Molecular pathogenesis of vestibular schwannomas: Insights for the development of novel medical therapies

Otolaryngologia Polska

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 84-95

  Miller, Craig ^a   Igarashi, Suzu ^a   Jacob, Abraham ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

AKT; EGFR; Merlin; Neurofibromatosis type 2; NF2; PAK; PDGF; VEGF; Vestibular Schwannoma

Indexed keywords

2 AMINO N [4 [5 (2 PHENANTHRENYL) 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYL 1H PYRAZOL 1 YL]PHENYL]ACETAMIDE; 2,2' DIHYDROXY 1,1' DINAPHTHYLDISULFIDE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; AR 12; AR 42; BEVACIZUMAB; CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; ERLOTINIB; EVEROLIMUS; LAPATINIB; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MERLIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NILOTINIB; P21 ACTIVATED KINASE; PLACEBO; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROTEIN KINASE B; PTC 299; SELUMETINIB; SORAFENIB; TRASTUZUMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN;

ACOUSTIC NEURINOMA; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CANCER SURGERY; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CELL MOTILITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY;

EID: 84859725859     PISSN: 00306657     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0030-6657(12)70754-0     Document Type: Editorial

References (113)

1. D.B. Welling, M.D. Packer, and L.S. Chang Molecular studies of vestibular schwannomas: a review Current Opin Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg 15 2007 341 346 (Pubitemid 47373981)
2. M.S. Mahaley Jr., C. Mettlin, N. Natarajan, E.R. Laws Jr., and B.B. Peace Analysis of patterns of care of brain tumor patients in the United States: a study of the Brain Tumor Section of the AANS and the CNS and the Commission on Cancer of the ACS Clin Neurosurg 36 1990 347 352
3. S.E. Stangerup, M. Tos, P. Caye-Thomasen, T. Tos, M. Klokker, and J. Thomsen Increasing annual incidence of vestibular schwannoma and age at diagnosis J Laryngol Otol 118 2004 622 627 (Pubitemid 39280057)
4. M. Tos, S.E. Stangerup, P. Caye-Thomasen, T. Tos, and J. Thomsen What is the real incidence of vestibular schwannoma? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130 2004 216 220 (Pubitemid 38182550)
5. M.F. Howitz, C. Johansen, M. Tos, S. Charabi, and J.H. Olsen Incidence of vestibular schwannoma in Denmark, 1977-1995 Am J Otol 21 2000 690 694
6. J.J. Nestor, H.W. Korol, S.L. Nutik, and R. Smith The incidence of acoustic neuromas Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 114 1988 680
7. G.A. Rouleau, P. Merel, and M. Lutchman Alteration in a new gene encoding a putative membrane-organizing protein causes neuro-fibromatosis type 2 Nature 363 1993 515 521 (Pubitemid 23186636)
8. J.A. Trofatter, M.M. MacCollin, and J.L. Rutter A novel moesin-, ezrin-, radixin-like gene is a candidate for the neurofibromatosis 2 tumor suppressor Cell 72 1993 791 800 (Pubitemid 23093886)
9. D.G. Evans Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): a clinical and molecular review Orphanet J Rare Dis 4 2009 16
10. S.H. Selesnick, and G. Johnson Radiologic surveillance of acoustic neuromas Am J Otol 19 1998 846 849 (Pubitemid 28513644)
11. W.H. Slattery 3rd, L.M. Fisher, Z. Iqbal, and M. Oppenhiemer Vestibular schwannoma growth rates in neurofibromatosis type 2 natural history consortium subjects Otol Neurotol 25 2004 811 817 (Pubitemid 39223261)
12. S.I. Rosenberg Natural history of acoustic neuromas Laryngoscope 110 2000 497 508 (Pubitemid 30198702)
13. E.I. Son, I.M. Kim, and S.P. Kim Vestibular schwannoma with malignant transformation: a case report Journal of Korean medical science 16 2001 817 821
14. C. Matthies, and M. Samii Management of 1000 vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas): clinical presentation Neurosurgery 40 1997 1 9 discussion 9-10
15. E. Sauvaget, S. Kici, R. Kania, P. Herman, and P. Tran Ba Huy Sudden sensorineural hearing loss as a revealing symptom of vestibular schwannoma Acta Otolaryngol 125 2005 592 595 (Pubitemid 40874173)
16. B.I. Nageris, and A. Popovtzer Acoustic neuroma in patients with completely resolved sudden hearing loss Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 112 2003 395 397 (Pubitemid 36617549)
17. K. Kameda, T. Shono, K. Hashiguchi, F. Yoshida, and T. Sasaki Effect of tumor removal on tinnitus in patients with vestibular schwannoma J Neurosurg 112 2010 152 157
18. H. Fortnum, C. O'Neill, and R. Taylor The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the identification of suspected acoustic neuroma: a systematic review of clinical and cost effectiveness and natural history Health Technol Assess 13 2009 1 154 iii-iv, ix-xi
19. D. Hanahan, and R.A. Weinberg The hallmarks of cancer Cell 100 2000 57 70 (Pubitemid 30046295)
20. E.M. Levine, Y. Becker, C.W. Boone, and H. Eagle Contact Inhibition, Macromolecular Synthesis, and Polyribosomes in Cultured Human Diploid Fibroblasts Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 53 1965 350 356
21. B.B. Levine Studies on Delayed Hypersensitivity. I. Inferences on the Comparative Binding Affinities of Antibodies Mediating Delayed and Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions in the Guinea Pig J Exp Med 121 1965 873 888
22. H. Eagle, E.M. Levine, and C.W. Boone Cellular Growth Contact Inhibition, and Macromolecular Synthesis. Science 148 1965 665
23. A. Bretscher, D. Chambers, R. Nguyen, and D. Reczek ERM-Merlin and EBP50 protein families in plasma membrane organization and function Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 16 2000 113 143 (Pubitemid 32037502)
24. A. Bretscher, K. Edwards, and R.G. Fehon ERM proteins and merlin: integrators at the cell cortex Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3 2002 586 599
25. R.J. Shaw, A.I. McClatchey, and T. Jacks Localization and functional domains of the neurofibromatosis type II tumor suppressor, merlin Cell Growth Differ 9 1998 287 296 (Pubitemid 28345882)
26. R.J. Shaw, A.I. McClatchey, and T. Jacks Regulation of the neurofibromatosis type 2 tumor suppressor protein, merlin, by adhesion and growth arrest stimuli J Biol Chem 273 1998 7757 7764 (Pubitemid 28152808)
27. R.J. Shaw, J.G. Paez, and M. Curto The Nf2 tumor suppressor, merlin, functions in Rac-dependent signaling Dev Cell 1 2001 63 72 (Pubitemid 33586069)
28. D.R. Scoles The merlin interacting proteins reveal multiple targets for NF2 therapy Biochim Biophys Acta 1785 2008 32 54 (Pubitemid 350192083)
29. J. Cooper, W. Li, and L. You Merlin/NF2 functions upstream of the nuclear E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4DCAF1 to suppress oncogenic gene expression Sci Signal 4 2011 pt6
30. M. Curto, and A.I. McClatchey Nf2/Merlin: a coordinator of receptor signalling and intercellular contact Br J Cancer 98 2008 256 262 (Pubitemid 351161230)
31. S. Maitra, R.M. Kulikauskas, H. Gavilan, and R.G. Fehon The tumor suppressors Merlin and Expanded function cooperatively to modulate receptor endocytosis and signaling Curr Biol 16 2006 702 709
32. M. Curto, B.K. Cole, D. Lallemand, C.H. Liu, and A.I. McClatchey Contact-dependent inhibition of EGFR signaling by Nf2/Merlin J Cell Biol 177 2007 893 903 (Pubitemid 46873094)
33. M.F. James, R.L. Beauchamp, N. Manchanda, A. Kazlauskas, and V. Ramesh A NHERF binding site links the betaPDGFR to the cytoskeleton and regulates cell spreading and migration J Cell Sci 117 2004 2951 2961 (Pubitemid 39117670)
34. A.I. McClatchey, and R.G. Fehon Merlin and the ERM proteins - regulators of receptor distribution and signaling at the cell cortex Trends Cell Biol 19 2009 198 206
35. M. Kressel, and B. Schmucker Nucleocytoplasmic transfer of the NF2 tumor suppressor protein merlin is regulated by exon 2 and a CRM1-dependent nuclear export signal in exon 15 Human Molecular Genetics 11 2002 2269 2278
36. T. Muranen, M. Gronholm, G.H. Renkema, and O. Carpen Cell cycle-dependent nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the neurofibromatosis 2 tumour suppressor merlin Oncogene 24 2005 1150 1158 (Pubitemid 40313917)
37. W. Li, L. You, and J. Cooper Merlin/NF2 suppresses tumorigenesis by inhibiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4(DCAF1) in the nucleus Cell 140 2010 477 490
38. H. Chen, L. Mei, and L. Zhou Moesin-ezrin-radixin-like protein (merlin) mediates protein interacting with the carboxyl terminus-1 (PICT-1)-induced growth inhibition of gliobla stoma cells in the nucleus The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 43 2011 545 555
39. T. Holbro, and N.E. Hynes ErbB receptors: directing key signaling networks throughout life Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44 2004 195 217 (Pubitemid 38263839)
40. M.R. Hansen, and F.H. Linthicum Jr. Expression of neuregulin and activation of erbB receptors in vestibular schwannomas: possible autocrine loop stimulation Otol Neurotol 25 2004 155 159 (Pubitemid 39079844)
41. K.D. Brown, and M.R. Hansen Lipid raft localization of ErbB2 in vestibular schwannoma and schwann cells Otol Neurotol 29 2008 79 85
42. D. Lallemand, J. Manent, and A. Couvelard Merlin regulates transmembrane receptor accumulation and signaling at the plasma membrane in primary mouse Schwann cells and in human schwannomas Oncogene 28 2009 854 865
43. M. Giovannini, E. Robanus-Maandag, and M. van der Valk Conditional biallelic Nf2 mutation in the mouse promotes manifestations of human neurofibromatosis type 2 Genes Dev 14 2000 1617 1630 (Pubitemid 30460911)
44. J. Manent, K. Oguievetskaia, J. Bayer, N. Ratner, and M. Giovannini Magnetic cell sorting for enriching Schwann cells from adult mouse peripheral nerves J Neurosci Methods 123 2003 167 173 (Pubitemid 36279412)
45. J.J. Clark, M. Provenzano, H.R. Diggelmann, N. Xu, S.S. Hansen, and M.R. Hansen The ErbB inhibitors trastuzumab and erlotinib inhibit growth of vestibular schwannoma xenografts in nude mice: a preliminary study Otol Neurotol 29 2008 846 853
46. S.R. Plotkin 2nd., C. Halpin, M.J. McKenna, J.S. Loeffler, T.T. Batchelor, and F.G. Barker Erlotinib for progressive vestibular schwannoma in neurofibromatosis 2 patients Otology & neurotology: official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 31 2010 1135 1143
47. M. Hardy, U.R. Reddy, and D. Pleasure Platelet-derived growth factor and regulation of Schwann cell proliferation in vivo J Neurosci Res 31 1992 254 262
48. C.S. Lobsiger, B. Schweitzer, V. Taylor, and U. Suter Platelet-derived growth factor-BB supports the survival of cultured rat Schwann cell precursors in synergy with neurotrophin-3 Glia 30 2000 290 300 (Pubitemid 30259668)
49. J.T. Fraenzer, H. Pan, L. Minimo Jr., G.M. Smith, D. Knauer, and G. Hung Overexpression of the NF2 gene inhibits schwannoma cell proliferation through promoting PDGFR degradation Int J Oncol 23 2003 1493 1500
50. S. Ammoun, C. Flaiz, N. Ristic, J. Schuldt, and C.O. Hanemann Dissecting and targeting the growth factor-dependent and growth factor-independent extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in human schwannoma Cancer Research 68 2008 5236 5245
51. S. Ammoun, M.C. Schmid, J. Triner, P. Manley, and C.O. Hanemann Nilotinib alone or in combination with selumetinib is a drug candidate for neurofibromatosis type 2 Neuro-Oncology 13 2011 759 766
52. L. Chang, and M. Karin Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades Nature 410 2001 37 40 (Pubitemid 32225829)
53. C. Montagut, and J. Settleman Targeting the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in cancer therapy Cancer letters 283 2009 125 134
54. W. Li, R. Nishimura, and A. Kashishian A new function for a phosphotyrosine phosphatase: linking GRB2-Sos to a receptor tyrosine kinase Mol Cell Biol 14 1994 509 517
55. P.P. Roux, and J. Blenis ERK and p38 MAPK-activated protein kinases: a family of protein kinases with diverse biological functions Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 68 2004 320 344 (Pubitemid 38756868)
56. R. Treisman Regulation of transcription by MAP kinase cascades Curr Opin Cell Biol 8 1996 205 215 (Pubitemid 26109094)
57. K.L. Yee, V.M. Weaver, and D.A. Hammer Integrin-mediated signalling through the MAP-kinase pathway IET Syst Biol 2 2008 8 15 (Pubitemid 351217538)
58. M.R. Hansen, P.C. Roehm, P. Chatterjee, and S.H. Green Constitutive neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling contributes to human vestibular schwannoma proliferation Glia 53 2006 593 600
59. H. Morrison, T. Sperka, J. Manent, M. Giovannini, H. Ponta, and P. Herrlich Merlin/neurofibromatosis type 2 suppresses growth by inhibiting the activation of Ras and Rac Cancer Res 67 2007 520 527 (Pubitemid 46192188)
60. P.J. Roberts, and C.J. Der Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer Oncogene 26 2007 3291 3310 (Pubitemid 46763022)
61. B.B. Friday, C. Yu, and G.K. Dy BRAF V600E disrupts AZD6244-induced abrogation of negative feedback pathways between extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Raf proteins Cancer Research 68 2008 6145 6153
62. A.A. Adjei, R.B. Cohen, and W. Franklin Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral, smallmolecule mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) in patients with advanced cancers Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 26 2008 2139 2146
63. S. Ammoun, N. Ristic, C. Matthies, D.A. Hilton, and C.O. Hanemann Targeting ERK1/2 activation and proliferation in human primary schwannoma cells with MEK1/2 inhibitor AZD6244 Neurobiol Dis 37 2010 141 146
64. D.A. Altomare, and J.R. Testa Perturbations of the AKT signaling pathway in human cancer Oncogene 24 2005 7455 7464 (Pubitemid 41637985)
65. P.J. Coffer, J. Jin, and J.R. Woodgett Protein kinase B (c-Akt): a multifunctional mediator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation The Biochemical journal 335 1 1998 1 13 (Pubitemid 28477043)
66. A. Toker, and A.C. Newton Cellular signaling: pivoting around PDK-1 Cell 103 2000 185 188
67. A. Mora, D. Komander, D.M. van Aalten, and D.R. Alessi PDK1, the master regulator of AGC kinase signal transduction Semin Cell Dev Biol 15 2004 161 170 (Pubitemid 38251644)
68. J. Yang, P. Cron, V.M. Good, V. Thompson, B.A. Hemmings, and D. Barford Crystal structure of an activated Akt/protein kinase B ternary complex with GSK3-peptide and AMP-PNP Nature structural biology 9 2002 940 944 (Pubitemid 35417064)
69. R. Rong, X. Tang, D.H. Gutmann, and K. Ye Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor merlin inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase through binding to PIKE-L Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 2004 18200 18205 (Pubitemid 40054097)
70. R. Rong, J.Y. Ahn, and H. Huang PI3 kinase enhancer-Homer complex couples mGluRI to PI3 kinase, preventing neuronal apoptosis Nat Neurosci 6 2003 1153 1161 (Pubitemid 37346035)
71. J.Y. Ahn, and K. Ye PIKE GTPase signaling and function Int J Biol Sci 1 2005 44 50
72. A. Jacob, T.X. Lee, B.A. Neff, S. Miller, B. Welling, and L.S. Chang Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway activation in human vestibular schwannoma Otol Neurotol 29 2008 58 68
73. D.A. Hilton, N. Ristic, and C.O. Hanemann Activation of ERK. AKT and JNK signalling pathways in human schwannomas in situ Histopathology 55 2009 744 749
74. T.X. Lee, M.D. Packer, and J. Huang Growth inhibitory and anti-tumour activities of OSU-03012, a novel PDK-1 inhibitor, on vestibular schwannoma and malignant schwannoma cells Eur J Cancer 45 2009 1709 1720
75. S.C. Weng, Y. Kashida, and S.K. Kulp Sensitizing estrogen receptor- negative breast cancer cells to tamoxifen with OSU- 03012, a novel celecoxib-derived phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1/Akt signaling inhibitor Mol Cancer Ther 7 2008 800 808 (Pubitemid 351551033)
76. Y.C. Wang, S.K. Kulp, and D. Wang Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress and Akt with OSU-03012 and gefitinib or erlotinib to overcome resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors Cancer Res 68 2008 2820 2830 (Pubitemid 351556281)
77. L.M. Porchia, M. Guerra, and Y.C. Wang 2-amino-N-{4-[5- (2-phenanthrenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] phe nyl} acetamide (OSU-03012), a celecoxib derivative, directly targets p21-activated kinase Mol Pharmacol 72 2007 1124 1131 (Pubitemid 350012586)
78. F.J. Alvarez, S. Murahari, and C.G. Couto 3-Phosphoinositide- -dependent protein kinase-1/Akt signalling and inhibition in a canine prostate carcinoma cell line Vet Comp Oncol 5 2007 47 58
79. J. Zhu, J.W. Huang, and P.H. Tseng From the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib to a novel class of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 inhibitors Cancer Res 64 2004 4309 4318 (Pubitemid 38802438)
80. C.S. Chen, S.C. Weng, P.H. Tseng, and H.P. Lin Histone acetylation-independent effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors on Akt through the reshuffling of protein phosphatase 1 complexes J Biol Chem 280 2005 38879 38887
81. T.X. Lee, M.D. Packer, and J. Huang Growth inhibitory and anti-tumour activities of OSU-03012, a novel PDK-1 inhibitor, on vestibular schwannoma and malignant schwannoma cells European journal of cancer 45 2009 1709 1720
82. M.L. Bush, J. Oblinger, and V. Brendel AR42, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, as a potential therapy for vestibular schwannomas and meningiomas Neuro-Oncology 13 2011 983 999
83. A. Jacob, J. Oblinger, and M.L. Bush Preclinical validation of AR42, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, as treatment for vestibular schwannomas The Laryngoscope 122 2012 174 189
84. D.D. Sarbassov, D.A. Guertin, S.M. Ali, and D.M. Sabatini Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex Science 307 2005 1098 1101 (Pubitemid 40262113)
85. M.A. Lopez-Lago, T. Okada, M.M. Murillo, N. Socci, and F.G. Giancotti Loss of the tumor suppressor gene NF2, encoding merlin, constitutively activates integrin-dependent mTORC1 signaling Mol Cell Biol 29 2009 4235 4249
86. M.F. James, S. Han, and C. Polizzano NF2/merlin is a novel negative regulator of mTOR complex 1, and activation of mTORC1 is associated with meningioma and schwannoma growth Mol Cell Biol 29 2009 4250 4261
87. M.A. Sells, and J. Chernoff Emerging from the Pak: the p21-activated protein kinase family Trends in cell biology 7 1997 162 167 (Pubitemid 27135576)
88. G.H. Xiao, A. Beeser, J. Chernoff, and J.R. Testa p21-activated kinase links Rac/Cdc42 signaling to merlin J Biol Chem 277 2002 883 886 (Pubitemid 34968830)
89. J.L. Kissil Merlin Phosphorylation by p21-activated Kinase 2 and Effects of Phosphorylation on Merlin Localization Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 2002 10394 10399 (Pubitemid 34968159)
90. G.M. Edelman A golden age for adhesion Cell Adhes Commun 1 1993 1 7
91. B.B. Tysnes, and R. Mahesparan Biological mechanisms of glioma invasion and potential therapeutic targets Journal of neuro-oncology 53 2001 129 147 (Pubitemid 33036822)
92. W. Hamel, and M. Westphal Growth factors in gliomas revisited Acta neurochirurgica 142 2000 113 137 discussion 137-118
93. K. Kaempchen, K. Mielke, T. Utermark, S. Langmesser, and C.O. Hanemann Upregulation of the Rac1/JNK signaling pathway in primary human schwannoma cells Human Molecular Genetics 12 2003 1211 1221 (Pubitemid 36722601)
94. C. Yi, E.W. Wilker, M.B. Yaffe, A. Stemmer-Rachamimov, and J.L. Kissil Validation of the p21-activated kinases as targets for inhibition in neurofibromatosis type 2 Cancer Res 68 2008 7932 7937
95. C. Flaiz, S. Ammoun, A. Biebl, and C.O. Hanemann Altered adhesive structures and their relation to RhoGTPase activation in merlin-deficient Schwannoma Brain Pathol 19 2009 27 38
96. J.L. Kissil, E.W. Wilker, K.C. Johnson, M.S. Eckman, M.B. Yaffe, and T. Jacks Merlin, the product of the Nf2 tumor suppressor gene, is an inhibitor of the p21-activated kinase, Pak1 Mol Cell 12 2003 841 849 (Pubitemid 37352778)
97. G.M. Bokoch PAK'n it in: identification of a selective PAK inhibitor Chemistry & biology 15 2008 305 306 (Pubitemid 351508432)
98. C. Flaiz, J. Chernoff, S. Ammoun, J.R. Peterson, and C.O. Hanemann PAK kinase regulates Rac GTPase and is a potential target in human schwannomas Exp Neurol 218 2009 137 144
99. H.F. Dvorak, L.F. Brown, M. Detmar, and A.M. Dvorak Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis The American journal of pathology 146 1995 1029 1039
100. M. Sondell, G. Lundborg, and M. Kanje Vascular endothelial growth factor has neurotrophic activity and stimulates axonal outgrowth, enhancing cell survival and Schwann cell proliferation in the peripheral nervous system The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 19 1999 5731 5740 (Pubitemid 29327910)
101. J. Folkman Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease Nature medicine 1 1995 27 31
102. N. Ferrara, and B. Keyt Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic biology and clinical implications Exs 79 1997 209 232
103. H.P. Gerber, V. Dixit, and N. Ferrara Vascular endothelial growth factor induces expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and A1 in vascular endothelial cells The Journal of biological chemistry 273 1998 13313 13316 (Pubitemid 28246905)
104. N. Ferrara, and T. Davis-Smyth The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor Endocr Rev 18 1997 4 25 (Pubitemid 27076453)
105. S. Patel-Hett, and P.A. D'Amore Signal transduction in vasculogenesis and developmental angiogenesis Int J Dev Biol 55 2011 353 363
106. R. Roskoski Jr. VEGF receptor protein-tyrosine kinases: structure and regulation Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 375 2008 287 291
107. P. Caye-Thomasen, L. Baandrup, G.K. Jacobsen, J. Thomsen, and S.E. Stangerup Immunohistochemical demonstration of vascular endothelial growth factor in vestibular schwannomas correlates to tumor growth rate The Laryngoscope 113 2003 2129 2134 (Pubitemid 38063834)
108. R.J. Komotar, R.M. Starke, M.B. Sisti, and E.S. Connolly The role of bevacizumab in hearing preservation and tumor volume control in patients with vestibular schwannomas Neurosurgery 65 2009 12
109. V.F. Mautner, R. Nguyen, and H. Kutta Bevacizumab induces regression of vestibular schwannomas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 Neuro-Oncology 12 2010 14 18
110. S.R. Plotkin, A.O. Stemmer-Rachamimov, and F.G. Barker 2nd Hearing improvement after bevacizumab in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 The New England journal of medicine 361 2009 358 367
111. H.K. Wong, J. Lahdenranta, and W.S. Kamoun Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies as a novel therapeutic approach to treating neurofibromatosis-related tumors Cancer Research 70 2010 3483 3493
112. V.F. Mautner, R. Nguyen, R. Knecht, and C. Bokemeyer Radiographic regression of vestibular schwannomas induced by bevacizumab treatment: sustain under continuous drug application and rebound after drug discontinuation Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology/ESMO 21 2010 2294 2295
113. D. Knight PTC299, a novel regulator of Tumor VEGF expression is well tolerated and achieves target plasma concentrations: Dose-ranging results of a phase 1b study in women with metastatic breast cancer Cancer Research 2009 69