East Asian travelers arriving in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 3150-3155.
94. Okura, M., Osawa, R., Arakawa, E., Terajima, J. & Watanabe, H. (2005). Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pandemic group-specific DNA sequence by genomic subtraction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 3533-3536.
95. Oliver, J.D. (1981). Lethal cold stress of Vibrio vulnificus in oysters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 41, 710-717.
96. Oliver, J.D., Guthrie, K., Preyer, J. et al. (1992). Use of colistin-polymyxin B-cellobiose agar for isolation of Vibrio vulnificus from the environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 737-739.
97. Pace, J.L., Chai, T.J., Rossi, H.A. & Jiang, X. (1997). Effect of bile on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 2372-2377.
98. Quilici, M.L., Robert-Pillot, A., Picart, J. & Fournier, J.M. (2005). Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 spread, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11, 1148-1149.
99. Raghunath, P., Karunasagar, I. & Karunasagar, I. (2009). Improved isolation and detection of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus from seafood using a new enrichment broth. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 129, 200-203.
100. Raghunath, P., Maiti, B., Shekar, M., Karunasagar, I. & Karunasagar, I. (2010). Clinical isolates of Aeromonas veronii biovar veronii harbor a nonfunctional gene similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 307, 151-157.
101. Rahman, M., Bhuiyan, N.A., Kuhn, I. et al. (2006). Biochemical fingerprinting of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by the PhenePlate system: comparison between pandemic and non-pandemic serotypes. Epidemiology and Infection, 134, 905-989.
102. Ray, B., Hawkins, S.M. & Hackney, C.R. (1978). Method for the detection of injured Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafoods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 35, 1121-1127.
103. Sakazaki, R., Tamura, K., Kato, T., Obara, Y., Yamai, S. & Hobo, K. (1968). Studies of the enteropathogenic, facultatively halophilic bacteria, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. III. Enteropathogenicity. Japanese Journal of Medical Science & Biology, 21, 325-331.
104. Sarkar, B., Chowdhury, N.R., Nair, G.B. et al. (2003). Molecular characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus of similar serovars isolated from sewage and clinical cases of diarrhoea in Calcutta, India. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 19, 771-776.
105. Sawabe, T., Yoshizawa, A., Kawanishi, Y. et al. (2009). Multi-probe-fluorescence in situ hybridization for the rapid enumeration of viable Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbes and Environments, 24, 259-264.
106. Simonson, J. & Siebeling, R.J. (1986). Rapid serological identification of Vibrio vulnificus by anti-H coagglutination. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52, 1299-1304.
107. Su, Y.C. & Liu, C. (2007). Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a concern of seafood safety. Food Microbiology, 24, 549-558.
108. Tada, J., Ohashi, T., Nishimura, N. et al. (1992). Detection of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene (tdh) and the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin gene (trh) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 6, 477-487.
109. Tassin, M.G., Siebeling, R.J., Roberts, N.C. & Larson, A.D. (1983). Presumptive identification of Vibrio species with H anti-serum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 18, 400-407.
110. Terada, Y. (1968). Serological studies of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. II. Flagellar antigens. Japanese Journal of Bacteriology, 23, 767-771.
111. Thompson, F.L., Hoste, B., Vandemeulebroecke, K. & Swings, J. (2003). Reclassification of Vibrio hollisae as Grimontia hollisae gen. nov., comb. nov. International Journal of Systemetic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 53, 1615-1617.
112. Tyagi, A., Saravanan, V., Karunasagar, I. & Karunasagar, I. (2009). Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish by SYBR green real-time PCR and evaluation of three enrichment media. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 129, 124-130.
113. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1997). NSSP: National Shellfish Sanitation Program, Sanitation of the harvesting, processing and the distribution of shellfish. Manual of Operations, Part II. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration.
114. Wagatsuma, S. (1968). On a medium for hemolytic reaction. Media Circle, 13, 159-162 (In Japanese).
115. Ward, L.N. & Bej, A.K. (2006). Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish by use of multiplexed real-time PCR with TaqMan fluorescent probes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 2031-2042.
116. Watkins, W.D. & Cabelli, V.J. (1985). Effect of fecal pollution on Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in an estuarine environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49, 1307-1313.
117. Wong, H.C. (2003). Detecting and molecular typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 11, 100-107.
118. Wong, H.C. & Lin, C.H. (2001). Evaluation of typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by three PCR methods using specific primers. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39, 4233-4240.
119. Wong, H.C., Lu, K.T., Pan, T.M., Lee, C.L. & Shih, D.Y. (1996). Subspecies typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34, 1535-1539.
120. Wong, H.C., Chen, M.C., Liu, S.H. & Liu, D.P. (1999a). Incidence of highly genetically diversified Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood imported from Asian countries. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 52, 181-188.
121. Wong, H.C., Ho, C.Y., Kuo, L.P., Wang, T.K., Lee, C.L. & Shih, D.Y. (1999b). Ribotyping of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from food poisoning outbreaks in Taiwan. Microbiology and Immunology, 43, 631-636.
122. Wong, H.C., Liu, C.C., Pan, T.M., Wang, T.K., Lee, C.L. & Shih, D.Y. (1999c). Molecular typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates, obtained from patients involved in food poisoning outbreaks in Taiwan, by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37, 1809-1812.
123. Wong, H.C., Liu, S.H., Wang, T.K. et al. (2000). Characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 from Asia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 3981-3986.
124. Wright, A.C. & Schneider, K.R. (2009). Pathogenic vibrios in seafood. In: Pathogens and Toxins in Food (edited by V.K. Juneja & J.N. Sofos). Pp. 146-163. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
125. Yamazaki, W., Ishibashi, M., Kawahara, R. & Inoue, K. (2008). Development of a loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for sensitive and rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. BMC Microbiology, 30, 163.
126. Yamazaki, W., Kumeda, Y., Misawa, N., Nakaguchi, Y. & Nishibuchi, M. (2010). Development of a loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for sensitive and rapid detection of the tdh and trh genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related Vibrio species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 820-828.
127. Yeung, P.S. & Boor, K.J. (2004). Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 1, 74-88.
128. Zhao, G., Xing, F. & Deng, S. (2007). A disposable amperometric enzyme immunosensor for rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in food based on agarose/Nano-Au membrane and screen-printed electrode. Electrochemistry communications, 9, 1263-1268.