A review on bioadhesive buccal drug delivery systems: Current status of formulation and evaluation methods

DARU, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 385-403

  Chinna Reddy, P ^a,b   Chaitanya, K S C ^b   Madhusudan Rao, Y ^b  

^a HETERO LABS LTD   (India)

^b KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Buccal delivery; Formulation design; Mucoadhesive polymers; Permeation enhancers

Indexed keywords

APROTININ; ATENOLOL; BESTATIN; BILE SALT; BUPRENORPHINE; BUSPIRONE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CARVEDILOL; CHLORHEXIDINE ACETATE; CLOTRIMAZOLE; FELODIPINE; FLUORIDE SODIUM; INSULIN; LECTIN; LIPOSOME; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MICONAZOLE; MICROSPHERE; NALBUPHINE; NANOPARTICLE; NICOTINE; NICOTINE GUM; NYSTATIN; PINDOLOL; PIROXICAM; POLYMER; PUROMYCIN; STAY ALERT; SUMATRIPTAN SUCCINATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZINC SULFATE;

BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; CHEMICAL PROCEDURES; CHEWING GUM; CONFORMATIONAL TRANSITION; CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG SOLUBILITY; DRUG TRANSPORT; HOT MELT EXTRUSION; HUMAN; LIPID BILAYER; LOZENGE; MEAN RESIDENCE TIME; MOUTH MUCOSA; MUCOADHESION; MYCOSIS; PERMEABILITY BARRIER; PH; RAM EXTRUSION; REVIEW; SOMNOLENCE; TABLET; THERMODYNAMICS; TIGHT JUNCTION; VISCOSITY;

EID: 84857402635     PISSN: 15608115     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Harris D, Robinson JR. Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. J. Pharm. Sci, 1992; 81:1-10.
2. Shojaei AH, Chang RK, Guo X. Systemic drug delivery via the buccal mucosal route. J. Pharm. Technol, 2001; 25(6):70-81.
3. Rojanasakul Y, Wang LY, Bhat M, Glover DD, Malanga CJ, Ma JKH. The transport barrier of epithelia: a comparative study on membrane permeability and charge selectivity in the rabbit. Pharm. Res, 1992; 9:1029-1034.
4. Gandhi RB, Robinson JR. Oral cavity as a site for bioadhesive drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv.Rev, 1994;13:43-74.
5. Collins LMC, Dawes C. The surface area of the adult human mouth and thickness of the salivary film covering the teeth and oral mucosa. J. Dent. Res, 1987; 66:1300-1302.
6. Lee JW, Park JH, Robinson JR. Bioadhesive-based dosage forms: the next generation. J. Pharm. Sci, 2000; 89:850-866.
7. Alur HH, Johnston TP, Mitra AK. Peptides and Proteins: Buccal Absorption. in: Swarbrick J, Boylan J.C, ed. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology vol. 20 (3), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2001, 193-218.
8. Philip T, Jane H, Jeffrey F, Michael F. Buccal micronucleus cytome biomarkers may be associated with Alzheimer's disease. Mutagenesis. 2007; 22(6):371-379.
9. Squier CA, Wertz PW. Structure and function of the oral mucosa and implications for drug delivery. In: Rathbone M.J, ed. Oral mucosal drug delivery, Marcel Dekker. 1996; 1-25.
10. Rathbone MJ, Tucker IG. Mechanisms, barriers and pathways of oral mucosal drug permeation. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 1993; 13:1-22.
11. Squier CA, Eady RA, Hopps RM. The permeability of epidermis lacking normal membrane-coating granules: an ultrastructural tracer study of Kyrle-Flegel disease. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1978; 70:361-364.
12. Squier CA, Hall BK. The permeability of mammalian non keratinized oral epithelia to horseradish peroxidase applied in vivo and in vitro. Arch. Oral Biol. 1984; 29:45-50.
13. Robinson JR, Yang X. Absorption enhancers. In: Swarbrick J, Boylan JC. ed. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, vol. 18, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2001; 1-27.
14. Veuillez F, Kalia YN, Jacques Y, Deshusses J, Buri P. Factors and strategies for improving buccal absorption of peptides. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2001; 51:93-109.
15. Walker GF, Langoth N, Bernkop-Schnurch A. Peptidase activity on the surface of the porcine buccal mucosa. Int. J. Pharm. 2002; 233:141-147.
16. Kashi SD, Lee VHL. Enkephalin hydrolysis in homogenates of various absorptive mucosae of the albino rabbit: similarities in rates and involvement of aminopeptidases. Life Sci. 1986; 38:2019-2028.
17. Smart JD. The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 2005; 57:1556-1568.
18. Alur HH. Peptides and proteins: buccal absorption. in: Swarbrick J, Boylan JC, ed. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology vol. 20 (3), Marcel Dekker Inc. 2001; 193-218.
19. Lueßen HL. Mucoadhesive polymers in peroral peptide drug delivery. Influence of mucoadhesive excipients on the proteolytic activity of intestinal enzymes. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 1996; 4:117-128.
20. Bernkop-Schnurch A. Novel bioadhesive chitosan-EDTA conjugate protects leucine enkephalin from degradation by aminopeptidase N. Pharm. Res. 1997; 14:917-922.
21. Bernkop-Schnurch A. Thiomers: potential excipients for noninvasive peptide delivery systems. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2004; 58:253-263.
22. Chinna Reddy P, Sunil Kumar B, Ramesh G, Vamshi Vishnu Y, Michael AR, Madhusudan Rao Y. Role of cyclodextrin complexation in felodipine-sustained release matrix tablets intended for oral transmucosal delivery: In vitro and ex vivo characterization. Pharm. Dev. Tech. 2011; 1-12.
23. Jacobsen J, Bjerregaard S, Pedersen M. Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of anti mycotics intended to act in the oral cavity-drug supersaturation, toxicity on TR 146 cells and release from a delivery system. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 1999; 48 (3):217-224.
24. Nielsen HM, Rassing MR. TR146 cells grown on filters as a model of human buccal epithelium. Permeability enhancement by different pH value, different osmolarity value and bile salts. Int. J. Pharm. 1999; 185:215-225.
25. Utoguchi N, Watanabe Y, Suzuki T, Maeharai J, Matsumoto Y Matsumoto M. Carrier mediated transport of monocarboxylic acids in primary cultured epithelial cells from rabbit oral mucosa. Pharm. Res. 1997; 14:320-324.
26. Squier CA, Kremer MJ, Wertz PW. Continuous flow mucosal cells for measuring in vitro permeability of small tissue samples. J. Pharm. Sci. 1997; 86:82-84.
27. Brun PPHL, Fox PLA, Vries MED, Bodde HE. In vitro penetration of some β-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs through porcine buccal mucosa. Int. J. Pharm. 1989; 49:141-145.
28. Ahuja RP, Khar JA. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 1997; 23:489-515.
29. Gu JM, Robinson JR, Leung SHS. Binding of acrylic polymers to mucin/epithelial surfaces: structure-property relationships. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst. 1998; 5:21-67.
30. Khanvilkar K, Donovan MD, Flanagan DR. Drug transfer through mucus. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 2001; 48 (2-3):173-193.
31. Clark MA, Hirst B, Jepson M. Lectin-mediated mucosal delivery of drugs and microparticles. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2000; 43:207-223.
32. Ponchel G, Irache JM. Specific and nonspecific bioadhesive particular systems for oral delivery to the gastrointestinal tract. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 1998; 34 (2-3):191-219.
33. Clark MA, Hirst BH, Jepson MA. Lectin mediated mucosal delivery of drugs and microparticles. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 2000; 43 (2-3):207-223.
34. Savage DC. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1977; 31:107-133.
35. Inman LR, Cantey JR. Specific adherence of Escherichia coli (strain RDEC-1) to membranous (M) cells of the Peyer's patch in Escherichia coli diarrhea in the rabbit, J. Clin. Invest. 1983; 71:1-8.
36. Sanford BA, Thomas VL, Ramsay MA. Binding of staphylococci to mucus in vivo and in vitro. Infect. Immun. 1989; 57:3735-3742.
37. Bernkop-Schnürch A, Gabor F, Szostak M and Lubitz W. An adhesive drug delivery system based on K99-fimbriae. Eur. J. Pharm Sci. 1995; 3:293-299.
38. Leitner V, Walker GA, Bernkop-Schnürch. Thiolated polymers: evidence for the formation of disulphide bonds with mucus glycoproteins. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm, 2003; 56:207-214.
39. Albrecht K, Greindl M, Kremserm C, Wolf C, Debbage P, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Comparative in vivo mucoadhesion studies of thiomer formulations using magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence detection. J. Control. Rel. 2006; 115:78-84.
40. Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiomers: a new generation of mucoadhesive polymers, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2005; 57:1569-1582.
41. Roldo M, Hornof M, Caliceti P, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Mucoadhesive thiolated chitosans as platforms for oral controlled drug delivery: synthesis and in vitro evaluation, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2004; 57: 115-121.
42. Bernkop-Schnürch A, Krauland A, Leitner V, Palmberger T. Thiomers: potential excipients for non-invasive peptide delivery systems, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2004; 58:253-263.
43. Jinsong H, Paul WSH. Buccal Delivery Systems. Drug dev. Ind. Pharm. 2003; 29:821-832.
44. Bruschi ML, de Freitas O. Oral bioadhesive drug delivery systems. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2005; 31: 293-310.
45. Rossi S, Sandri G, Caramella CM. Buccal drug delivery: a challenge already won? Drug Dis. Today. 2005; 2:59-65.
46. Cassidy JP, Landzert NM, Quadros E, Controlled buccal delivery of buprenorphine. J. Control. Release. 1993; 25:21-29.
47. Du Q, Ping QN, Liu GJ. Preparation of Buspirone hydrochloride buccal adhesive tablet and study on its drug release mechanism. Yao Xue Xue Bao, 2002; 37(8):653-656.
48. Giunchedi P, Juliano C, Gavini E, Cossu M, Sorrenti M, Formulation and in vivo evaluation of chlorhexidine buccal tablets prepared using drug-loaded chitosan microspheres. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2002; 53: 233-239.
49. Madhusudan Rao Y, Chandra Sekhar K, Vamshi Vishnu Y, Ramesh G, Naidu KVS. Novel buccoadhesive formulation of chlorpheniramine maleate, in vitro and in vivo characterization. Asian J. Pharm. 2006; 1(1):33-40.
50. Rajesh K, Agarwal SP, Ahuja A. Buccoadhesive erodible carriers for local drug delivery: design and standardization. Int. J. Pharm. 1996; 138:68-73.
51. Vamshi Vishnu Y, Ramesh G, Chandra Sekhar K, Bhanoji Rao ME, Madhusudan Rao Y. Development and in vitro evaluation of buccoadhesive carvedilol tablets. Acta Pharm. 2007; 57:185-197.
52. Ikinci G, Capan Y, Senel S, Alaaddinoglu E, Dalkara T and Hincal AA. In vitro/in vivo studies on a buccal bioadhesive tablet formulation of Carbamazepine. Pharmazie. 2000; 55:762-765.
53. Ali J, Khar R, Ahuja A, Kalra R, Buccoadhesive erodible disk for treatment of oro-dental infections: design and characterization. Int. J. Pharm. 2002; 238:93-103.
54. Shayeda, Ramesh G, Chinna Reddy P, Madhusudan Rao Y. Development of Novel Bioadhesive Buccal Formulation of Diltiazem: In vitro and In vivo Characterization. PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Tech, 2009; 63(4): 1-9.
55. Huang Y, Leobandung W, Foss A, Peppas NA. Molecular aspects of muco-and bioadhesion: tethered structures and site-specic surfaces. J. Control. Rel. 2000; 65(1-2):63-71.
56. Chinna Reddy P, Ramesh G, Shravan Kumar Y, Vamshi Vishnu Y, Madhusudan Rao Y. Development of bioadhesive buccal tablets for felodipine and pioglitazone in combined dosage form: In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo characterization. Drug Del. 2011; 18(5):344-352.
57. Ceschel GC, Maffei P, Borgia SL, Ronchi C. Design and evaluation of buccal adhesive Hydralazine HCL tablets. Int. J. Pharm. 2002; 238:161-170.
58. Ceschel GC, Maffei P, Lombardi BS, Ronchi C. Design and evaluation of buccal adhesive hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) tablets. Drug Del. 2001; 8:161-171.
59. Hosny EA, Elkheshen SA, Saleh SI. Buccoadhesive tablets for insulin delivery: in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Boll. Chim. Farm. 2002; 141:210-217.
60. Nakane S, Kakumoto M, Yukimatsu K, Chien YW. Oramucosal delivery of LHRH: pharmacokinetic studies of controlled and enhanced transmucosal permeation. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 1996; 1: 251-259.
61. Taylan B, Capan Y, Guven O, Kes S, Hincal AA. Design and evaluation of sustained release and buccal adhesive propronolol hydrochloride tablets. J. Control. Rel. 1996; 38(1):11-20.
62. Perioli L, Ambrogi V, Rubini D, Giovagnoli S, Ricci M, Blasi Pand RC. Novel mucoadhesive buccal formulation containing metronidazole for the treatment of periodontal disease. J. Control. Rel. 2004; 95:521-533.
63. Mohammed FA, Khedr H. Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of the buccal bioadhesive properties of slow release tablets containing miconazole nitrate. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2003; 29:321-337.
64. Han RY, Fang JY, Sung KC, Hu OYP. Mucoadhesive buccal disks for novel nalbuphine prodrug controlled delivery: effect of formulation variables on drug release and mucoadhesive performance. Int. J. Pharm. 1999; 177:201-209.
65. Varshosaz J, Dehghan Z. Development and characterization of buccoadhesive nifedipine tablets. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2002; 54:135-141.
66. Labot JM, Manzo RH, Allemandi A. Double layered mucoadhesive tablets containing nystatin. AAPS Pharm. Sci.Tech. 2002; 3(3):22-31.
67. Yong CS, Jung JH, Rhee JD, Kim CK, Choi HG. Physicochemical characterization and evaluation of buccal adhesive tablets containing omeprazole. Drug Dev.Ind.Pharm, 2001; 27:447-455.
68. Dortunc B, Ozer L, Uyanik N. Development and in vitro evaluation of a buccoadhesive pindolol tablet formulation. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 1998; 24:281-288.
69. Jug M, Becirevic-Lacan M. Influence of hydroxypropyl-B-cyclodextrin complexation on piroxicam release from buccoadhesive tablets. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2004; 21:251-260.
70. Celebi N, Kislal O. Development and evaluation of a buccoadhesive propranolol tablet formulation. Pharmazie. 1995; 50:470-472.
71. Diarra M, Pourroy G, Boymond C, Muster D. Fluoride controlled release tablets for intra buccal use. Biomaterials. 2003; 24:1293-1300.
72. Ali J, Khar RK, Ahuja A. Formulation and characterization of a buccoadhesive erodible tablet for the treatment of oral lesions. Pharmazie. 1998; 53: 329-334.
73. Diarra M, Pourroy G, Muster D, Zingraff M, Boymond C. Elaboration and evaluation of an intraoral controlled release delivering system. Biomaterials. 1998; 19:1523-1527.
74. Kockisch S, Rees GD, Young SA, Tsibouklis J, Smart JD. Polymeric microspheres for drug delivery to the oral cavity: an in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive potential, J. Pharm. Sci. 2003; 92:1614-1623.
75. Kockisch S, Rees GD, Young SA, Tsibouklis J, Smart JD. In-situ evaluation of drug-loaded microspheres on a mucosal surface under dynamic test conditions, Int. J. Pharm. 2004; 276:51-58.
76. Holpuch AS, Hummel GJ, Tong M, Seghi GA, Pei P, Ma P, Mumper RJ, Mallery SR. Nanoparticles for local drug delivery to the oral mucosa: proof of principle studies, Pharm.Res. 2010; 27:1224-1236.
77. Monti D, Burgalassi S, Rossato MS, Albertini B, Passerini N, Rodriguez L, Chetoni P. Poloxamer 407 microspheres for orotransmucosal drug delivery. Part II: in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Int. J. Pharm. 2010; 400:32-36.
78. El-Samaligy MS, Afifi NN, Mahmoud EA. Increasing bioavailability of silymarin using a buccal liposomal delivery system: preparation and experimental design investigation. Int. J. Pharm. 2006; 308:140-148.
79. Sudhakar Y, Kuotsu K, Bandyopadhya AK. Buccal bioadhesive drug delivery-A promising option for orally less efficient drugs. J.Control. Rel. 2006; 114:15-40.
80. Bromberg LE, Buxton DK, Friden PM. Novel periodontal drug delivery system for treatment of periodontitis. J. Contr. Rel. 2001; 71(3): 251-259.
81. Codd JE, Deasy PB. Formulation development and in vivo evaluation of a novel bioadhesive lozenge containing a synergistic combination of antifungal agents. Int. J. Pharm. 1998; 173:13-24.
82. He H, Cao X, Lee IJ. Design of a novel hydrogel-based intelligent system for controlled drug release. J. Contr. Rel. 2004; 95:391-402.
83. Chinna Reddy P, Madhusudan Rao Y. Buccal Drug Delivery Systems. In: Madhusudan Rao Y, Jithan A.V. ed. Advances in drug delivery vol.1 2010; 139-210.
84. Chinna Reddy P, Ramesh G, Vamshi Vishnu Y, Shravan Kumar Y, Madhusudan Rao Y. Development of bilayered mucoadhesive patches for buccal delivery of felodipine: in vitro and ex vivo characterization. Curr Trends Biotech Pharm. 2010; 4:673-683.
85. Cui Z, Mumper RJ. Bilayer films for mucosal (genetic) immunization via the buccal route in rabbits. Pharm.Res. 2002; 19:947-953.
86. Guo JH. Investigating the surface properties and bioadhesion of buccal patches. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1994; 46:647-650.
87. Chandra Sekhar K, Naidu KVS, Vamshi Vishnu Y, Ramesh G, Kishan V, Madhusudan Rao Y. Transbuccal Delivery of Chlorpheniramine Maleate from Mucoadhesive Buccal Patches. Drug Del. 2008; 15:185-191.
88. Vamshi Vishnu Y, Chandrasekhar K, Ramesh G, Madhusudan Rao Y. Development of Mucoadhesive Patches for Buccal Administration of Carvedilol. Current Drug Delivery. 2007; 4:27-39.
89. Senel S, Ikinci G, Kas S, Yousefi-Rad A, Sargon MF, Hincal AA. Chitosan films and hydrogels of chlorhexidine gluconate for oral mucosal delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2000; 193:197-203.
90. Danjo K, Kato H, Otsuka A, Ushimaru K. Fundamental study on the evaluation of strength of granular particles. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1994; 42:2598-2603.
91. Perugini P, Genta I, Conti B, Modena T, Pavanetto F. Periodontal delivery of ipriflavone: new chitosan/PLGA film delivery system for a lipophilic drug. Int. J. Pharm. 2003; 18:1-9.
92. Nafee NA, Ismail FA, Nabila V, Boraie LM. Mucoadhesive buccal patches of miconazole nitrate: in vitro/in vivo performance and effect of ageing. Int. J. Pharm. 2003; 264:1-14.
93. Save T, Shah UM, Ghamande AR, Venkatachalam P. Comparative study of buccoadhesive formulations and sublingual capsules of nifedipine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.1994; 46(3):192-195.
94. Anders R, Merkle HP. Evaluation of laminated muco-adhesive patches for buccal drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm.1989; 49:231-240.
95. Li C, Bhatt PP, Johnston TP. Transmucosal delivery of oxytocin to rabbits using a mucoadhesive buccal patch. Pharm.Dev.Tech.1997; 2:265-274.
96. Mohamed MI, Mortada ND. Development and characterization of a buccoadhesive dosage form of terbutaline sulphate. J.Pharm. Sci. 2000; 16:69-81.
97. Chun MK, Kwak BT, Choi HK. Preparation of buccal patch composed of carbopol, poloxamer and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2003; 26:973-978.
98. Repka MA, Sridhar T, Sampada BU, Sunil Kumar B, McGinity JW, Martin C. Pharmaceutical applications of Hot-Melt Extrusion: Part I. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 2007; 33:909-926.
99. Luker K. Single-screw extrusion and screw design. In: Ghebre- Sellassie I, Martin C, ed. Pharmaceutical extrusion technology. Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences. Vol. 133. Newyork, Marcel Dekker. 2003; 39-68.
100. Ndindayino F, Henrist D, Kiekens F, Van Den Mooter G, Vervaet C, Remon JP. Direct compression properties of melt-extruded isomalt. Int. J. Pharm.2002; 235(1-2):149-157.
101. Lee J, Kellaway IW. Buccal permeation of (D-Ala2, DLeu5) enkephalin from liquid crystalline phases of glyceryl monooleate. Int. J. Pharm. 2000; 195:35-38.
102. Modi G. Evolving role of oral insulin in the treatment of diabetes using a novel rapidmist system. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2002; 18:38-42.
103. Yang TZ. Phospholipid deformable vesicles for buccal delivery of insulin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002; 50: 749-753.
104. Wong CF, Yuen KH, Khiang peh K. An in vitro method for buccal adhesion studies: importance of instrument variables. Int.J.Pharm.1999; 180: 47-57.
105. Nakamura F, Ohta R, Machida Y, Nagai T. In vitro and in vivo nasal mucoadhesion of water soluble polymers. Int. J. Pharm. 1996; 134:173-81.
106. Upendra K, Ravichandran M, Indiran PS, Xiaoling L, Bhaskara J. Porcine buccal mucosa as an in vitro model: relative contribution of epithelium and connective tissue as permeability barriers. J.Pharm.Sci. 2009; 98:471-483.
107. Beckett AH, Triggs EJ. Buccal absorption of basic drugs and its application as an in vivo model of passive drug transfer through lipid membranes. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.1967; 19:31S-41S.
108. Schurmann W, Turner P. A membrane model of human oral mucosa as derived from buccal absorption and physicochemical properties of beta blocking drugs atenolol and propranolol. J. Pharm. Pharmcol. 1978; 30:137-147.
109. Tucker IG. A method to study the kinetics of oral mucosa of drug absorption from solutions. J. Pharm. Pharmcol. 1988; 40:679-683.
110. Mortazavi SA, Aboofazeli R. Preparation and in vitro assessment of various mucosa-adhesive films for buccal delivery. DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 2000; 8(1-2):9-18.
111. Shivanand K, Raju SA, Nizamuddin S, Jayakar B. In vivo bioavailability studies of sumatriptan succinate buccal tablets, DARU J. Pharm. Sci. 2011; 19(3): 224-230.
112. Khurana R, Ahuja A, Khar RK. Development and evaluation of mucoadhesive films of miconazole nitrate. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2000; 60:449-453.
113. Bottenberg P, Cleymaet R, Muynek CD, Remon JP, Coomans D, Slop D. Development and testing of bioadhesive, fluoride containing slow-release tablets for oral use. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1991; 43:457-464.