메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 84, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 1827-1839

How prey respond to combined predators: A review and an empirical test

Author keywords

Anti predator responses; Anuran; Behavior; Morphology; Phenotypic plasticity; Rana sylvatica; Wood frog

Indexed keywords

ANTIPREDATOR DEFENSE; BEHAVIOR; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; MORPHOLOGY; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION;

EID: 0344584997     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1827:HPRTCP]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (253)

References (91)
  • 1
    • 0009451669 scopus 로고
    • Life-history strategies of optimal foragers
    • Abrams, P. A. 1983. Life-history strategies of optimal foragers. Theoretical Population Biology 24:22-38.
    • (1983) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.24 , pp. 22-38
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 2
    • 0028976107 scopus 로고
    • Implications of dynamically variable traits for identifying, classifying, and measuring direct and indirect effects in ecological communities
    • Abrams, P. A. 1995. Implications of dynamically variable traits for identifying, classifying, and measuring direct and indirect effects in ecological communities. American Naturalist 146:112-134.
    • (1995) American Naturalist , vol.146 , pp. 112-134
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 3
    • 0030429184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors modifying antipredator behavior in larval toads
    • Anholt, B. R., D. K. Skelly, AND E. E. Werner. 1996. Factors modifying antipredator behavior in larval toads. Herpetologica 52:301-313.
    • (1996) Herpetologica , vol.52 , pp. 301-313
    • Anholt, B.R.1    Skelly, D.K.2    Werner, E.E.3
  • 4
    • 0028980867 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between food availability and predation mortality mediated by adaptive behavior
    • Anholt, B. R., and E. E. Werner. 1995. Interaction between food availability and predation mortality mediated by adaptive behavior. Ecology 76:2230-2234.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2230-2234
    • Anholt, B.R.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 7
    • 0027844473 scopus 로고
    • Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia pulex: Life history and morphological responses to Notonecta and Chaoborus
    • Black, A. R. 1993. Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia pulex: life history and morphological responses to Notonecta and Chaoborus. Limnology and Oceanography 38:986-996.
    • (1993) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.38 , pp. 986-996
    • Black, A.R.1
  • 8
    • 57649181464 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants
    • Bradshaw, A. D. 1965. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Advances in Genetics 13:115-155.
    • (1965) Advances in Genetics , vol.13 , pp. 115-155
    • Bradshaw, A.D.1
  • 9
    • 0030613576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-additive effects of terrestrial and aquatic predators on juvenile estuarine fish
    • Crowder, L. B., D. D. Squires, and J. A. Rice. 1997. Non-additive effects of terrestrial and aquatic predators on juvenile estuarine fish. Ecology 78:1796-1804.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1796-1804
    • Crowder, L.B.1    Squires, D.D.2    Rice, J.A.3
  • 10
    • 0034062352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical cues from multiple predator-prey interactions induce changes in behavior and growth of anuran larvae
    • Eklöv, P. 2000. Chemical cues from multiple predator-prey interactions induce changes in behavior and growth of anuran larvae. Oecologia 123:192-199.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.123 , pp. 192-199
    • Eklöv, P.1
  • 11
    • 0034800446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitation among piscivorous predators: Effects of prey habitat use
    • Eklöv, P., and T. VanKooten. 2001. Facilitation among piscivorous predators: effects of prey habitat use. Ecology 82:2486-2494.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 2486-2494
    • Eklöv, P.1    VanKooten, T.2
  • 12
    • 0034000384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple predator effects on size-dependent behavior and mortality of two species of anuran larvae
    • Eklöv, P., and E. E. Werner. 2000. Multiple predator effects on size-dependent behavior and mortality of two species of anuran larvae. Oikos 88:250-258.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.88 , pp. 250-258
    • Eklöv, P.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 13
    • 0025680476 scopus 로고
    • Interactive effects of predators and early larval dynamics of the treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis
    • Fauth, J. 1990. Interactive effects of predators and early larval dynamics of the treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis. Ecology 71:1609-1616.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 1609-1616
    • Fauth, J.1
  • 14
    • 0000661903 scopus 로고
    • Tailed frog tadpoles differentially alter their feeding behavior in response to nonvisual cues from four predators
    • Feminella, J. W., and C. P. Hawkins. 1994. Tailed frog tadpoles differentially alter their feeding behavior in response to nonvisual cues from four predators. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 13:310-320.
    • (1994) Journal of the North American Benthological Society , vol.13 , pp. 310-320
    • Feminella, J.W.1    Hawkins, C.P.2
  • 15
    • 0002900262 scopus 로고
    • Encounter probabilities, and the community structure in zooplankton: A mathematical model
    • Gerritsen, J., and J. R. Strickler. 1977. Encounter probabilities, and the community structure in zooplankton: a mathematical model. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34:73-82.
    • (1977) Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada , vol.34 , pp. 73-82
    • Gerritsen, J.1    Strickler, J.R.2
  • 16
    • 0030747329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat segregation and interactive effects of multiple predators on a prey assemblage
    • Gonzalez, M. J., and A. J. Tessier. 1997. Habitat segregation and interactive effects of multiple predators on a prey assemblage. Freshwater Biology 38:179-191.
    • (1997) Freshwater Biology , vol.38 , pp. 179-191
    • Gonzalez, M.J.1    Tessier, A.J.2
  • 17
    • 0022220764 scopus 로고
    • Predation of common invertebrate predators on long- and short-featured Daphnia retrocurva
    • Havel, J. E. 1985. Predation of common invertebrate predators on long-and short-featured Daphnia retrocurva. Hydrobiologia 124:141-149.
    • (1985) Hydrobiologia , vol.124 , pp. 141-149
    • Havel, J.E.1
  • 18
    • 0001875685 scopus 로고
    • Predator-induced defenses: A review
    • W. C. Kerfoot and A. Sih, editors. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
    • Havel, J. E. 1987. Predator-induced defenses: a review. Pages 263-278 in W. C. Kerfoot and A. Sih, editors. Predation: direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
    • (1987) Predation: Direct and Indirect Impacts on Aquatic Communities , pp. 263-278
    • Havel, J.E.1
  • 20
    • 0025627930 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies on behaviorally mediated, indirect interactions through a shared predator
    • Huang, C., and A. Sih. 1990. Experimental studies on behaviorally mediated, indirect interactions through a shared predator. Ecology 71:1515-1522.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 1515-1522
    • Huang, C.1    Sih, A.2
  • 21
    • 0001575583 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies on direct and indirect interactions in a three trophic-level stream system
    • Huang, C., and A. Sih. 1991. Experimental studies on direct and indirect interactions in a three trophic-level stream system. Oecologia 85:530-536.
    • (1991) Oecologia , vol.85 , pp. 530-536
    • Huang, C.1    Sih, A.2
  • 22
    • 0026565110 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between vulnerability to predation and behavior of larval tree-hole mosquitoes: Geographic and ontogenetic differences
    • Juliano, S. A., and L. Reminger. 1992. The relationship between vulnerability to predation and behavior of larval tree-hole mosquitoes: geographic and ontogenetic differences. Oikos 63:465-476.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.63 , pp. 465-476
    • Juliano, S.A.1    Reminger, L.2
  • 24
    • 0032418183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scent of death: Chemosensory assessment of predation risk by prey animals
    • Kats, L. B., and L. M. Dill. 1998. The scent of death: chemosensory assessment of predation risk by prey animals. Ecoscience 5:361-394.
    • (1998) Ecoscience , vol.5 , pp. 361-394
    • Kats, L.B.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 25
    • 0024188355 scopus 로고
    • Antipredator defenses and the persistence of amphibians larvae with fishes
    • Kats, L. B., J. W. Petranka, and A. Sih. 1988. Antipredator defenses and the persistence of amphibians larvae with fishes. Ecology 69:1865-1870.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1865-1870
    • Kats, L.B.1    Petranka, J.W.2    Sih, A.3
  • 26
    • 0026499095 scopus 로고
    • Chemically mediated avoidance behavior in wild brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis: The response to familiar and unfamiliar predaceous fishes and the influence of fish diet
    • Keefe, M. L. 1992. Chemically mediated avoidance behavior in wild brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis: the response to familiar and unfamiliar predaceous fishes and the influence of fish diet. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:288-292.
    • (1992) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.70 , pp. 288-292
    • Keefe, M.L.1
  • 27
    • 0027011566 scopus 로고
    • Predator facilitation: The combined effect of snakes and owls on the foraging behavior of gerbils
    • Kotler, B. P., L. Blaustein, and J. S. Brown. 1992. Predator facilitation: the combined effect of snakes and owls on the foraging behavior of gerbils. Annales. Zoologici. Fennici 29:199-206.
    • (1992) Annales. Zoologici. Fennici , vol.29 , pp. 199-206
    • Kotler, B.P.1    Blaustein, L.2    Brown, J.S.3
  • 28
    • 0032425943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fishing spiders, green sunfish, and a stream-dwelling water strider: Male-female conflict and prey responses to single versus multiple predator environments
    • Krupa, J. J., and A. Sih. 1998. Fishing spiders, green sunfish, and a stream-dwelling water strider: male-female conflict and prey responses to single versus multiple predator environments. Oecologia 117:258-265.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.117 , pp. 258-265
    • Krupa, J.J.1    Sih, A.2
  • 29
    • 0021949434 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific morphogens regulating prey-predator relationships in protozoa
    • Kuhlmann, H., and K. Heckmann. 1985. Interspecific morphogens regulating prey-predator relationships in protozoa. Science 227:1347-1349.
    • (1985) Science , vol.227 , pp. 1347-1349
    • Kuhlmann, H.1    Heckmann, K.2
  • 30
    • 0028982763 scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of inducible defenses in Euplotes diadaleos (Ciliophora) to predation risks by various predators
    • Kusch, J. 1995. Adaptation of inducible defenses in Euplotes diadaleos (Ciliophora) to predation risks by various predators. Microbial Ecology 30:79-88.
    • (1995) Microbial Ecology , vol.30 , pp. 79-88
    • Kusch, J.1
  • 31
    • 0034090614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural responses to predator chemical cues and local variation in antipredator performance in Rana temporia tadpoles
    • Laurila, A. 2000. Behavioural responses to predator chemical cues and local variation in antipredator performance in Rana temporia tadpoles. Oikos 88:159-168.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.88 , pp. 159-168
    • Laurila, A.1
  • 32
    • 0031741111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator-induced changes in life history in two anuran tadpoles: Effects of predator diet
    • Laurila, A., J. Kujasalo, and E. Ranta. 1998. Predator-induced changes in life history in two anuran tadpoles: effects of predator diet. Oikos 83:307-317.
    • (1998) Oikos , vol.83 , pp. 307-317
    • Laurila, A.1    Kujasalo, J.2    Ranta, E.3
  • 33
    • 0024907163 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural responses to predators and predation risk in four species of larval anurans
    • Lawler, S. P. 1989. Behavioural responses to predators and predation risk in four species of larval anurans. Animal Behaviour 38:1039-1047.
    • (1989) Animal Behaviour , vol.38 , pp. 1039-1047
    • Lawler, S.P.1
  • 34
    • 0025252617 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus
    • Lima, S. L., and L. M. Dill. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:619-640.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.68 , pp. 619-640
    • Lima, S.L.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 35
    • 0028164952 scopus 로고
    • Trade-offs in vertical migration by zooplankton: The cost of predator avoidance
    • Loose, C. J., and P. Dawidowicz. 1994. Trade-offs in vertical migration by zooplankton: the cost of predator avoidance. Ecology 75:2255-2263.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 2255-2263
    • Loose, C.J.1    Dawidowicz, P.2
  • 36
    • 0024885039 scopus 로고
    • Non-additive impact of blue crabs and spot on their prey assemblages
    • Martin, T. H., R. A. Wright, and L. B. Crowder. 1989. Non-additive impact of blue crabs and spot on their prey assemblages. Ecology 70:1935-1942.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1935-1942
    • Martin, T.H.1    Wright, R.A.2    Crowder, L.B.3
  • 37
    • 0027811279 scopus 로고
    • Fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, learn to recognize northern pike on the basis of chemical stimuli from minnows in the pike's diet
    • Mathis, A., and R. J. F. Smith. 1993. Fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, learn to recognize northern pike on the basis of chemical stimuli from minnows in the pike's diet. Animal Behaviour 46:645-646.
    • (1993) Animal Behaviour , vol.46 , pp. 645-646
    • Mathis, A.1    Smith, R.J.F.2
  • 38
    • 0030618129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator-induced morphological changes in an amphibian: Predation by dragonflies affects tadpole shape and color
    • McCollum, S. A., and J. D. Leimberger. 1997. Predator-induced morphological changes in an amphibian: predation by dragonflies affects tadpole shape and color. Oecologia 109:615-621.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.109 , pp. 615-621
    • McCollum, S.A.1    Leimberger, J.D.2
  • 39
    • 0029769358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs and benefits of a predator-induced polyphenism in the gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis
    • McCollum, S. A., and J. Van Buskirk. 1996. Costs and benefits of a predator-induced polyphenism in the gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis. Evolution 50:583-593.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 583-593
    • McCollum, S.A.1    Van Buskirk, J.2
  • 40
    • 0033032303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Criteria determining behavioural responses to multiple predators by a stream mayfly
    • McIntosh, A. R., and B. L. Peckarsky. 1999. Criteria determining behavioural responses to multiple predators by a stream mayfly. Oikos 85:554-564.
    • (1999) Oikos , vol.85 , pp. 554-564
    • McIntosh, A.R.1    Peckarsky, B.L.2
  • 41
    • 0028995839 scopus 로고
    • Activation of brine shrimp nauplii photoresponses involved in diel vertical migration by chemical cues from visual and non-visual planktivores
    • McKelvey, L. M., and R. B. Forward, Jr. 1995. Activation of brine shrimp nauplii photoresponses involved in diel vertical migration by chemical cues from visual and non-visual planktivores. Journal of Plankton Research 17:2191-2206.
    • (1995) Journal of Plankton Research , vol.17 , pp. 2191-2206
    • McKelvey, L.M.1    Forward Jr., R.B.2
  • 42
    • 0343550379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fish chemical cues on the interactions between tadpoles and crayfish
    • Nyström, P., and K. Åbjörnsson. 2000. Effects of fish chemical cues on the interactions between tadpoles and crayfish. Oikos 88:181-190.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.88 , pp. 181-190
    • Nyström, P.1    Åbjörnsson, K.2
  • 43
    • 0030613882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trait-mediated indirect interactions in a simple aquatic food web
    • Peacor, S. D., and E. E. Werner. 1997. Trait-mediated indirect interactions in a simple aquatic food web. Ecology 78: 1146-1156.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1146-1156
    • Peacor, S.D.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 44
    • 0035957319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of trait-mediated indirect effects to the net effects of a predator
    • Peacor, S. D., and E. E. Werner. 2001. The contribution of trait-mediated indirect effects to the net effects of a predator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 98:3904-3908.
    • (2001) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) , vol.98 , pp. 3904-3908
    • Peacor, S.D.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 45
    • 0031905714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness and community consequences of avoiding multiple predators
    • Peckarsky, B. L., and A. R. McIntosh. 1998. Fitness and community consequences of avoiding multiple predators. Oecologia 113:565-576.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.113 , pp. 565-576
    • Peckarsky, B.L.1    McIntosh, A.R.2
  • 46
    • 0001044250 scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey interactions among fish and larval amphibians: Use of chemical cues to detect predatory fish
    • Petranka, J. W., L. B. Kats, and A. Sih. 1987. Predator-prey interactions among fish and larval amphibians: use of chemical cues to detect predatory fish. Animal Behavior 35:420-425.
    • (1987) Animal Behavior , vol.35 , pp. 420-425
    • Petranka, J.W.1    Kats, L.B.2    Sih, A.3
  • 47
    • 0034094356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator recognition and defence strategies in crucian carp, Carassius carassius
    • Pettersson, L. B., P. A. Nilsson, and C. Brönmark. 2000. Predator recognition and defence strategies in crucian carp, Carassius carassius. Oikos 88:200-212.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.88 , pp. 200-212
    • Pettersson, L.B.1    Nilsson, P.A.2    Brönmark, C.3
  • 48
    • 0026296262 scopus 로고
    • Complex trophic interactions in deserts: An empirical critique of food-web theory
    • Polis, G. A. 1991. Complex trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical critique of food-web theory. American Naturalist 138:123-155.
    • (1991) American Naturalist , vol.138 , pp. 123-155
    • Polis, G.A.1
  • 49
    • 0030472660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food web complexity and community dynamics
    • Polis, G. A., and D. R. Strong. 1996. Food web complexity and community dynamics. American Naturalist 147:813-846.
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.147 , pp. 813-846
    • Polis, G.A.1    Strong, D.R.2
  • 50
    • 0024181291 scopus 로고
    • Complex predator-prey interactions and predator intimidation among crayfish, piscivorous fish, and small benthic fish
    • Rahel, F. J., and R. A. Stein. 1988. Complex predator-prey interactions and predator intimidation among crayfish, piscivorous fish, and small benthic fish. Oecologia 75:94-98.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.75 , pp. 94-98
    • Rahel, F.J.1    Stein, R.A.2
  • 51
    • 0033850523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trait-mediated effects in larval anurans: Reversing competitive outcomes with the threat of predation
    • Relyea, R. A. 2000. Trait-mediated effects in larval anurans: reversing competitive outcomes with the threat of predation. Ecology 81:2278-2289.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 2278-2289
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 52
    • 0035122132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators
    • Relyea, R. A. 2001a. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82:523-540.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 523-540
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 53
    • 0034925991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lasting effects of adaptive plasticity: Predator-induced tadpoles become long-legged frogs
    • Relyea, R. A. 2001b. The lasting effects of adaptive plasticity: predator-induced tadpoles become long-legged frogs. Ecology 82:1947-1955.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 1947-1955
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 54
    • 0035129178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between predation risk of different predators and the predator-induced, phenotypic plasticity of their prey
    • Relyea, R. A. 2001c. The relationship between predation risk of different predators and the predator-induced, phenotypic plasticity of their prey. Ecology 82:541-554.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 541-554
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 55
    • 0036878218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competitor-induced plasticity in tadpoles: Consequences, cues, and connections to predator-induced plasticity
    • Relyea, R. A. 2002a. Competitor-induced plasticity in tadpoles: consequences, cues, and connections to predator-induced plasticity. Ecological Monographs 72:523-540.
    • (2002) Ecological Monographs , vol.72 , pp. 523-540
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 56
    • 0036183819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs of carrying phenotypic plasticity
    • Relyea, R. A. 2002b. Costs of carrying phenotypic plasticity. American Naturalist 159:272-282.
    • (2002) American Naturalist , vol.159 , pp. 272-282
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 57
    • 0036162716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local population differences in phenotypic plasticity: Predator-induced changes in wood frog tadpoles
    • Relyea, R. A. 2002c. Local population differences in phenotypic plasticity: predator-induced changes in wood frog tadpoles. Ecological Monographs 72:77-93.
    • (2002) Ecological Monographs , vol.72 , pp. 77-93
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 58
    • 0000445547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The many faces of predation: How selection, induction, and thinning combine to alter prey phenotypes
    • Relyea, R. A. 2002d. The many faces of predation: how selection, induction, and thinning combine to alter prey phenotypes. Ecology 83:1953-1964.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 1953-1964
    • Relyea, R.A.1
  • 59
    • 0032827492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the relation between predator-induced behavioral responses and growth performance in larval anurans
    • Relyea, R. A., and E. E. Werner. 1999. Quantifying the relation between predator-induced behavioral responses and growth performance in larval anurans. Ecology 80:2117-2124.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 2117-2124
    • Relyea, R.A.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 60
    • 0033963251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological plasticity of four larval anurans distributed along an environmental gradient
    • Relyea, R. A., and E. E. Werner. 2000. Morphological plasticity of four larval anurans distributed along an environmental gradient. Copeia 2000:178-190.
    • (2000) Copeia , vol.2000 , pp. 178-190
    • Relyea, R.A.1    Werner, E.E.2
  • 61
    • 0036936017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting community outcomes from pairwise interactions: Integrating density- and trait-mediated effects
    • Relyea, R. A., and K. L. Yurewicz. 2002. Predicting community outcomes from pairwise interactions: integrating density-and trait-mediated effects. Oecologia 131:569-579.
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.131 , pp. 569-579
    • Relyea, R.A.1    Yurewicz, K.L.2
  • 62
    • 0026292608 scopus 로고
    • Ecological interactions among predators in experimental stream communities
    • Resetarits, W. J., Jr. 1991. Ecological interactions among predators in experimental stream communities. Ecology 72: 1782-1793.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1782-1793
    • Resetarits Jr., W.J.1
  • 65
    • 0024875977 scopus 로고
    • Food webs from the small to the large
    • Schoener, T. W. 1989. Food webs from the small to the large. Ecology 70:1559-1589.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1559-1589
    • Schoener, T.W.1
  • 66
    • 0028176258 scopus 로고
    • Foraging and evading predators: The effect of predator species on a behavioural trade-off by a lotic mayfly
    • Scrimgeour, G. J., and J. M. Culp. 1994. Foraging and evading predators: the effect of predator species on a behavioural trade-off by a lotic mayfly. Oikos 69:71-79.
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.69 , pp. 71-79
    • Scrimgeour, G.J.1    Culp, J.M.2
  • 67
    • 0027060091 scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects of fish on foraging behaviour and leaf processing by the isopod Lirceus fontinalis
    • Short, T. M., and J. R. Holomuzki. 1992. Indirect effects of fish on foraging behaviour and leaf processing by the isopod Lirceus fontinalis. Freshwater Biology 27:91-97.
    • (1992) Freshwater Biology , vol.27 , pp. 91-97
    • Short, T.M.1    Holomuzki, J.R.2
  • 68
    • 0003055863 scopus 로고
    • Predators and prey lifestyles: An evolutionary and ecological overview
    • W. C. Kerfoot and A. Sih, editors. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
    • Sih, A. 1987. Predators and prey lifestyles: an evolutionary and ecological overview. Pages 203-224 in W. C. Kerfoot and A. Sih, editors. Predation: direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. University Press of New England, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
    • (1987) Predation: Direct and Indirect Impacts on Aquatic Communities , pp. 203-224
    • Sih, A.1
  • 70
    • 0029666830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect effects of multiple enemies on water strider mating dynamics
    • Sih, A., and J. J. Krupa. 1996. Direct and indirect effects of multiple enemies on water strider mating dynamics. Oecologia 105:179-188.
    • (1996) Oecologia , vol.105 , pp. 179-188
    • Sih, A.1    Krupa, J.J.2
  • 71
    • 0000069831 scopus 로고
    • Field evidence for a cost of behavioral antipredator response in a larval amphibian
    • Skelly, D. K. 1992. Field evidence for a cost of behavioral antipredator response in a larval amphibian. Ecology 73: 704-708.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 704-708
    • Skelly, D.K.1
  • 72
    • 0028977398 scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic design, plasticity, and ecological performance in two tadpole species
    • Smith, D. C., and J. Van Buskirk. 1995. Phenotypic design, plasticity, and ecological performance in two tadpole species. American Naturalist 145:211-233.
    • (1995) American Naturalist , vol.145 , pp. 211-233
    • Smith, D.C.1    Van Buskirk, J.2
  • 73
    • 0027470263 scopus 로고
    • Multiple predator effects: Predicting combined functional response of stream fish and invertebrate predators
    • Soluk, D. A. 1993. Multiple predator effects: predicting combined functional response of stream fish and invertebrate predators. Ecology 74:219-225.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 219-225
    • Soluk, D.A.1
  • 74
    • 0024255198 scopus 로고
    • Synergistic interactions between fish and stoneflies: Facilitation and interference among stream predators
    • Soluk, D. A., and N. C. Collins. 1988. Synergistic interactions between fish and stoneflies: facilitation and interference among stream predators. Oikos 52:94-100.
    • (1988) Oikos , vol.52 , pp. 94-100
    • Soluk, D.A.1    Collins, N.C.2
  • 75
    • 0000341254 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary implications of phenotypic plasticity in plants
    • Sultan, S. E. 1987. Evolutionary implications of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Evolutionary Biology 21:127-177.
    • (1987) Evolutionary Biology , vol.21 , pp. 127-177
    • Sultan, S.E.1
  • 77
    • 0034058347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical cues modify species interactions: The ecological consequences of predator avoidance by freshwater snails
    • Turner, A. M., R. J. Bernot, and C. M. Boes. 2000. Chemical cues modify species interactions: the ecological consequences of predator avoidance by freshwater snails. Oikos 88:148-158.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.88 , pp. 148-158
    • Turner, A.M.1    Bernot, R.J.2    Boes, C.M.3
  • 78
    • 0032991966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator identity and consumer behavior: Differential effects of fish and crayfish on the habitat use of a freshwater snail
    • Turner, A. M., S. A. Fetterolf, and R. J. Bernot. 1999. Predator identity and consumer behavior: differential effects of fish and crayfish on the habitat use of a freshwater snail. Oecologia 118:242-247.
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.118 , pp. 242-247
    • Turner, A.M.1    Fetterolf, S.A.2    Bernot, R.J.3
  • 79
    • 0033782427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The costs of an inducible defense in anuran larvae
    • Van Buskirk, J. 2000. The costs of an inducible defense in anuran larvae. Ecology 81:2813-2821.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 2813-2821
    • Van Buskirk, J.1
  • 80
    • 0034004814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional mechanisms of an inducible defence in tadpoles: Morphology and behaviour influence mortality risk from predation
    • Van Buskirk, J., and S. A. McCollum. 2000. Functional mechanisms of an inducible defence in tadpoles: morphology and behaviour influence mortality risk from predation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13:336-347.
    • (2000) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.13 , pp. 336-347
    • Van Buskirk, J.1    McCollum, S.A.2
  • 81
    • 0031431833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural selection for environmentally-induced phenotypes in tadpoles
    • Van Buskirk, J., S. A. McCollum, and E. E. Werner. 1997. Natural selection for environmentally-induced phenotypes in tadpoles. Evolution 52:1983-1992.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 1983-1992
    • Van Buskirk, J.1    McCollum, S.A.2    Werner, E.E.3
  • 82
    • 0031674267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural selection for phenotypic plasticity: Predator-induced morphological responses in tadpoles
    • Van Buskirk, J., and R. A. Relyea. 1998. Natural selection for phenotypic plasticity: predator-induced morphological responses in tadpoles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 65:301-328.
    • (1998) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.65 , pp. 301-328
    • Van Buskirk, J.1    Relyea, R.A.2
  • 83
    • 0031781715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of predators on prey growth rate: Relative contributions of thinning and reduced activity
    • Van Buskirk, J., and K. L. Yurewicz. 1998. Effects of predators on prey growth rate: relative contributions of thinning and reduced activity. Oikos 82:20-28.
    • (1998) Oikos , vol.82 , pp. 20-28
    • Van Buskirk, J.1    Yurewicz, K.L.2
  • 85
    • 0026291223 scopus 로고
    • Nonlethal effects of a predator on competitive interactions between two anuran larvae
    • Werner, E. E. 1991. Nonlethal effects of a predator on competitive interactions between two anuran larvae. Ecology 72:1709-1720.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1709-1720
    • Werner, E.E.1
  • 86
    • 0027870268 scopus 로고
    • Ecological consequences of the trade-off between growth and mortality rates mediated by foraging activity
    • Werner, E. E., and B. R. Anholt. 1993. Ecological consequences of the trade-off between growth and mortality rates mediated by foraging activity. American Naturalist 142: 242-272.
    • (1993) American Naturalist , vol.142 , pp. 242-272
    • Werner, E.E.1    Anholt, B.R.2
  • 87
    • 0030390255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator-induced behavioral indirect effects: Consequences to competitive interactions in anuran larvae
    • Werner, E. E., and B. R. Anholt. 1996. Predator-induced behavioral indirect effects: consequences to competitive interactions in anuran larvae. Ecology 77:157-169.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 157-169
    • Werner, E.E.1    Anholt, B.R.2
  • 89
    • 0001377954 scopus 로고
    • The effect of predator diet on the alarm response of red-legged tadpoles, Rana aurora
    • Wilson, D. J., and H. Lefcort. 1993. The effect of predator diet on the alarm response of red-legged tadpoles, Rana aurora. Animal Behaviour 46:1017-1019.
    • (1993) Animal Behaviour , vol.46 , pp. 1017-1019
    • Wilson, D.J.1    Lefcort, H.2
  • 90
    • 0027456065 scopus 로고
    • Intraguild predation and competition between larval dragonflies: Direct and indirect effects on shared prey
    • Wissinger, S., and J. McGrady. 1993. Intraguild predation and competition between larval dragonflies: direct and indirect effects on shared prey. Ecology 74:207-218.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 207-218
    • Wissinger, S.1    McGrady, J.2
  • 91
    • 0020947289 scopus 로고
    • Predator-prey interactions and breeding-pond use of temporary-pond species in a desert anuran community
    • Woodward, B. D. 1983. Predator-prey interactions and breeding-pond use of temporary-pond species in a desert anuran community. Ecology 64:1549-1555.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 1549-1555
    • Woodward, B.D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.