The Second Heart Field

Current Topics in Developmental Biology

Volumn 100, Issue , 2012, Pages 33-65

  Kelly, Robert G ^a  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

Author keywords

Cardiac progenitor cells; Congenital heart defects; Heart development

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858782974     PISSN: 00702153     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387786-4.00002-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (156)

1. Aanhaanen W.T., Brons J.F., Dominguez J.N., Rana M.S., Norden J., Airik R., Wakker V., de Gier-de Vries C., Brown N.A., Kispert A., Moorman A.F., Christoffels V.M. The Tbx2+ primary myocardium of the atrioventricular canal forms the atrioventricular node and the base of the left ventricle. Circ. Res. 2009, 104:1267-1274.
2. Abu-Issa R., Kirby M.L. Patterning of the heart field in the chick. Dev. Biol. 2008, 319:223-233.
3. Abu-Issa R., Waldo K., Kirby M.L. Heart fields: One, two or more?. Dev. Biol. 2004, 272:281-285.
4. Ai D., Liu W., Ma L., Dong F., Lu M.F., Wang D., Verzi M.P., Cai C., Gage P.J., Evans S., Black B.L., Brown N.A., et al. Pitx2 regulates cardiac left-right asymmetry by patterning second cardiac lineage-derived myocardium. Dev. Biol. 2006, 296:437-449.
5. Bajolle F., Zaffran S., Kelly R.G., Hadchouel J., Bonnet D., Brown N.A., Buckingham M.E. Rotation of the myocardial wall of the outflow tract is implicated in the normal positioning of the great arteries. Circ. Res. 2006, 98:421-428.
6. Bajolle F., Zaffran S., Meilhac S.M., Dandonneau M., Chang T., Kelly R.G., Buckingham M.E. Myocardium at the base of the aorta and pulmonary trunk is prefigured in the outflow tract of the heart and in subdomains of the second heart field. Dev. Biol. 2008, 313:25-34.
7. Barth J.L., Clark C.D., Fresco V.M., Knoll E.P., Lee B., Argraves W.S., Lee K.H. Jarid2 is among a set of genes differentially regulated by Nkx2.5 during outflow tract morphogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 2010, 239:2024-2033.
8. Bartram U., Molin D.G., Wisse L.J., Mohamad A., Sanford L.P., Doetschman T., Speer C.P., Poelmann R.E., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C. Double-outlet right ventricle and overriding tricuspid valve reflect disturbances of looping, myocardialization, endocardial cushion differentiation, and apoptosis in TGF-beta(2)-knockout mice. Circulation 2001, 103:2745-2752.
9. Bertrand N., Roux M., Ryckebusch L., Niederreither K., Dolle P., Moon A., Capecchi M., Zaffran S. Hox genes define distinct progenitor sub-domains within the second heart field. Dev. Biol. 2011, 353:266-274.
10. Blaschke R.J., Hahurij N.D., Kuijper S., Just S., Wisse L.J., Deissler K., Maxelon T., Anastassiadis K., Spitzer J., Hardt S.E., Scholer H., Feitsma H., et al. Targeted mutation reveals essential functions of the homeodomain transcription factor Shox2 in sinoatrial and pacemaking development. Circulation 2007, 115:1830-1838.
11. Bleyl S.B., Saijoh Y., Bax N.A., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C., Wisse L.J., Chapman S.C., Hunter J., Shiratori H., Hamada H., Yamada S., Shiota K., Klewer S.E., et al. Dysregulation of the PDGFRA gene causes inflow tract anomalies including TAPVR: Integrating evidence from human genetics and model organisms. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010, 19:1286-1301.
12. Bondue A., Tannler S., Chiapparo G., Chabab S., Ramialison M., Paulissen C., Beck B., Harvey R., Blanpain C. Defining the earliest step of cardiovascular progenitor specification during embryonic stem cell differentiation. J. Cell Biol. 2011, 192:751-765.
13. Brade T., Gessert S., Kuhl M., Pandur P. The amphibian second heart field: Xenopus islet-1 is required for cardiovascular development. Dev. Biol. 2007, 311:297-310.
14. Bruneau B.G. Transcriptional regulation of vertebrate cardiac morphogenesis. Circ. Res. 2002, 90:509-519.
15. Bruneau B.G., Nemer G., Schmitt J.P., Charron F., Robitaille L., Caron S., Conner D.A., Gessler M., Nemer M., Seidman C.E., Seidman J.G. A murine model of Holt-Oram syndrome defines roles of the T-box transcription factor Tbx5 in cardiogenesis and disease. Cell 2001, 106:709-721.
16. Bu L., Jiang X., Martin-Puig S., Caron L., Zhu S., Shao Y., Roberts D.J., Huang P.L., Domian I.J., Chien K.R. Human ISL1 heart progenitors generate diverse multipotent cardiovascular cell lineages. Nature 2009, 460:113-117.
17. Buckingham M., Meilhac S., Zaffran S. Building the mammalian heart from two sources of myocardial cells. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2005, 6:826-835.
18. Cai C.L., Liang X., Shi Y., Chu P.H., Pfaff S.L., Chen J., Evans S. Isl1 identifies a cardiac progenitor population that proliferates prior to differentiation and contributes a majority of cells to the heart. Dev. Cell 2003, 5:877-889.
19. Cai C.L., Zhou W., Yang L., Bu L., Qyang Y., Zhang X., Li X., Rosenfeld M.G., Chen J., Evans S. T-box genes coordinate regional rates of proliferation and regional specification during cardiogenesis. Development 2005, 132:2475-2487.
20. Chen Y.H., Ishii M., Sun J., Sucov H.M., Maxson R.E. Msx1 and Msx2 regulate survival of secondary heart field precursors and post-migratory proliferation of cardiac neural crest in the outflow tract. Dev. Biol. 2007, 308:421-437.
21. Chen L., Fulcoli F.G., Tang S., Baldini A. Tbx1 regulates proliferation and differentiation of multipotent heart progenitors. Circ Res. 2009, 105:842-851.
22. Christoffels V.M., Mommersteeg M.T., Trowe M.O., Prall O.W., de Gier-de Vries C., Soufan A.T., Bussen M., Schuster-Gossler K., Harvey R.P., Moorman A.F., Kispert A. Formation of the venous pole of the heart from an Nkx2-5-negative precursor population requires Tbx18. Circ. Res. 2006, 98:1555-1563.
23. Cohen E.D., Wang Z., Lepore J.J., Lu M.M., Taketo M.M., Epstein D.J., Morrisey E.E. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling promotes expansion of Isl-1-positive cardiac progenitor cells through regulation of FGF signaling. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117:1794-1804.
24. de la Cruz M.V., Sanchez Gomez C., Arteaga M.M., Arguello C. Experimental study of the development of the truncus and the conus in the chick embryo. J. Anat. 1977, 123:661-686.
25. de Pater E., Clijsters L., Marques S.R., Lin Y.F., Garavito-Aguilar Z.V., Yelon D., Bakkers J. Distinct phases of cardiomyocyte differentiation regulate growth of the zebrafish heart. Development 2009, 136:1633-1641.
26. de Vries P.A. Evolution of precardiac and splanchnic mesdoerm in relation to the infundibulum and truncus. Mechanisms of Cardiac Morphogenesis and Teratogenesis 1981, Vol. 5:31-48. Raven Press, New York. T. Pexeider (Ed.).
27. Di Felice V., Zummo G. Tetralogy of fallot as a model to study cardiac progenitor cell migration and differentiation during heart development. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2009, 19:130-135.
28. Dodou E., Verzi M.P., Anderson J.P., Xu S.M., Black B.L. Mef2c is a direct transcriptional target of ISL1 and GATA factors in the anterior heart field during mouse embryonic development. Development 2004, 131:3931-3942.
29. Domian I.J., Chiravuri M., van der Meer P., Feinberg A.W., Shi X., Shao Y., Wu S.M., Parker K.K., Chien K.R. Generation of functional ventricular heart muscle from mouse ventricular progenitor cells. Science 2009, 326:426-429.
30. Douglas Y.L., Mahtab E.A., Jongbloed M.R., Uhrin P., Zaujec J., Binder B.R., Schalij M.J., Poelmann R.E., Deruiter M.C., Gittenberger-de Groot A.C. Pulmonary vein, dorsal atrial wall and atrial septum abnormalities in podoplanin knockout mice with disturbed posterior heart field contribution. Pediatr. Res. 2009, 65:27-32.
31. Dyer L.A., Kirby M.L. The role of secondary heart field in cardiac development. Dev. Biol. 2009, 336:137-144.
32. Dyer L.A., Kirby M.L. Sonic hedgehog maintains proliferation in secondary heart field progenitors and is required for normal arterial pole formation. Dev. Biol. 2009, 330:305-317.
33. Dyer L.A., Makadia F.A., Scott A., Pegram K., Hutson M.R., Kirby M.L. BMP signaling modulates hedgehog-induced secondary heart field proliferation. Dev. Biol. 2010, 348:167-176.
34. Epstein J.A. Franklin H. Epstein Lecture. Cardiac development and implications for heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363:1638-1647.
35. Evans S.M., Yelon D., Conlon F.L., Kirby M.L. Myocardial lineage development. Circ. Res. 2010, 107:1428-1444.
36. Fulcoli F.G., Huynh T., Scambler P.J., Baldini A. Tbx1 regulates the BMP-Smad1 pathway in a transcription independent manner. PLoS One 2009, 4:e6049.
37. Galli D., Dominguez J.N., Zaffran S., Munk A., Brown N.A., Buckingham M.E. Atrial myocardium derives from the posterior region of the second heart field, which acquires left-right identity as Pitx2c is expressed. Development 2008, 135:1157-1167.
38. Garg V., Yamagishi C., Hu T., Kathiriya I.S., Yamagishi H., Srivastava D. Tbx1, a DiGeorge syndrome candidate gene, is regulated by sonic hedgehog during pharyngeal arch development. Dev. Biol. 2001, 235:62-73.
39. Gessert S., Kuhl M. Comparative gene expression analysis and fate mapping studies suggest an early segregation of cardiogenic lineages in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 2009, 334:395-408.
40. Goddeeris M.M., Schwartz R., Klingensmith J., Meyers E.N. Independent requirements for Hedgehog signaling by both the anterior heart field and neural crest cells for outflow tract development. Development 2007, 134:1593-1604.
41. Goddeeris M.M., Rho S., Petiet A., Davenport C.L., Johnson G.A., Meyers E.N., Klingensmith J. Intracardiac septation requires hedgehog-dependent cellular contributions from outside the heart. Development 2008, 135:1887-1895.
42. Grifone R., Kelly R.G. Heartening news for head muscle development. Trends Genet. 2007, 23:365-369.
43. Grimes A.C., Stadt H.A., Shepherd I.T., Kirby M.L. Solving an enigma: Arterial pole development in the zebrafish heart. Dev. Biol. 2006, 290:265-276.
44. Guo C., Sun Y., Zhou B., Adam R.M., Li X., Pu W.T., Morrow B.E., Moon A. A Tbx1-Six1/Eya1-Fgf8 genetic pathway controls mammalian cardiovascular and craniofacial morphogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 2011, 121:1585-1595.
45. Hami D., Grimes A.C., Tsai H.J., Kirby M.L. Zebrafish cardiac development requires a conserved secondary heart field. Development 2011, 138:2389-2398.
46. High F.A., Jain R., Stoller J.Z., Antonucci N.B., Lu M.M., Loomes K.M., Kaestner K.H., Pear W.S., Epstein J.A. Murine Jagged1/Notch signaling in the second heart field orchestrates Fgf8 expression and tissue-tissue interactions during outflow tract development. J. Clin. Invest. 2009, 119:1986-1996.
47. Hildreth V., Webb S., Chaudhry B., Peat J.D., Phillips H.M., Brown N., Anderson R.H., Henderson D.J. Left cardiac isomerism in the Sonic hedgehog null mouse. J. Anat. 2009, 214:894-904.
48. Hoffmann A.D., Peterson M.A., Friedland-Little J.M., Anderson S.A., Moskowitz I.P. sonic hedgehog is required in pulmonary endoderm for atrial septation. Development 2009, 136:1761-1770.
49. Hu T., Yamagishi H., Maeda J., McAnally J., Yamagishi C., Srivastava D. Tbx1 regulates fibroblast growth factors in the anterior heart field through a reinforcing autoregulatory loop involving forkhead transcription factors. Development 2004, 131:5491-5502.
50. Huh S.H., Ornitz D.M. Beta-catenin deficiency causes DiGeorge syndrome-like phenotypes through regulation of Tbx1. Development 2010, 137:1137-1147.
51. Hutson M.R., Kirby M.L. Neural crest and cardiovascular development: A 20-year perspective. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 2003, 69:2-13.
52. Hutson M.R., Kirby M.L. Model systems for the study of heart development and disease. Cardiac neural crest and conotruncal malformations. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2007, 18:101-110.
53. Hutson M.R., Zhang P., Stadt H.A., Sato A.K., Li Y.X., Burch J., Creazzo T.L., Kirby M.L. Cardiac arterial pole alignment is sensitive to FGF8 signaling in the pharynx. Dev. Biol. 2006, 295:486-497.
54. Hutson M.R., Zeng X.L., Kim A.J., Antoon E., Harward S., Kirby M.L. Arterial pole progenitors interpret opposing FGF/BMP signals to proliferate or differentiate. Development 2010, 137:3001-3011.
55. Huynh T., Chen L., Terrell P., Baldini A. A fate map of Tbx1 expressing cells reveals heterogeneity in the second cardiac field. Genesis 2007, 45:470-475.
56. Ilagan R., Abu-Issa R., Brown D., Yang Y.P., Jiao K., Schwartz R.J., Klingensmith J., Meyers E.N. Fgf8 is required for anterior heart field development. Development 2006, 133:2435-2445.
57. Jerome L.A., Papaioannou V.E. DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in mice mutant for the T-box gene, Tbx1. Nat. Genet. 2001, 27:286-291.
58. Jia Q., McDill B.W., Li S.Z., Deng C., Chang C.P., Chen F. Smad signaling in the neural crest regulates cardiac outflow tract remodeling through cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects. Dev. Biol. 2007, 311:172-184.
59. Kang J., Nathan E., Xu S.M., Tzahor E., Black B.L. Isl1 is a direct transcriptional target of Forkhead transcription factors in second-heart-field-derived mesoderm. Dev. Biol. 2009, 334:513-522.
60. Kappen C., Salbaum J.M. Identification of regulatory elements in the Isl1 gene locus. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 2009, 53:935-946.
61. Kelly R.G., Buckingham M.E. The anterior heart-forming field: voyage to the arterial pole of the heart. Trends Genet. 2002, 18:210-216.
62. Kelly R.G., Evans S. The second heart field. Cardiac Developmet and Regeneration 2010, 143-169. Academic Press, Oxford. R.P. Harvey, N. Rosenthal (Eds.).
63. Kelly R.G., Papaioannou V.E. Visualization of outflow tract development in the absence of Tbx1 using an FgF10 enhancer trap transgene. Dev. Dyn. 2007, 236:821-828.
64. Kelly R.G., Brown N.A., Buckingham M.E. The arterial pole of the mouse heart forms from Fgf10-expressing cells in pharyngeal mesoderm. Dev. Cell 2001, 1:435-440.
65. Kelly R.G., Jerome-Majewska L.A., Papaioannou V.E. The del22q11.2 candidate gene Tbx1 regulates branchiomeric myogenesis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2004, 13:2829-2840.
66. Kodo K., Nishizawa T., Furutani M., Arai S., Yamamura E., Joo K., Takahashi T., Matsuoka R., Yamagishi H. GATA6 mutations cause human cardiac outflow tract defects by disrupting semaphorin-plexin signaling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:13933-13938.
67. Kokubo N., Matsuura M., Onimaru K., Tiecke E., Kuraku S., Kuratani S., Tanaka M. Mechanisms of heart development in the Japanese lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum. Evol Dev. 2010, 12:34-44.
68. Kwon C., Qian L., Cheng P., Nigam V., Arnold J., Srivastava D. A regulatory pathway involving Notch1/beta-catenin/Isl1 determines cardiac progenitor cell fate. Nat. Cell Biol. 2009, 11:951-957.
69. Laugwitz K.L., Moretti A., Lam J., Gruber P., Chen Y., Woodard S., Lin L.Z., Cai C.L., Lu M.M., Reth M., Platoshyn O., Yuan J.X., et al. Postnatal Isl1+ cardioblasts enter fully differentiated cardiomyocyte lineages. Nature 2005, 433:647-653.
70. Lazic S., Scott I.C. Mef2cb regulates late myocardial cell addition from a second heart field-like population of progenitors in zebrafish. Dev. Biol. 2011, 354:123-133.
71. Lee Y.H., Saint-Jeannet J.P. Cardiac neural crest is dispensable for outflow tract septation in Xenopus. Development 2011, 138:2025-2034.
72. Lescroart F., Kelly R.G., Le Garrec J.F., Nicolas J.F., Meilhac S.M., Buckingham M. Clonal analysis reveals common lineage relationships between head muscles and second heart field derivatives in the mouse embryo. Development 2010, 137:3269-3279.
73. Li P., Pashmforoush M., Sucov H.M. Retinoic acid regulates differentiation of the secondary heart field and TGFbeta-mediated outflow tract septation. Dev. Cell 2010, 18:480-485.
74. Liao J., Aggarwal V.S., Nowotschin S., Bondarev A., Lipner S., Morrow B.E. Identification of downstream genetic pathways of Tbx1 in the second heart field. Dev. Biol. 2008, 316:524-537.
75. Lin L., Cui L., Zhou W., Dufort D., Zhang X., Cai C.L., Bu L., Yang L., Martin J., Kemler R., Rosenfeld M.G., Chen J., et al. Beta-catenin directly regulates Islet1 expression in cardiovascular progenitors and is required for multiple aspects of cardiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:9313-9318.
76. Liu C., Liu W., Palie J., Lu M.F., Brown N.A., Martin J.F. Pitx2c patterns anterior myocardium and aortic arch vessels and is required for local cell movement into atrioventricular cushions. Development 2002, 129:5081-5091.
77. Ma Q., Zhou B., Pu W.T. Reassessment of Isl1 and Nkx2-5 cardiac fate maps using a Gata4-based reporter of Cre activity. Dev. Biol. 2008, 323:98-104.
78. Maeda J., Yamagishi H., McAnally J., Yamagishi C., Srivastava D. Tbx1 is regulated by forkhead proteins in the secondary heart field. Dev. Dyn. 2006, 235:701-710.
79. Marguerie A., Bajolle F., Zaffran S., Brown N.A., Dickson C., Buckingham M.E., Kelly R.G. Congenital heart defects in Fgfr2-IIIb and Fgf10 mutant mice. Cardiovasc. Res. 2006, 71:50-60.
80. Meilhac S.M., Esner M., Kelly R.G., Nicolas J.F., Buckingham M.E. The clonal origin of myocardial cells in different regions of the embryonic mouse heart. Dev. Cell 2004, 6:685-698.
81. Milgrom-Hoffman M., Harrelson Z., Ferrara N., Zelzer E., Evans S.M., Tzahor E. The heart endocardium is derived from vascular endothelial progenitors. Development 2011, 138:4777-4787.
82. Mjaatvedt C.H., Nakaoka T., Moreno-Rodriguez R., Norris R.A., Kern M.J., Eisenberg C.A., Turner D., Markwald R.R. The outflow tract of the heart is recruited from a novel heart-forming field. Dev. Biol. 2001, 238:97-109.
83. Mommersteeg M.T., Brown N.A., Prall O.W., de Gier-de Vries C., Harvey R.P., Moorman A.F., Christoffels V.M. Pitx2c and Nkx2-5 are required for the formation and identity of the pulmonary myocardium. Circ. Res. 2007, 101:902-909.
84. Mommersteeg M.T., Hoogaars W.M., Prall O.W., de Gier-de Vries C., Wiese C., Clout D.E., Papaioannou V.E., Brown N.A., Harvey R.P., Moorman A.F., Christoffels V.M. Molecular pathway for the localized formation of the sinoatrial node. Circ. Res. 2007, 100:354-362.
85. Mommersteeg M.T., Dominguez J.N., Wiese C., Norden J., de Gier-de Vries C., Burch J.B., Kispert A., Brown N.A., Moorman A.F., Christoffels V.M. The sinus venosus progenitors separate and diversify from the first and second heart fields early in development. Cardiovasc. Res. 2010, 87:92-101.
86. Moorman A.F., Christoffels V.M., Anderson R.H., van den Hoff M.J. The heart-forming fields: One or multiple?. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2007, 362:1257-1265.
87. Musunuru K., Domian I.J., Chien K.R. Stem cell models of cardiac development and disease. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2010, 26:667-687.
88. Nathan E., Monovich A., Tirosh-Finkel L., Harrelson Z., Rousso T., Rinon A., Harel I., Evans S.M., Tzahor E. The contribution of Islet1-expressing splanchnic mesoderm cells to distinct branchiomeric muscles reveals significant heterogeneity in head muscle development. Development 2008, 135:647-657.
89. Norden J., Greulich F., Rudat C., Taketo M.M., Kispert A. Wnt/{beta}-Catenin Signaling Maintains the Mesenchymal Precursor Pool for Murine Sinus Horn Formation. Circ. Res. 2011, 109:e42-e50.
90. Nowotschin S., Liao J., Gage P.J., Epstein J.A., Campione M., Morrow B.E. Tbx1 affects asymmetric cardiac morphogenesis by regulating Pitx2 in the secondary heart field. Development 2006, 133:1565-1573.
91. Parisot P., Mesbah K., Theveniau-Ruissy M., Kelly R.G. Tbx1, subpulmonary myocardium and conotruncal congenital heart defects. Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 2011, 91:477-484.
92. Park E.J., Ogden L.A., Talbot A., Evans S., Cai C.L., Black B.L., Frank D.U., Moon A.M. Required, tissue-specific roles for Fgf8 in outflow tract formation and remodeling. Development 2006, 133:2419-2433.
93. Park E.J., Watanabe Y., Smyth G., Miyagawa-Tomita S., Meyers E., Klingensmith J., Camenisch T., Buckingham M., Moon A.M. An FGF autocrine loop initiated in second heart field mesoderm regulates morphogenesis at the arterial pole of the heart. Development 2008, 135:3599-3610.
94. Prall O.W., Menon M.K., Solloway M.J., Watanabe Y., Zaffran S., Bajolle F., Biben C., McBride J.J., Robertson B.R., Chaulet H., Stennard F.A., Wise N., et al. An Nkx2-5/Bmp2/Smad1 negative feedback loop controls heart progenitor specification and proliferation. Cell 2007, 128:947-959.
95. Rana M.S., Horsten N.C., Tesink-Taekema S., Lamers W.H., Moorman A.F., van den Hoff M.J. Trabeculated right ventricular free wall in the chicken heart forms by ventricularization of the myocardium initially forming the outflow tract. Circ. Res. 2007, 100:1000-1007.
96. Reifers F., Bohli H., Walsh E.C., Crossley P.H., Stainier D.Y., Brand M. Fgf8 is mutated in zebrafish acerebellar (ace) mutants and is required for maintenance of midbrain-hindbrain boundary development and somitogenesis. Development 1998, 125:2381-2395.
97. Rinon A., Lazar S., Marshall H., Buchmann-Moller S., Neufeld A., Elhanany-Tamir H., Taketo M.M., Sommer L., Krumlauf R., Tzahor E. Cranial neural crest cells regulate head muscle patterning and differentiation during vertebrate embryogenesis. Development 2007, 134:3065-3075.
98. Roberts C., Ivins S.M., James C.T., Scambler P.J. Retinoic acid down-regulates Tbx1 expression in vivo and in vitro. Dev. Dyn. 2005, 232:928-938.
99. Robertson E.J., Charatsi I., Joyner C.J., Koonce C.H., Morgan M., Islam A., Paterson C., Lejsek E., Arnold S.J., Kallies A., Nutt S.L., Bikoff E.K. Blimp1 regulates development of the posterior forelimb, caudal pharyngeal arches, heart and sensory vibrissae in mice. Development 2007, 134:4335-4345.
100. Rochais F., Mesbah K., Kelly R.G. Signaling pathways controlling second heart field development. Circ. Res. 2009, 104:933-942.
101. Rochais F., Dandonneau M., Mesbah K., Jarry T., Mattei M.G., Kelly R.G. Hes1 is expressed in the second heart field and is required for outflow tract development. PLoS One 2009, 4:e6267.
102. Rones M.S., McLaughlin K.A., Raffin M., Mercola M. Serrate and Notch specify cell fates in the heart field by suppressing cardiomyogenesis. Development 2000, 127:3865-3876.
103. Rosenquist G.C., DeHaan R.L. Migration of precadiac cells in the chick embryo: A radioautograpohic study. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Contributions to Embryology 1966, 263:111-121.
104. Ryckebusch L., Wang Z., Bertrand N., Lin S.C., Chi X., Schwartz R., Zaffran S., Niederreither K. Retinoic acid deficiency alters second heart field formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:2913-2918.
105. Saxena A., Tabin C.J. miRNA-processing enzyme Dicer is necessary for cardiac outflow tract alignment and chamber septation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:87-91.
106. Schleiffarth J.R., Person A.D., Martinsen B.J., Sukovich D.J., Neumann A., Baker C.V., Lohr J.L., Cornfield D.N., Ekker S.C., Petryk A. Wnt5a is required for cardiac outflow tract septation in mice. Pediatr. Res. 2007, 61:386-391.
107. Schoenwolf G.C., Bleyl S.B., Brauer P.R., Francis-West P.H. Larsen's Human Embryology 2009, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia. 4th edn.
108. Seo S., Kume T. Forkhead transcription factors, Foxc1 and Foxc2, are required for the morphogenesis of the cardiac outflow tract. Dev. Biol. 2006, 296:421-436.
109. Sirbu I.O., Zhao X., Duester G. Retinoic acid controls heart anteroposterior patterning by down-regulating Isl1 through the Fgf8 pathway. Dev. Dyn. 2008, 237:1627-1635.
110. Snarr B.S., O'Neal J.L., Chintalapudi M.R., Wirrig E.E., Phelps A.L., Kubalak S.W., Wessels A. Isl1 expression at the venous pole identifies a novel role for the second heart field in cardiac development. Circ. Res. 2007, 101:971-974.
111. Song L., Li Y., Wang K., Zhou C.J. Cardiac neural crest and outflow tract defects in Lrp6 mutant mice. Dev. Dyn. 2010, 239:200-210.
112. Stainier D.Y., Fishman M.C. Patterning the zebrafish heart tube: Acquisition of anteroposterior polarity. Dev. Biol. 1992, 153:91-101.
113. Stolfi A., Gainous T.B., Young J.J., Mori A., Levine M., Christiaen L. Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science 2010, 329:565-568.
114. Stottmann R.W., Choi M., Mishina Y., Meyers E.N., Klingensmith J. BMP receptor IA is required in mammalian neural crest cells for development of the cardiac outflow tract and ventricular myocardium. Development 2004, 131:2205-2218.
115. Sun Y., Liang X., Najafi N., Cass M., Lin L., Cai C.L., Chen J., Evans S.M. Islet1 is expressed in distinct cardiovascular lineages, including pacemaker and coronary vascular cells. Dev. Biol. 2007, 304:286-296.
116. Takeuchi J.K., Mileikovskaia M., Koshiba-Takeuchi K., Heidt A.B., Mori A.D., Arruda E.P., Gertsenstein M., Georges R., Davidson L., Mo R., Hui C.C., Henkelman R.M., et al. Tbx20 dose-dependently regulates transcription factor networks required for mouse heart and motoneuron development. Development 2005, 132:2463-2474.
117. Theis S., Patel K., Valasek P., Otto A., Pu Q., Harel I., Tzahor E., Tajbakhsh S., Christ B., Huang R. The occipital lateral plate mesoderm is a novel source for vertebrate neck musculature. Development 2010, 137:2961-2971.
118. Theveniau-Ruissy M., Dandonneau M., Mesbah K., Ghez O., Mattei M.G., Miquerol L., Kelly R.G. The del22q11.2 candidate gene Tbx1 controls regional outflow tract identity and coronary artery patterning. Circ. Res. 2008, 103:142-148.
119. Tian Y., Yuan L., Goss A.M., Wang T., Yang J., Lepore J.J., Zhou D., Schwartz R.J., Patel V., Cohen E.D., Morrisey E.E. Characterization and in vivo pharmacological rescue of a Wnt2-Gata6 pathway required for cardiac inflow tract development. Dev. Cell 2010, 18:275-287.
120. Tirosh-Finkel L., Elhanany H., Rinon A., Tzahor E. Mesoderm progenitor cells of common origin contribute to the head musculature and the cardiac outflow tract. Development 2006, 133:1943-1953.
121. Tirosh-Finkel L., Zeisel A., Brodt-Ivenshitz M., Shamai A., Yao Z., Seger R., Domany E., Tzahor E. BMP-mediated inhibition of FGF signaling promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation of anterior heart field progenitors. Development 2010, 137:2989-3000.
122. Tsuchihashi T., Maeda J., Shin C.H., Ivey K.N., Black B.L., Olson E.N., Yamagishi H., Srivastava D. Hand2 function in second heart field progenitors is essential for cardiogenesis. Dev. Biol. 2011, 351:62-69.
123. Tzahor E. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and cardiogenesis: Timing does matter. Dev. Cell 2007, 13:10-13.
124. Tzahor E. Heart and craniofacial muscle development: A new developmental theme of distinct myogenic fields. Dev. Biol. 2009, 327:273-279.
125. Tzahor E., Evans S.M. Pharyngeal mesoderm development during embryogenesis: Implications for both heart and head myogenesis. Cardiovasc. Res. 2011, 91:196-202.
126. Urness L.D., Bleyl S.B., Wright T.J., Moon A.M., Mansour S.L. Redundant and dosage sensitive requirements for Fgf3 and Fgf10 in cardiovascular development. Dev. Biol. 2011, 356:383-397.
127. van den Berg G., Abu-Issa R., de Boer B.A., Hutson M.R., de Boer P.A., Soufan A.T., Ruijter J.M., Kirby M.L., van den Hoff M.J., Moorman A.F. A caudal proliferating growth center contributes to both poles of the forming heart tube. Circ. Res. 2009, 104:179-188.
128. Van Praagh R. The first Stella van Praagh memorial lecture: The history and anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. Pediatr. Card. Surg. Annu. 2009, 19-38.
129. van Weerd J.H., Koshiba-Takeuchi K., Kwon C., Takeuchi J.K. Epigenetic factors and cardiac development. Cardiovasc. Res. 2011, 91:203-211.
130. Verzi M.P., McCulley D.J., De Val S., Dodou E., Black B.L. The right ventricle, outflow tract, and ventricular septum comprise a restricted expression domain within the secondary/anterior heart field. Dev. Biol. 2005, 287:134-145.
131. Vincent S.D., Buckingham M.E. How to make a heart: The origin and regulation of cardiac progenitor cells. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 2010, 90:1-41.
132. Viragh S., Challice C.E. Origin and differentiation of cardiac muscle cells in the mouse. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1973, 42:1-24.
133. Vitelli F., Taddei I., Morishima M., Meyers E.N., Lindsay E.A., Baldini A. A genetic link between Tbx1 and fibroblast growth factor signaling. Development 2002, 129:4605-4611.
134. Vitelli F., Lania G., Huynh T., Baldini A. Partial rescue of the Tbx1 mutant heart phenotype by Fgf8: Genetic evidence of impaired tissue response to Fgf8. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2010, 49:836-840.
135. von Both I., Silvestri C., Erdemir T., Lickert H., Walls J.R., Henkelman R.M., Rossant J., Harvey R.P., Attisano L., Wrana J.L. Foxh1 is essential for development of the anterior heart field. Dev. Cell 2004, 7:331-345.
136. Waldo K.L., Kumiski D.H., Wallis K.T., Stadt H.A., Hutson M.R., Platt D.H., Kirby M.L. Conotruncal myocardium arises from a secondary heart field. Development 2001, 128:3179-3188.
137. Waldo K.L., Hutson M.R., Ward C.C., Zdanowicz M., Stadt H.A., Kumiski D., Abu-Issa R., Kirby M.L. Secondary heart field contributes myocardium and smooth muscle to the arterial pole of the developing heart. Dev. Biol. 2005, 281:78-90.
138. Wang Q., Lan Y., Cho E.S., Maltby K.M., Jiang R. Odd-skipped related 1 (Odd 1) is an essential regulator of heart and urogenital development. Dev. Biol. 2005, 288:582-594.
139. Wang J., Greene S.B., Bonilla-Claudio M., Tao Y., Zhang J., Bai Y., Huang Z., Black B.L., Wang F., Martin J.F. Bmp signaling regulates myocardial differentiation from cardiac progenitors through a MicroRNA-mediated mechanism. Dev. Cell 2010, 19:903-912.
140. Ward C., Stadt H., Hutson M., Kirby M.L. Ablation of the secondary heart field leads to tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia. Dev. Biol. 2005, 284:72-83.
141. Washington Smoak I., Byrd N.A., Abu-Issa R., Goddeeris M.M., Anderson R., Morris J., Yamamura K., Klingensmith J., Meyers E.N. Sonic hedgehog is required for cardiac outflow tract and neural crest cell development. Dev. Biol. 2005, 283:357-372.
142. Watanabe M., Choudhry A., Berlan M., Singal A., Siwik E., Mohr S., Fisher S.A. Developmental remodeling and shortening of the cardiac outflow tract involves myocyte programmed cell death. Development 1998, 125:3809-3820.
143. Watanabe Y., Miyagawa-Tomita S., Vincent S.D., Kelly R.G., Moon A.M., Buckingham M.E. Role of mesodermal FGF8 and FGF10 overlaps in the development of the arterial pole of the heart and pharyngeal arch arteries. Circ. Res. 2010, 106:495-503.
144. Xavier-Neto J., Davidson B., Simoes-Costa M.S., Castro R.A., Castillo H.A., Sampaio A.C., Azambuja A.P. Evolutionary origins of hearts. Cardiac Developmet and Regeneration 2010, 3-45. Academic Press, Oxford. R.P. Harvey, N. Rosenthal (Eds.).
145. Xu H., Morishima M., Wylie J.N., Schwartz R.J., Bruneau B.G., Lindsay E.A., Baldini A. Tbx1 has a dual role in the morphogenesis of the cardiac outflow tract. Development 2004, 131:3217-3227.
146. Yagi H., Furutani Y., Hamada H., Sasaki T., Asakawa S., Minoshima S., Ichida F., Joo K., Kimura M., Imamura S., Kamatani N., Momma K., et al. Role of TBX1 in human del22q11.2 syndrome. Lancet 2003, 362:1366-1373.
147. Yamagishi H., Maeda J., Hu T., McAnally J., Conway S.J., Kume T., Meyers E.N., Yamagishi C., Srivastava D. Tbx1 is regulated by tissue-specific forkhead proteins through a common Sonic hedgehog-responsive enhancer. Genes Dev. 2003, 17:269-281.
148. Yang L., Cai C.L., Lin L., Qyang Y., Chung C., Monteiro R.M., Mummery C.L., Fishman G.I., Cogen A., Evans S. Isl1Cre reveals a common Bmp pathway in heart and limb development. Development 2006, 133:1575-1585.
149. Yelbuz T.M., Waldo K.L., Kumiski D.H., Stadt H.A., Wolfe R.R., Leatherbury L., Kirby M.L. Shortened outflow tract leads to altered cardiac looping after neural crest ablation. Circulation 2002, 106:504-510.
150. Yuan S., Schoenwolf G.C. Islet-1 marks the early heart rudiments and is asymmetrically expressed during early rotation of the foregut in the chick embryo. Anat. Rec. 2000, 260:204-207.
151. Zaffran S., Kelly R.G., Meilhac S.M., Buckingham M.E., Brown N.A. Right ventricular myocardium derives from the anterior heart field. Circ. Res. 2004, 95:261-268.
152. Zhang Z., Baldini A. In vivo response to high-resolution variation of Tbx1 mRNA dosage. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2008, 17:150-157.
153. Zhang Z., Baldini A. Manipulation of endogenous regulatory elements and transgenic analyses of the Tbx1 gene. Mamm. Genome 2010, 21:556-564.
154. Zhou W., Lin L., Majumdar A., Li X., Zhang X., Liu W., Etheridge L., Shi Y., Martin J., Van de Ven W., Kaartinen V., Wynshaw-Boris A., et al. Modulation of morphogenesis by noncanonical Wnt signaling requires ATF/CREB family-mediated transcriptional activation of TGFbeta2. Nat. Genet. 2007, 39:1225-1234.
155. Zhou B., von Gise A., Ma Q., Rivera-Feliciano J., Pu W.T. Nkx2-5- and Isl1-expressing cardiac progenitors contribute to proepicardium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 375:450-453.
156. Zhou Y., Cashman T.J., Nevis K.R., Obregon P., Carney S.A., Liu Y., Gu A., Mosimann C., Sondalle S., Peterson R.E., Heideman W., Burns C.E., et al. Latent TGF-beta binding protein 3 identifies a second heart field in zebrafish. Nature 2011, 474:645-648.