Muscarinic agonists and antagonists: Effects on the urinary bladder

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

Volumn 208, Issue , 2012, Pages 375-400

  Sellers, Donna J ^a   Chess Williams, Russ ^a  

^a BOND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Afferent nerves; Detrusor; Muscarinic agonist; Muscarinic antagonist; Muscarinic receptor subtypes; Urinary bladder; Urothelium

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETHANECHOL; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DARIFENACIN; DONEPEZIL; FESOTERODINE; IMIDAFENACIN; MUSCARINIC AGENT; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NITRIC OXIDE; NORADRENALIN; OXYBUTYNIN; PLACEBO; PROPIVERINE; SOLIFENACIN; TOLTERODINE; TROSPIUM CHLORIDE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR;

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BLADDER DISEASE; BLADDER FUNCTION; BLADDER NECK STENOSIS; BLURRED VISION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONSTIPATION; CONTINENCE; DEMENTIA; DETRUSOR MUSCLE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; HEADACHE; HEART RATE; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; HYPOACTIVE BLADDER; LEYDIG CELL; LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOM; MICTURITION; NERVE ENDING; NITRERGIC NERVE; NONHUMAN; OVERACTIVE BLADDER; PEPTIDERGIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QT PROLONGATION; SENSORY NERVE CONDUCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SUSTAINED RELEASE FORMULATION; URINE INCONTINENCE; URINE RETENTION; UROTHELIUM; XEROSTOMIA; ANIMAL; BLADDER; INNERVATION; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ACETYLCHOLINE; ANIMALS; HUMANS; MUSCARINIC AGONISTS; MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; RECEPTORS, MUSCARINIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; URINARY BLADDER; URINARY BLADDER DISEASES; URINATION;

EID: 84856686323     PISSN: 01712004     EISSN: 18650325     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23274-9_16     Document Type: Article

References (165)

1. Abrams P, Andersson KE (2007) Muscarinic receptor antagonists for overactive bladder. BJU Int 100:987-1006 (Pubitemid 47537675)
2. Abrams P, Shah PJR, Feneley RC.L.1981) Voiding disorders in the young male adult. Urology 18:107-113
3. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M et a.L.2003) The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urology 61:37-49 (Pubitemid 36151708)
4. Abrams P, Andersson KE, Birder L, Brubaker L, Cardozo L, Chapple C et a.L.2010) Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: Evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 29:213-240
5. Anagnostara SG, Murphy GG, Hamilton SE, Mitchell SL, Rahnama NP, Nathanson NM, Silva AJ.2003) Selective cognition dysfunction in acetylcholine m1 muscarinic receptor mutant mice. Nat Neurosci 6:51-58 (Pubitemid 36026332)
6. Andersson KE (2002) Bladder activation: Afferent mechanisms. Urology 59(5 Suppl 1):43-50
7. Andersson KE, YoshidaM(2003) Antimuscarinics and the overactive detrusor - which is the main mechanism of action? Eur Urol 43:1-5 (Pubitemid 36134308)
8. AnderssonKE, AppellR, Cardozo LD, ChappleC,Drutz HP, FinkbeinerAE, Haab F, Vela NavarreteR.1999) The pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence. BJU Int 84(9):923-947
9. Athanasopoulos A, Gyftopoulos K, Giannitsas K, Fisfis J, Perimenis P, Barbalias G.2003) Combination treatment with an alpha-blocker plus an anticholinergic for bladder outlet obstruction: A prospective, randomized, controlled study. J Urol 169(6):2253-2256 (Pubitemid 36576764)
10. Awad S.1985) Clinical use of bethanechol. J Urol 134:523-524 (Pubitemid 16236391)
11. Banks FCL, Knight GE, Calvert RC, Morgan RJ, Burnstock G.2005) Alterations in purinergic and cholinergic components of contractile responses of isolated detrusor contraction in a rat model of partial bladder outlet obstruction. BJU Int 97:372-378
12. 2 muscarinic receptors in guinea pig ileum, atria and bronchi. Br J Pharmacol 85:437-440 (Pubitemid 16244044)
13. Baselli EC, Brandes SB, Luthin GR, Ruggieri MR.1999) The effect of pregnancy and contractile activity on bladder muscarinic receptor subtypes. Neurourol Urodyn 18(5):511-520 (Pubitemid 29468402)
14. Bayliss M, Wu C, Newgreen AR, Mundy CH, Fry CH (1999) A quantitative study of atropineresistant contractile responses in human bladder detrusor smooth muscle, from stable, unstable and obstructed bladders. J Urol 162:1833-1839 (Pubitemid 29474738)
15. Birder LA (2010) Urothelial signaling. Auton Neurosci 153(1-2):33-40
16. Birder LA, Apodaca G, de Groat WC, Kanai AJ.1998) Adrenergic- and capsaicin-evoked nitric oxide release from urothelium and afferent nerves in urinary bladder. Am J Physiol 275(2 Pt 2): F226-F229
17. Blake-James BT, Rashidian A, Ikeda Y, Emberton M.2007) The role of anticholinergics in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int 99(1):85-96 (Pubitemid 44915626)
18. Bolduc S, Moore K, Lebel S, Lamontagne P, Hamel M.2009) Double anticholinergic therapy for refractory overactive bladder. J Urol 182(4 Suppl):2033-2038
19. Boy S, Schurch B, Mehnert U, Mehring G, Karsenty G, Reitz A.2007) The effects of tolterodine on bladder-filling sensations and perception thresholds to intravesical electrical stimulation: Method and initial results. BJU Int 100(3):574-578 (Pubitemid 47205445)
20. 2 inhibitory muscarinic receptors mediate rat bladder contractility. Am J Physiol 274: R517-R523
21. 2 muscarinic receptor contributes to contraction of the denervated rat urinary bladder. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 275: R1654-R1660
22. 2 and M3 muscarinic receptor activation of urinary bladder contractile signal transduction. II. Denervated rat bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 316:875-880 (Pubitemid 43131017)
23. Bschleipfer T, Schukowski K, Weidner W, Grando SA, Schwantes U, Kummer W, Lips KS.2007) Expression and distribution of cholinergic receptors in the human urothelium. Life Sci 80:2303-2307 (Pubitemid 46818274)
24. Burnstock G.2001) Purinergic signalling in the lower urinary tract. In: Abbracchio MP, Williams M.eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Springer, Berlin, pp 423-515
25. Burnstock G.2009) Purinergic cotransmission. Exp Physiol 94(1):20-24
26. Canda AE, Chapple CR, Chess-Williams R.2009) Pharmacologic responses of the mouse urinary bladder. Cent Eur J Med 4(2):192-197
27. Chancellor MB, Kaplan SA, Blavias JG.1992) The cholinergic and purinergic components of detrusor contractility in a whole rabbit bladder model. J Urol 148:906-909
28. Chapple CR, Radley SC, Martin SW, Sellers DJ, Chess-Williams R.2004) Serotonin-induced potentiation of cholinergic responses to electrical field stimulation in normal and neurogenic overactive human detrusor muscle. BJU Int 93(4):599-604
29. Chapple CR, Khullar V, Gabriel Z, Muston D, Bitoun CE, Weinstein D.2008) The effects of antimuscarinic treatments in overactive bladder: An update of a systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur Urol 54:543-562
30. Chess-Williams R.2002) Muscarinic receptors of the bladder: detrusor, urothelial and prejunctional. Auton Autocoid Pharmacol 22(3):133-145 (Pubitemid 36687563)
31. Chess-Williams R, Chapple CR, Yamanishi T, Sellers D.J.2001) The minor population of M3 receptors mediate contraction of human detrusor muscle in vitro. J Auton Pharmacol 21(5-6): 243-248
32. Choppin A.2002) Muscarinic receptors in isolated urinary bladder smooth muscle from different mouse strains. Br J Pharmacol 137(4):522-528 (Pubitemid 35221906)
33. Choppin A, Eglen RM.2001a) Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in mouse isolated urinary bladder smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 133(7):1035-1040 (Pubitemid 32762413)
34. Choppin A, Eglen RM.2001b) Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in dog ciliary and urinary bladder smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 132:835-842 (Pubitemid 32193640)
35. Choppin A, Eglen RM, Hedge SS.1998) Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in rabbit isolated iris sphincter muscle and urinary bladder smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 124:883-888 (Pubitemid 28312821)
36. D'Agostino G, Bolognesi ML, Lucchelli A, Vicini D, Balestra B, Spelta V, Melchiorre C, Tonini M.2000) Prejunctional muscarinic inhibitory control of acetylcholine release in the human isolated detrusor: involvement of the M4 receptor subtype. Br J Pharmacol 129:493-500 (Pubitemid 30083870)
37. Daly DM, Chess-Williams R, Chapple C, Grundy D.2010) The inhibitory role of acetylcholine and muscarinic receptors in bladder afferent activity. Eur Urol 58(1):22-28
38. De Groat C.1997) A neurologic basis for the overactive bladder. Urology 50 (6A Suppl):36-52; discussion 53-56
39. De Groat WC.2006) Integrative control of the lower urinary tract: preclinical perspective. Br J Pharmacol 147:S25-S40 (Pubitemid 43237573)
40. De Groat WC, Yoshimura N.2010) Changes in afferent activity after spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn 29(1):63-76
41. De Laet K, De Wachter S, Wyndaele JJ.2006) Systemic oxybutynin decreases afferent activity of the pelvic nerve of the rat: new insights into the working mechanism of antimuscarinics. Neurourol Urodyn 25:156-161
42. De Wachter S, Wyndaele JJ.2003) Intravesical oxybutynin: A local anesthetic effect on bladder C afferents. J Urol 169(5):1892-1895 (Pubitemid 36443540)
43. Diokno AC, Brock BM, Brown MB et a.L.1986) Prevalence of urinary incontinence and other urological symptoms in the non-institutionalized elderly. J Urol 136:1022-1025 (Pubitemid 17174978)
44. 2 muscarinic receptor mediates contraction through indirect mechanisms in mouse urinary bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313(1):368-378 (Pubitemid 40411363)
45. Elbadawi A, Yalla SV, Resnick NM.1993) Structural basis of geriatric voiding dysfunction. II Aging detrusor: normal versus impaired contractility. J Urol 150:1657-1667 (Pubitemid 24346924)
46. Fabiyi AC, Brading A.F.2006) The use of the isolated mouse whole bladder for investigating bladder overactivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319(3):1386-1394
47. Ferguson DR, Kennedy I, Burton TJ.1997) ATP is released from rabbit urinary bladder epithelium cells by hydrostatic pressure changes: A possible sensory mechanism? J Physiol 505:503-511 (Pubitemid 28043392)
48. Fetscher C, Fleichman M, Schmidt M, Krege S, Michel MC.2002) M3 muscarinic receptors mediate contraction of human urinary bladder. Br J Pharmacol 136:641-643 (Pubitemid 34785706)
49. Finkbeiner AE (1985) Is bethanechol chloride clinically effective in promoting bladder emptying? A literature review. J Urol 134:443-449 (Pubitemid 16236368)
50. 2-dependent components of a motor/sensory system. BJU Int 100(3):668-678 (Pubitemid 47205475)
51. Foote J, Glavind K, Kralidis G, Wyndaele JJ.2005) Treatment of overactive bladder in the older patient: pooled analysis of three phase III studies of darifenacin, an M3 selective receptor antagonist. Eur Urol 48(3):471-477 (Pubitemid 41188407)
52. Fovaeus M, Fujiwara M, Högestätt ED, Persson K, Andersson KE (1999) A non-nitrergic smooth muscle relaxant factor released from rat urinary bladder by muscarinic receptor stimulation. J Urol 161(2):649-653
53. Fry CH, Skennerton D, Wood D, Wu C.2002) The cellular basis of contraction in human detrusor smooth muscle from patients with stable and unstable bladders. Urology 59:3-12 (Pubitemid 34462252)
54. Gillespie JI, Harvey IJ, Drake MJ.2003) Agonist- and nerve-induced phasic activity in the isolated whole bladder of the guinea pig: Evidence for two types of bladder activity. Exp Physiol 88(3): 343-357 (Pubitemid 36626381)
55. Griebling TL, Kraus SR, Richter HE, Glasser DB, CarlssonM(2009) Tolterodine extended release is well tolerated in older subjects. Int J Clin Pract 63(8):1198-1204
56. Grol S, Essers PBM, Van Koeveringe GA, Martinez-Martinez P, de Vente J, Gillespie J.I.2009a) M3 muscarinic receptor expression on suburothelial interstitial cells. BJU Int 104:398-405
57. Gunasena KT, Nimmo AJ, Morrison JF, Whitaker EM.1995) Effects of denervation on muscarinic receptors in the rat bladder. Br J Urol 76(3):291-296
58. Hanna-Mitchell AT, Beckel JM, Barbadora S, Kanai AJ, de Groat WC, Birder LA (2007) Nonneuronal acetylcholine and urinary bladder urothelium. Life Sci 80(24-25):2298-2302 (Pubitemid 46818280)
59. Harrison SC, Hunnam GR, Farman P, Ferguson DR, Doyle PT.1987) Bladder instability and denervation in patients with bladder outflow obstruction. Br J Urol 60(6):519-522 (Pubitemid 18002594)
60. Hawthorn MH, Chapple CR, Cock M, Chess-Williams R.2000) Urothelium-derived inhibitory factor(s) influence detrusor muscle contractility in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 129:416-419 (Pubitemid 30083861)
61. Hedlund P, Streng T, Lee T, Andersson K-E (2007) Effects of tolterodine on afferent neurotransmission in normal and resiniferatoxin treated conscious rats. J Urol 178:326-331 (Pubitemid 46898458)
62. 2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder of rats in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 120:1409-1418 (Pubitemid 27192429)
63. Hegde SS, Eglen R.1999) Muscarinic receptor subtypes modulating smooth muscle contractility on the urinary bladder. Life Sci 64(6-7):419-428 (Pubitemid 29066688)
64. Hegde SS, Mammen M, Jasper JR.2004) Antimuscarinics for the treatment of overactive bladder: Current options and emerging therapies. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 5(1):40-49 (Pubitemid 38559323)
65. Hill S, Khullar V, Wyndaele JJ et a.L.2006) Dose response with darifenacin, a novel once-daily M3 selective receptor antagonist for the treatment of overactive bladder: Results of a fixed dose study. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 17:239-247
66. 2 or M3 receptors. J Urol 172(Part 1 of 2):2460-2464 (Pubitemid 39507553)
67. Iijima K, De Wachter S, Wyndaele JJ.2007) Effects of the M3 receptor selective muscarinic antagonist darifenacin on bladder afferent activity of the rat pelvic nerve. Eur Urol 52:842-849 (Pubitemid 47126153)
68. Ikeda K, Kobayashi S, Suzuki M, Miyata K, Takeuchi M, Yamada T, Honda K.2002) M(3) receptor antagonism by the novel antimuscarinic agent solifenacin in the urinary bladder and salivary gland. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 366(2):97-103 (Pubitemid 34762267)
69. Inadome A, Yoshida M, Takahashi W, Yono M, Seshita H, Miyamoto Y, Kawano T, Ueda S.1998) Prejunctional muscarinic receptors modulating acetylcholine release in rabbit detrusor smooth muscles. Urol Int 61:135-141 (Pubitemid 29074167)
70. Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S et a.L.2006) Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: Results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol 50:1306-1315 (Pubitemid 44692945)
71. 2+ signaling in interstitial cells of Cajal from the guinea pig bladder. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294(3):F645-F655 (Pubitemid 351442236)
72. Jositsch G, Papdakis T, Haberberger RV, Wolff M, Wess J, Kummer W.2009) Suitability of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies for immunohistochemistry evaluated on tissue sections of receptor gene-deficient mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 379:389-395
73. Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, Dmochowski R et a.L.2006) Tolterodine extended release improves overactive bladder symptoms in men with overactive bladder and nocturia. Urology 68(2): 328-332 (Pubitemid 44175507)
74. Kay GG, Ebinger U.2008) Preserving cognitive function for patients with overactive bladder: Evidence for a differential effect with darifenacin. Int J Clin Pract 62(11):1792-1800
75. Khullar V, Rovner ES, Dmochowski R, Nitti V, Wang J, Guan Z (2008) Fesoterodine DOSE response in subjects with overactive bladder syndrome. Urology 71(5):839-843
76. Kim JC, Yoo JS, Park EY, Hong SH, Seo SI, Hwang TK (2008) Muscarinic and purinergic receptor expression in the urothelium of rats with detrusor overactivity induced by bladder outlet obstruction. BJU Int 101:371-375
77. Kinder RB, Mundy AR.1985) Atropine blockade of nerve-mediated stimulation of the human detrusor. Br J Urol 57:418-421 (Pubitemid 15226379)
78. Kobayashi F, Yageta Y, Segawa M, Matsuzawa S.2007a) Effects of imidafenacin (KRP-197/ ONO-8025), a new anti-cholinergic agent, on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. High affinities for M3 and M1 receptor subtypes and selectivity for urinary bladder over salivary gland. Arzneimittelforschung 57(2):92-100 (Pubitemid 46383949)
79. Kobayashi F, Yageta Y, Yamazaki T, Wakabayashi E, Inoue M, Segawa M, Matsuzawa S.2007b) Pharmacological effects of imidafenacin (KRP-197/ONO-8025), a new bladder selective anticholinergic agent, in rats. Comparison of effects on urinary bladder capacity and contraction, salivary secretion and performance in the Morris water maze task. Arzneimittelforschung 57(3):147-154 (Pubitemid 46580657)
80. Krichevsky VP, Pagala MK, Vaydovsky I, Damer V, Wise GJ.1999) Function of M3 muscarinic receptor in the rat urinary bladder following partial outlet obstruction. J Urol 161:1644-1650 (Pubitemid 29420855)
81. Krishnamoorthy S, Kekre NS.2009) Detrusor underactivity: To tone or not to tone the bladder? Indian J Urol 25(3):407-408
82. 2+ responses in cultured urothelial cells from rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294:F971-F981
83. Lamers WH (2009) BJUI Letters. BJU Int 104:1538-1539
84. Lazareno S, Birdsall NJ.1993) Pharmacological characterization of acetylcholine-stimulated [35S]-GTP gamma S binding mediated by human muscarinic m1-m4 receptors: Antagonist studies. Br J Pharmacol 109(4):1120-1127 (Pubitemid 23216781)
85. Lazareno S, Buckley NJ, Roberts F.F.1990) Characterization of muscarinic M4 binding sites in rabbit lung, chicken heart, and NG108-15 cells. Mol Pharmacol 38(6):805-815
86. Lee S, Malhotra B, Creanga D, Carlsson M, Glue P.2009) A meta-analysis of the placebo response in antimuscarinic drug trials for overactive bladder. BMC Med Res Methodol 9:55
87. Longhurst PA, Leggett RE, Briscoe AK (1995) Characterization of the functional muscarinic receptors in the rat urinary bladder. Br J Pharmacol 116:2279-2285
88. Madeiro AP, Rufino AC, Sartori MGF, Baracat EC, Lima GR, Girao MJ.2006) The effects of bethanechol and cisapride on urodynamic parameters in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. A randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 17:248-252
89. Mansfield KJ, Lui L, Michelson FJ, Moore KH, Millard RJ, Burcher E.2005) Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human bladder detrusor and mucosa, studied by radioligand binding and quantitative competitive RT-PCR: Changes in ageing. Br J Pharmacol 144:1089-1099 (Pubitemid 40593007)
90. Mansfield KJ, Chandran JJ, Vaux KJ, Millard RJ, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson FJ, Burcher E.2009) Comparison of receptor binding characteristics of commonly used muscarinic antagonists in human bladder detrusor and mucosa. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 328(3):893-899
91. 2+ release to contraction in human bladder smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 127:996-1002 (Pubitemid 29295360)
92. Masunaga K, Yoshida M, Inadome A, Murakami S, Sugiyama Y, Satoji Y, Maeda Y, Ueda S.2008) Pharmacogical effects of solifenacin on human isolated urinary bladder. Pharmacology 82(1):43-52 (Pubitemid 351931409)
93. Masunaga K, Yoshida M, Inadome A, Iwashita H, Miyamae K, Ueda S.2006) Prostaglandin E2 release from isolated bladder strips in rats with spinal cord injury. Int J Urol 13(3): 271-276
94. 2 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are devoid of cholinergic smooth muscle contractions but still viable. J Neurosci 22:10627-10632 (Pubitemid 36005136)
95. Matsui M, Yamada S, Oki T, Manabe S, Taketo MM, Ehlert FJ.2004) Functional analysis of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using knockout mice. Life Sci 75:2971-2981 (Pubitemid 39330580)
96. 2 andM3 muscarinic receptor subtypes in modulation of bladder afferent activity in rats. Urology 75(4):862-867
97. McCloskey KD.2010) Interstitial cells in the urinary bladder-localization and function. Neurourol Urodyn 29(1):82-87
98. Michel MC, Hegde SS.2006) Treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome with muscarinic receptor antagonists: A matter of metabolites? Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 374(2):79-85 (Pubitemid 44657614)
99. Michel MC, Weiland T, Tsujimoto G.2009) How reliable are G-protein coupled receptor antibodies? Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 379:385-388
100. Miller K, DuBeau C, Bergmann M et a.L.2002) How does drug treatment improve urge incontinence? Neurourol Urodyn 32:186-199
101. Mills IW, Greenland JE, McMurray G et a.L.2000) Studies of the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor instability: The physiological properties of the detrusor smooth muscle and its pattern of innervation. J Urol 163:646-651 (Pubitemid 30060541)
102. Miyamoto Y, Yoshida M, Takahashi W, Inadome A, Yono M, Seshita H, Murakami S, Ueda S.2001) The effect of nitric oxide on acetylcholine release in the rabbit bladder. Eur J Pharmacol 428:59-67 (Pubitemid 32971758)
103. Mori S, Kojima M, Sakai Y, Nakajima K.1999) Bladder dysfunction in dementia patients showing urinary incontinence: Evaluation with cystometry and treatment with propiverine hydrochloride. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 36(7):489-494 (Pubitemid 29486929)
104. 2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in human bladder disorders and their clinical correlations. J Urol 176(1):367-373 (Pubitemid 43833174)
105. Ney P, Kumar Pandita R, Newgreen DT, Breidenbach A, Stöhr T, Andersson KE (2008) Pharmacological characterisation of a novel investigational antimuscarinic drug, fesoterodine, in vitro and in vivo. BJU Int 101:1036-1042 (Pubitemid 351422555)
106. Nilvebrant L, Andersson KE, Gillberg PG et a.L.1997) Tolterodine: A new bladder-selective antimuscarinic agent. Eur J Pharmacol 327:195
107. Noronha-Blob L, Lowe V, Patton A, Canning B, Costello D, Kinnier WJ.1989) Muscarinic receptors: Relationships among phosphoinositide breakdown, adenylate cyclase inhibition, in vitro detrusor muscle contractions and in vivo cystometrogram studies in guinea pig bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 249:843-851 (Pubitemid 19166666)
108. Novara G, Galfano A, Secco S, D'Elia C, Cavalleri S, Ficarra V, Artibani W.2008) A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with antimuscarinic drugs for overactive bladder. Eur Urol 54:740-764
109. Ohtake A, Saitoh C, Yuyama H, Ukai M, Okutsu H, Noguchi Y, Hatanaka T, Suzuki M, Sato S, Sasamata M, Miyata K.2007) Pharmacological characterization of a new antimuscarinic agent, solifenacin succinate, in comparison with other antimuscarinic agents. Biol Pharm Bull 30(1):54-58 (Pubitemid 46066319)
110. Persson K, Igawa Y, Mattiasson A, Andersson KE (1992) Effects of inhibition of the L-arginine/ nitric oxide pathway in the rat lower urinary tract in vivo and in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 107(1): 178-184
111. Peters SLM, Schmidt M, Michel MC.2006) Rho kinase. A target for treating urinary bladder dysfunction? Trends Pharmacol Sci 27:492-497 (Pubitemid 44233691)
112. 2 muscarinic receptor mediates in vitro bladder contractions from patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286:R874-R880 (Pubitemid 38506833)
113. Pradidarcheep W, Labruyere WT, Dabhoiwala NF, Lamers WH (2008) Lack of specificity of commercially available antisera: better specifications needed. J Histochem Cytochem 56: 1099-1111
114. Pradidarcheep W, Stallen J, Labruyere WT, Dabhoiwala NF, Michel MC.2009) Lack of specificity of commercially available antisera against muscarinergic and adrenergic receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 379:397-402
115. Reilly K, Milsom I, Irwin D et a.L.2006) Prevalence of incontinence and overactive bladder: European results from the EPIC study. Eur Urol 5(Suppl):116
116. Reitstetter R, He DS, Gruener R.1994) Oxotremorine-M activates single nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels in cultured Xenopus myocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 264(1):27-32 (Pubitemid 24310829)
117. Reynard JM.2004) Does anticholinergic medication have a role for men with lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia either alone or in combination with other agents? Curr Opin Urol 14(1):13-16 (Pubitemid 39186207)
118. Ronchi P, Gravina GL, Galatioto GP, Costa AM, Martella O, Vicentini C.2009) Urodynamic parameters after solifenacin treatment in men with overactive bladder symptoms and detrusor underactivity. Neurourol Urodyn 28:52-57
119. Ruggieri MR, Braverman AS.2006) Regulation of bladder muscarinic receptor subtype by experimental pathologies. Auton Autocoid Pharmacol 26:311-325 (Pubitemid 43898629)
120. Saito M, Kondo A, Kato T, Hasegawa S, Miyake K.1993) Response of the human neurogenic bladder to KCl, carbachol, ATP and CaCl2. Br J Urol 72(3):298-302 (Pubitemid 23280595)
121. Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Yoshiyama M, Yamanishi T, Hattori T.2005) Preliminary communication: urodynamic assessment of donepezil hydrochloride in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurourol Urodyn 24(3):273-275 (Pubitemid 40617103)
122. Sand P, Zinner N, Newman D, Lucente V, Dmochowski R, Kelleher C, Dahl NV (2007) Oxybutynin transdermal system improves the quality of life in adults with overactive bladder: A multi-centre, community-based, randomized study. BJU Int 99(4):836-844 (Pubitemid 46439555)
123. Schneider T, Fetscher C, Krege S, Michel MC.2004) Signal transduction underlying carbacholinduced contraction of human urinary bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309:1148-1153 (Pubitemid 38669703)
124. 2 muscarinic acetylchline receptor knock-out mice show deficits in behavioural flexibility, working memory and hippocampal plasticity. J Neurosci 24:10117-10127 (Pubitemid 39492037)
125. 2 mediated contraction of the porcine detrusor muscle in vitro. J Auton Pharmacol 20(3):171-176 (Pubitemid 32050062)
126. Sibley GNA (1984) A comparison of spontaneous and nerve-mediated activity in bladder muscle from man, pig and rabbit. J Physiol 354:431-443 (Pubitemid 14066377)
127. Sink KM, Thomas J III, Xu H, Craig B, Kritchevsky S, Sands LP.2008) Dual use of bladder anticholinergics and cholinesterase inhibitors: Long-term functional and cognitive outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc 56(5):847-853 (Pubitemid 351652414)
128. Sjogren C, Andersson KE, Husted S, Mattiasson A, Moller-Madsen B.1982) Atropine resistance of transmurally stimulated isolated human bladder muscle. J Urol 128:1368-1371 (Pubitemid 13191036)
129. Somogyi GT, de Groat WC.1999) Function, signal transduction mechanisms and plasticity of presynaptic muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder. Life Sci 64(6-7):411-418 (Pubitemid 29066687)
130. Somogyi GT, Tanowitz M, De Groat WC.1994) M1 muscarinic receptor-mediated facilitation of acetylcholine release in the rat urinary bladder. J Physiol 480(Pt 1):81-89 (Pubitemid 24310001)
131. Somogyi GT, Zernova GV, Yoshiyama M, Yamamoto T, de Groat WC.1998) Frequency dependence of muscarinic facilitation of transmitter release in urinary bladder strips from neurally intact or chronic spinal cord transected rats. Br J Pharmacol 125(2):241-246 (Pubitemid 28425186)
132. Somogyi GT, Yokoyama EA, Szell EA, Smith CP, de Groat WC, Huard J, Chancellor MB.2002) Effect of cryoinjury on the contractile parameters of bladder strips: A model of impaired detrusor contractility. Brain Res Bull 59:23-28
133. Staskin DR.2005) Overactive bladder in the elderly: A guide to pharmacological management. Drugs Aging 22(12):1013-1028 (Pubitemid 41821440)
134. Staskin DR, Robinson D.2009) Oxybutynin chloride topical gel: A new formulation of an established antimuscarinic therapy for overactive bladder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 10(18): 3103-3111
135. 2 andM4 receptor knockout mice: Muscarinic receptor function in cardiac and smooth muscle in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292:877-885 (Pubitemid 30136578)
136. Stevens LA, Sellers DJ, McKay NG, Chapple CR, Chess-Williams R.2006) Muscarinic receptor function, density and G-protein coupling in the overactive diabetic rat bladder. Auton Autocoid Pharmacol 26(3):303-309 (Pubitemid 43898628)
137. Stevens LA, Cr C, Chess-Williams R.2007) Human idiopathic and neurogenic overactive bladders and the role of M(2) muscarinic receptors in contraction. Eur Urol 52(2):531-538 (Pubitemid 46963430)
138. Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW et a.L.2003) Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol 20:327-336 (Pubitemid 44175300)
139. Sui GP, Wu C, Fry C.2004) Electrical characteristics of suburothelial cells isolated from the human bladder. J Urol 171:938-943 (Pubitemid 38090538)
140. Takeuchi T, Yamashiro N, Kawasaki T, Nakajima H, Azuma YT, Matusui M.2008) The role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in acetylcholine release from the urinary bladder obtained from muscarinic receptor knockout mouse. Neuroscience 156:381-389
141. Taylor JA, Kuchel GA (2006) Detrusor underactivity: Clinical features and pathogenesis of an underdiagnosed geriatric condition. J Am Geriatr Soc 54:1920-1932 (Pubitemid 44915838)
142. Tobin G, Sjogren C.1998) Prejunctional facilitatory and inhibitory modulation of parasympathetic nerve transmission in the rabbit urinary bladder. J Auton Nerv Syst 68:153-156 (Pubitemid 28218209)
143. 2 muscarinic receptor protein and mRNA expression in the urothelium and muscle layer of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat urinary bladder. Neurosci Lett 406:216-221
144. 2- and M4-receptor-deficient mice. Br J Pharmacol 138(3):469-480 (Pubitemid 36277682)
145. Trendelenburg AU, Meyer A, Wess J, Starke K.2005) Distinct mixtures of muscarinic receptor subtypes mediate inhibition of noradrenaline release in different mouse peripheral tissues, as studied with receptor knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 145(8):1153-1159 (Pubitemid 43079988)
146. Tubaro A.2004) Defining overactive bladder: Epidemiology and burden of disease. Urology 64(6 Suppl 1):2-6 (Pubitemid 40038567)
147. Tyagi S, Tyagi P, Van-le S, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB, de Miguel F.2006) Qualitative and quantitative expression profile of muscarinic receptors in human urothelium and detrusor. J Urol 176:1673-1678 (Pubitemid 44307245)
148. Wagg A, Wyndaele JJ, Sieber P.2006) Efficacy and tolerability of solifenacin in elderly subjects with overactive bladder syndrome: A pooled
149. Wang P, Luthin GR, Ruggieri MR.1995) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes mediating urinary bladder contractility and coupling to GTP binding proteins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:959-966
150. Wein AJ, Malloy TR, Shofer F, Raezer DM.1980) The effects of bethanechol chloride on urodynamic parameters in normal women and in women with significant residual urine volumes. J Urol 124:397-399 (Pubitemid 10004784)
151. Wessler I, Roth E, Deutsch C, Brockerhoff P, Bittinger F, Kirkpatrick CJ, Kilbinger H.2001) Release of non-neuronal acetylcholine from the isolated human placenta is mediated by organic cation transports. Br J Pharmacol 134:951-956 (Pubitemid 33052153)
152. Wibberley A, Chen Z, Hu E, Hieble JP, Westfall TD.2003) Expression and functional role of Rho-kinase in rat urinary bladder smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 138:757-766 (Pubitemid 36390631)
153. Womack KB, Heilman KM.2003) Tolterodine and memory: dry but forgetful. Arch Neurol 60(5):771-773 (Pubitemid 36569899)
154. Wu C, Bayliss M, Newgreen D, Mundy AR, Fry CH (1999) A comparison of the mode of action of ATP and carbachol on isolated human detrusor smooth muscle. J Urol 162:1840-1847 (Pubitemid 29474739)
155. Wuest M, Weiss A, Waelbroeck M, Braeter M, Kelly LU, Hakenberg OW, Ravens U.2006) Propiverine and metabolites: differences in binding to muscarinic receptors and in functional models of detrusor contraction. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 374(2):87-97 (Pubitemid 44657615)
156. Yamada M, Miyakawa T, Duttaroy A, Yamanaka A, Moriguchi T, Makita R, McKinzie DL, Felder CC, Deng CX, Faraci FM, Wess J.2001) Mice lacking the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor are hypophagic and lean. Nature 410:207-212 (Pubitemid 32216592)
157. Yamaguchi O, Shishido K, Tamura K, Ogawa T, Fujimura T, Ohtsuka M.1996) Evaluation of mRNAs encoding muscarinic receptor subtypes in human detrusor muscle. J Urol 156: 1208-1213 (Pubitemid 26271381)
158. 2-muscarinic receptors in mediating contraction of the pig urinary bladder in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 131(7):1482-1488
159. Yamazaki T, Muraki Y, Anraku T.2011) In vivo bladder selectivity of imidafenacin, a novel antimuscarinic agent, assessed by using an effectiveness index for bladder capacity in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 384:319-329
160. Yokota T, Yamaguchi O (1996) Changes in cholinergic and purinergic neurotransmission in pathologic bladder of chronic spinal rabbit. J Urol 156(5):1862-1866 (Pubitemid 26344071)
161. Yokoyama O, Yusup A, Miwa Y, Oyama N, Aoki Y, Akino H.2005) Effects of tolterodine on an overactive bladder depend on suppression of C-fiber bladder afferent activity in rats. J Urol 174(5):2032-2036 (Pubitemid 41547018)
162. Yoshida M, Miyamae K, Iwashita H, Otani M, Inadome A.2004) Management of detrusor dysfunction in the elderly: Changes in acetylcholine and adenosine triphosphate release during aging. Urology 63:17-23 (Pubitemid 38317358)
163. Yoshida M, Inadome A, Maeda Y, Satoji Y, Masunaga K, Sugiyama Y, Murakami S.2006) Non-neuronal cholinergic system in human bladder urothelium. Urology 67:425-430 (Pubitemid 43189886)
164. Zagorodnyuk VP, Gregory S, Costa M, Brookes SJ, Tramontana M, Giuliani S, Maggi CA (2009) Spontaneous release of acetylcholine from autonomic nerves in the bladder. Br J Pharmacol 157(4):607-619
165. Zarghooni S, Wunsch J, Bodenbenner M, Bruggmann D, Grando SA, Schwantes U, Wess J, Kummer W, Lips KS.2007) Expression of muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse urothelium. Life Sci 80:2308-2313 (Pubitemid 46818267)