메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 450, Issue , 2012, Pages 107-114

Keystone intimidators in the intertidal: Non-consumptive effects of a keystone sea star regulate feeding and growth in whelks

Author keywords

Keystone; Mytilus; Non consumptive effects; Nucella; Pisaster; Rocky intertidal

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ECHINODERM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GROWTH RATE; INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT; INVERTEBRATE; KEYSTONE SPECIES; MORTALITY; NONLINEARITY; PREDATOR; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; SNAIL; SURVEY;

EID: 84859236920     PISSN: 01718630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3354/meps09567     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (63)
  • 2
    • 38449093938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining and measuring the impact of dynamic traits on interspecific interactions
    • DOI 10.1890/06-1381.1
    • Abrams PA (2007) Defining and measuring the impact of dynamic traits on interspecific interactions. Ecology 88: 2555-2562 (Pubitemid 351345112)
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , Issue.10 , pp. 2555-2562
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 3
    • 0026330168 scopus 로고
    • Predator avoidance by the fresh-water snail physella virgata in response to the crayfish procambarus simulans
    • Alexander JE, Covich AP (1991) Predator avoidance by the fresh-water snail Physella virgata in response to the crayfish Procambarus simulans. Oecologia 87: 435-442
    • (1991) Oecologia , vol.87 , pp. 435-442
    • Alexander, J.E.1    Covich, A.P.2
  • 5
    • 42249110726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects and traditional trophic cascades: A test involving wolves, coyotes, and pronghorn
    • DOI 10.1890/07-0193.1
    • Berger KM, Gese EM, Berger J (2008) Indirect effects and traditional trophic cascades: a test involving wolves, coyotes, and pronghorn. Ecology 89: 818-828 (Pubitemid 351550014)
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , Issue.3 , pp. 818-828
    • Berger, K.M.1    Gese, E.M.2    Berger, J.3
  • 7
    • 67449161801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prioritized phenotypic responses to combined predators in a marine snail
    • Bourdeau PE (2009b) Prioritized phenotypic responses to combined predators in a marine snail. Ecology 90: 1659-1669
    • (2009) Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 1659-1669
    • Bourdeau, P.E.1
  • 8
    • 58849165305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey interactions under climate change: The importance of habitat vs body tempe rature
    • Broitman BR, Szathmary PL, Mislan KAS, Blanchette CA, Helmuth B (2009) Predator-prey interactions under climate change: the importance of habitat vs body tempe rature. Oikos 118: 219-224
    • (2009) Oikos , vol.118 , pp. 219-224
    • Broitman, B.R.1    Szathmary, P.L.2    Mislan, K.A.S.3    Blanchette, C.A.4    Helmuth, B.5
  • 9
    • 0030977514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and chemical defenses of marine prosobranch gastropod Calliostoma canaliculatum in response to sympatric seastars
    • Bryan PJ, Mcclintock JB, Hamann M (1997) Behavioral and chemical defenses of marine prosobranch gastropod Calliostoma canaliculatum in response to sympatric seastars. J Chem Ecol 23: 645-658 (Pubitemid 27213416)
    • (1997) Journal of Chemical Ecology , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 645-658
    • Bryan, P.J.1    Mcclintock, J.B.2    Hamann, M.3
  • 10
    • 84889398472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1st edn. Wiley, Chichester
    • Crawley MJ (2007) The R book, 1st edn. Wiley, Chichester
    • (2007) The R Book
    • Crawley, M.J.1
  • 11
    • 69449086310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf presence and increased willow consumption by yellowstone elk: Implications for trophic cascades
    • Creel S, Christianson D (2009) Wolf presence and increased willow consumption by Yellowstone elk: implications for trophic cascades. Ecology 90: 2454-2466
    • (2009) Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 2454-2466
    • Creel, S.1    Christianson, D.2
  • 12
    • 68149128511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid stress hormones and the effect of predation risk on elk reproduction
    • Creel S, Winnie JA, Christianson D (2009) Glucocorticoid stress hormones and the effect of predation risk on elk reproduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 12388-12393
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.106 , pp. 12388-12393
    • Creel, S.1    Winnie, J.A.2    Christianson, D.3
  • 13
    • 78751667227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk recognition and variability in escape responses among intertidal molluskan grazers to the sun star heliaster helianthus
    • Escobar JB, Navarrete SA (2011) Risk recognition and variability in escape responses among intertidal molluskan grazers to the sun star Heliaster helianthus. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 421: 151-161
    • (2011) Mar Ecol Prog Ser , vol.421 , pp. 151-161
    • Escobar, J.B.1    Navarrete, S.A.2
  • 14
    • 0034510581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escape responses of four Chilean intertidal limpets to seastars
    • DOI 10.1007/s002270000426
    • Espoz C, Castilla JC (2000) Escape response of four Chilean intertidal limpets to seastar. Mar Biol 137:887-892 (Pubitemid 32122148)
    • (2000) Marine Biology , vol.137 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 887-892
    • Espoz, C.1    Castilla, J.C.2
  • 15
    • 34247470783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specificity of induced defenses in Mytilus edulis and asymmetrical predator deterrence
    • DOI 10.3354/meps334145
    • Freeman AS (2007) Specificity of induced defenses in Mytilus edulis and asymmetrical predator deterrence. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 334: 145-153 (Pubitemid 46657916)
    • (2007) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.334 , pp. 145-153
    • Freeman, A.S.1
  • 16
    • 0001030091 scopus 로고
    • Community structure, population control, and competition
    • Hairston NG, Smith FE, Slobodkin LB (1960) Community structure, population control, and competition. Am Nat 94: 421-425
    • (1960) Am Nat , vol.94 , pp. 421-425
    • Hairston, N.G.1    Smith, F.E.2    Slobodkin, L.B.3
  • 17
    • 70350742036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How large is the hand in the puppet? Ecolog- ical and evolutionary factors affecting body mass of 15 trematode parasitic castrators in their snail host
    • Hechinger RF, Lafferty KD, Mancini FT, Warner RR, Kuris AM (2008) How large is the hand in the puppet? Ecolog- ical and evolutionary factors affecting body mass of 15 trematode parasitic castrators in their snail host. Evol Ecol 23: 651-667
    • (2008) Evol Ecol , vol.23 , pp. 651-667
    • Hechinger, R.F.1    Lafferty, K.D.2    Mancini, F.T.3    Warner, R.R.4    Kuris, A.M.5
  • 19
    • 0028163952 scopus 로고
    • Simple rules for interspecific dominance in systems with exploitative and apparent competition
    • Holt RD, Grover J, Tilman D (1994) Simple rules for interspecific dominance in systems with exploitative and apparent competition. Am Nat 144: 741-771
    • (1994) Am Nat , vol.144 , pp. 741-771
    • Holt, R.D.1    Grover, J.2    Tilman, D.3
  • 20
    • 49849092907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous inference in general parametric models
    • Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P (2008) Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom J 50: 346-363
    • (2008) Biom J , vol.50 , pp. 346-363
    • Hothorn, T.1    Bretz, F.2    Westfall, P.3
  • 21
    • 34247104714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How flexible is phenotypic plasticity? Developmental windows for trait induction and reversal
    • DOI 10.1890/05-1697
    • Hoverman JT, Relyea RA (2007) How flexible is phenotypic plasticity? Developmental windows for trait induction and reversal. Ecology 88: 693-705 (Pubitemid 46597077)
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , Issue.3 , pp. 693-705
    • Hoverman, J.T.1    Relyea, R.A.2
  • 22
    • 34247393614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypically plastic responses of green frog embryos to conflicting predation risk
    • DOI 10.1007/s00442-006-0637-3
    • Ireland DH, Wirsing AJ, Murray DL (2007) Phenotypically plastic responses of green frog embryos to conflicting predation risk. Oecologia 152: 162-168 (Pubitemid 46640009)
    • (2007) Oecologia , vol.152 , Issue.1 , pp. 162-168
    • Ireland, D.H.1    Wirsing, A.J.2    Murray, D.L.3
  • 23
    • 33748421526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergent multiple predator effects in an experimental microbial community
    • DOI 10.1007/s11284-006-0181-y
    • Jiang L, Krumins JA (2006) Emergent multiple predator effects in an experimental microbial community. Ecol Res 21: 723-731 (Pubitemid 44341744)
    • (2006) Ecological Research , vol.21 , Issue.5 , pp. 723-731
    • Jiang, L.1    Krumins, J.A.2
  • 24
    • 35148829576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic variation in a predator-induced defense and its genetic basis
    • DOI 10.1890/07-0132.1
    • Kishida O, Trussell GC, Nishimura K (2007) Geographic variation in a predator-induced defense and its genetic basis. Ecology 88: 1948-1954 (Pubitemid 351345160)
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , Issue.8 , pp. 1948-1954
    • Kishida, O.1    Trussell, G.C.2    Nishimura, K.3
  • 25
    • 77957785484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of wolves on elk and cattle behaviors: Implications for livestock production and wolf conservation
    • Laporte I, Muhly TB, Pitt JA, Alexander M, Musiani M (2010) Effects of wolves on elk and cattle behaviors: implications for livestock production and wolf conservation. PLoS ONE 5: e11954
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5
    • Laporte, I.1    Muhly, T.B.2    Pitt, J.A.3    Alexander, M.4    Musiani, M.5
  • 26
    • 33645096359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population divergence in growth rate and antipredator defences in rana arvalis
    • Laurila A, Pakkasmaa S, Merila J (2006) Population divergence in growth rate and antipredator defences in Rana arvalis. Oecologia 147: 585-595
    • (2006) Oecologia , vol.147 , pp. 585-595
    • Laurila, A.1    Pakkasmaa, S.2    Merila, J.3
  • 27
    • 0031440770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions
    • Lima SL (1998) Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions. Bioscience 48: 25-34 (Pubitemid 28025685)
    • (1998) BioScience , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-34
    • Lima, S.L.1
  • 28
    • 0000184337 scopus 로고
    • The mantle response of diodora aspera
    • Margolin AS (1964) The mantle response of Diodora aspera. Anim Behav 12: 187-194
    • (1964) Anim Behav , vol.12 , pp. 187-194
    • Margolin, A.S.1
  • 29
    • 0037422731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resurrection of Nucella ostrina (Gould, 1852), lectotype designation for N. emarginata (Deshayes, 1839), and molecular genetic evidence of Pleistocene speciation
    • Marko PB, Palmer AR, Vermeij GJ (2003) Resurrection of Nucella ostrina (Gould, 1852), lectotype designation for N. emarginata (Deshayes, 1839), and molecular genetic evidence of Pleistocene speciation. Veliger 46: 77-85 (Pubitemid 36154492)
    • (2003) Veliger , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 77-85
    • Marko, P.B.1    Palmer, A.R.2    Vermeij, G.J.3
  • 30
    • 0028163542 scopus 로고
    • The keystone species concept - Variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat
    • Menge BA, Berlow EL, Blanchette CA, Navarrete SA, Yamada SB (1994) The keystone species concept - variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecol Monogr 64: 249-286
    • (1994) Ecol Monogr , vol.64 , pp. 249-286
    • Menge, B.A.1    Berlow, E.L.2    Blanchette, C.A.3    Navarrete, S.A.4    Yamada, S.B.5
  • 32
    • 0032718999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects of phorid fly parasitoids on the mechanisms of interspecific competition among ants
    • DOI 10.1007/s004420050912
    • Morrison LW (1999) Indirect effects of phorid fly parasitoids on the mechanisms of interspecific competition among ants. Oecologia 121: 113-122 (Pubitemid 29492366)
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.121 , Issue.1 , pp. 113-122
    • Morrison, L.W.1
  • 33
    • 0030422753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keystone predation and interaction strength: Interactive effects of predators on their main prey
    • Navarrete SA, Menge BA (1996) Keystone predation and interaction strength: interactive effects of predators on their main prey. Ecol Monogr 66: 409-429
    • (1996) Ecol Monogr , vol.66 , pp. 409-429
    • Navarrete, S.A.1    Menge, B.A.2
  • 34
    • 0033850262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species interactions in intertidal food webs: Prey or predation regulation of intermediate predators?
    • Navarrete SA, Menge BA, Daley BA (2000) Species interactions in intertidal food webs: prey or predation regulation of intermediate predators? Ecology 81: 2264-2277
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 2264-2277
    • Navarrete, S.A.1    Menge, B.A.2    Daley, B.A.3
  • 35
    • 4444306050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predators reduce prey population growth by inducing changes in prey behavior
    • Nelson EH, Matthews CE, Rosenheim JA (2004) Predators reduce prey population growth by inducing changes in prey behavior. Ecology 85: 1853-1858 (Pubitemid 39188118)
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , Issue.7 , pp. 1853-1858
    • Nelson, E.H.1    Matthews, C.E.2    Rosenheim, J.A.3
  • 36
    • 79960833751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator effects in predator-free space: The remote effects of predators on prey
    • others
    • Orrock JL, Dill LM, Sih A, Grabowski JH and others (2010) Predator effects in predator-free space: the remote effects of predators on prey. Open Ecol J 3: 22-30
    • (2010) Open Ecol J , vol.3 , pp. 22-30
    • Orrock, J.L.1    Dill, L.M.2    Sih, A.3    Grabowski, J.H.4
  • 37
    • 0002596015 scopus 로고
    • Food web complexity and species diversity
    • Paine RT (1966) Food web complexity and species diversity. Am Nat 100: 65-75
    • (1966) Am Nat , vol.100 , pp. 65-75
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 38
    • 0002246196 scopus 로고
    • A note on trophic complexity and community stability
    • Paine RT (1969) A note on trophic complexity and community stability. Am Nat 103: 91-93
    • (1969) Am Nat , vol.103 , pp. 91-93
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 39
    • 34247094605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large nonlethal effects of an invasive invertebrate predator on zooplankton population growth rate
    • DOI 10.1890/06-0768
    • Pangle KL, Peacor SD, Johannsson OE (2007) Large non-lethal effects of an invasive invertebrate predator on zoo-plankton population growth rate. Ecology 88: 402-412 (Pubitemid 46596802)
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , Issue.2 , pp. 402-412
    • Pangle, K.L.1    Peacor, S.D.2    Johannsson, O.E.3
  • 40
    • 54549087947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting the classics: Considering nonconsumptive effects in textbook examples of predator-prey interactions
    • others
    • Peckarsky BL, Abrams PA, Bolnick DI, Dill LM and others (2008a) Revisiting the classics: considering nonconsumptive effects in textbook examples of predator-prey interactions. Ecology 89: 2416-2425
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 2416-2425
    • Peckarsky, B.L.1    Abrams, P.A.2    Bolnick, D.I.3    Dill, L.M.4
  • 41
  • 42
    • 33749122448 scopus 로고
    • Chemical mediation of invertebrate de fensive behaviors and the ability to distinguish be tween foraging and inactive predators
    • Phillips DW (1978) Chemical mediation of invertebrate de fensive behaviors and the ability to distinguish be tween foraging and inactive predators. Mar Biol 49: 237-243
    • (1978) Mar Biol , vol.49 , pp. 237-243
    • Phillips, D.W.1
  • 43
    • 14844363259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions
    • Preisser EL, Bolnick DI, Benard MF (2005) Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator-prey interactions. Ecology 86: 501-509 (Pubitemid 40356083)
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , Issue.2 , pp. 501-509
    • Preisser, E.L.1    Bolnick, D.I.2    Benard, M.F.3
  • 44
    • 84863304598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R: A language and environment for statistical computing
    • R Development Core Team Vienna
    • R Development Core Team (2010) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
    • (2010) R Foundation for Statistical Computing
  • 45
    • 0035122132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators
    • Relyea RA (2001) Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82: 523-540 (Pubitemid 32152271)
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , Issue.2 , pp. 523-540
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 46
    • 0344584997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How prey respond to combined predators: A review and an empirical test
    • Relyea RA (2003) How prey respond to combined predators: a review and an empirical test. Ecology 84: 1827-1839 (Pubitemid 37435712)
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , Issue.7 , pp. 1827-1839
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 47
    • 0033605739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of keystone predation by small changes in ocean temperature
    • Sanford E (1999) Regulation of keystone predation by small changes in ocean temperature. Science 283: 2095-2097
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 2095-2097
    • Sanford, E.1
  • 48
    • 0037125348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The feeding, growth, and energetics of two rocky intertidal predators (Pisaster ochraceus and Nucella canaliculata) under water temperatures simulating episodic upwelling
    • DOI 10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00164-8, PII S0022098102001648
    • Sanford E (2002) The feeding, growth, and energetics of two rocky intertidal predators (Pisaster ochraceus and Nucella canaliculata) under water temperatures simulating episodic upwelling. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 273: 199-218 (Pubitemid 34742304)
    • (2002) Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , vol.273 , Issue.2 , pp. 199-218
    • Sanford, E.1
  • 49
    • 68149181442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sensitive hare: Sublethal effects of predator stress on reproduction in snowshoe hares
    • Sheriff MJ, Krebs CJ, Boonstra R (2009) The sensitive hare: sublethal effects of predator stress on reproduction in snowshoe hares. J Anim Ecol 78: 1249-1258
    • (2009) J Anim Ecol , vol.78 , pp. 1249-1258
    • Sheriff, M.J.1    Krebs, C.J.2    Boonstra, R.3
  • 50
    • 0031880532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey
    • DOI 10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01437-2, PII S0169534798014372
    • Sih A, Englund G, Wooster D (1998) Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey. Trends Ecol Evol 13: 350-355 (Pubitemid 28385521)
    • (1998) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.13 , Issue.9 , pp. 350-355
    • Sih, A.1    Englund, G.2    Wooster, D.3
  • 51
    • 77951118799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey naïveté, antipredator behavior, and the ecology of predator invasions
    • others
    • Sih A, Bolnick DI, Luttbeg B, Orrock JL and others (2010) Predator-prey naïveté, antipredator behavior, and the ecology of predator invasions. Oikos 119: 610-621
    • (2010) Oikos , vol.119 , pp. 610-621
    • Sih, A.1    Bolnick, D.I.2    Luttbeg, B.3    Orrock, J.L.4
  • 52
    • 33746011880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clamming up: Environmental forces diminish the perceptive ability of bivalve prey
    • Smee DL, Weissburg MJ (2006) Clamming up: Environmental forces diminish the perceptive ability of bivalve prey. Ecology 87: 1587-1598 (Pubitemid 44066108)
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , Issue.6 , pp. 1587-1598
    • Smee, D.L.1    Weissburg, M.J.2
  • 53
    • 43049106050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alteration of sensory abilities regulates the spatial scale of nonlethal predator effects
    • Smee DL, Ferner MC, Weissburg MJ (2008) Alteration of sensory abilities regulates the spatial scale of nonlethal predator effects. Oecologia 156: 399-409
    • (2008) Oecologia , vol.156 , pp. 399-409
    • Smee, D.L.1    Ferner, M.C.2    Weissburg, M.J.3
  • 54
    • 77951869017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrodynamic sensory stressors produce nonlinear predation patterns
    • Smee DL, Ferner MC, Weissburg MJ (2010) Hydrodynamic sensory stressors produce nonlinear predation patterns. Ecology 91: 1391-1400
    • (2010) Ecology , vol.91 , pp. 1391-1400
    • Smee, D.L.1    Ferner, M.C.2    Weissburg, M.J.3
  • 55
    • 0031924564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene flow and ineffective antipredator behavior in a stream-breeding salamander
    • Storfer A, Sih A (1998) Gene flow and ineffective antipredator behavior in a stream-breeding salamander. Evolution 52: 558-565 (Pubitemid 28222728)
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 558-565
    • Storfer, A.1    Sih, A.2
  • 57
    • 0041813310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trait-mediated effects in rocky intertidal food chains: Predator risk cues alter prey feeding rates
    • Trussell GC, Ewanchuk PJ, Bertness MD (2003) Trait-mediated effects in rocky intertidal food chains: predator risk cues alter prey feeding rates. Ecology 84: 629-640 (Pubitemid 36893051)
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , Issue.3 , pp. 629-640
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Ewanchuk, P.J.2    Bertness, M.D.3
  • 58
    • 4544314004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in rocky shore tide pools: Distinguishing lethal and nonlethal effects
    • DOI 10.1007/s00442-004-1512-8
    • Trussell GC, Ewanchuk PJ, Bertness MD, Silliman BR (2004) Trophic cascades in rocky shore tide pools: distinguishing lethal and nonlethal effects. Oecologia 139: 427-432 (Pubitemid 39246712)
    • (2004) Oecologia , vol.139 , Issue.3 , pp. 427-432
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Ewanchuk, P.J.2    Bertness, M.D.3    Silliman, B.R.4
  • 59
    • 33845693539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fear of being eaten reduces energy transfer in a simple food chain
    • DOI 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2979:TFOBER]2.0.CO;2
    • Trussell GC, Ewanchuk PJ, Matassa CM (2006) The fear of being eaten reduces energy transfer in a simple food chain. Ecology 87: 2979-2984 (Pubitemid 44969247)
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , Issue.12 , pp. 2979-2984
    • Trussell, G.C.1    Ewanchuk, P.J.2    Matassa, C.M.3
  • 60
    • 0042815133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal scales of predator avoidance: Experiments with fish and snails
    • Turner AM, Montgomery SL (2003) Spatial and temporal scales of predator avoidance: experiments with fish and snails. Ecology 84: 616-622 (Pubitemid 36893049)
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , Issue.3 , pp. 616-622
    • Turner, A.M.1    Montgomery, S.L.2
  • 61
    • 79952467353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of the black sea urchin tetrapygus Niger to its sea-star predators heliaster helianthus and meyenaster gelatinosus under field conditions
    • Urriago JD, Himmelman JH, Gaymer CF (2011) Responses of the black sea urchin Tetrapygus niger to its sea-star predators Heliaster helianthus and Meyenaster gelatinosus under field conditions. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 399: 17-24
    • (2011) J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , vol.399 , pp. 17-24
    • Urriago, J.D.1    Himmelman, J.H.2    Gaymer, C.F.3
  • 62
    • 0038699846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities
    • Werner EE, Peacor SD (2003) A review of trait-mediated indirect interactions in ecological communities. Ecology 84: 1083-1100 (Pubitemid 37435382)
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , Issue.5 , pp. 1083-1100
    • Werner, E.E.1    Peacor, S.D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.