The pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence

BJU International

Volumn 84, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 923-947

  Andersson, K E ^a   Appell, R ^b   Cardozo, L D ^c   Chapple, C ^d   Drutz, H P ^h   Finkbeiner, A E ^e   Haab, F ^f   Navarrete, R Vela ^g  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d ROYAL HALLAMSHIRE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES   (United States)

^f Urogynecology Unit   (France)

^g UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

^h NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALFUZOSIN; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ATROPINE; BACLOFEN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CAPSAICIN; CLENBUTEROL; DICYCLOVERINE; DOXAZOSIN; DULOXETINE; ESTROGEN; FLAVOXATE; IMIPRAMINE; MUSCARINIC AGENT; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; OXYBUTYNIN; POTASSIUM CHANNEL STIMULATING AGENT; PRAZOSIN; PROPIVERINE; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; RESINIFERATOXIN; TAMSULOSIN; TERAZOSIN; TERODILINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASOPRESSIN DERIVATIVE;

BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRESS INCONTINENCE; URINE INCONTINENCE;

ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; HORMONES; HUMANS; ION CHANNELS; MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS; URINARY BLADDER DISEASES; URINARY INCONTINENCE;

EID: 0032715612     PISSN: 14644096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410X.1999.00397.x     Document Type: Review

References (280)

1. 1 Andersson K-E. Pharmacology of lower urinary tract smooth muscles and penile erectile tissues. Pharmacol Rev 1993; 45: 253-308
2. 2 de Groat WC, Booth AM, Yoshimura N. Neurophysiology of micturition and its modification in animal models of human disease. In Maggi CA, ed, The Autonomic Nervous System. Nervous Control of the Urogenital System, Vol 6, Chapter 8. London: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993: 227-89
3. 3 Kelleher CJ, Cardozo LD, Khullar V, Salvatore S. A medium-term analysis of the subjective efficacy of treatment for women with detrusor instability and low bladder compliance. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 988-93
4. 4 Andersson K-E. Current concepts in the treatment of disorders of micturition. Drugs 1988; 35: 477-94
5. 5 Wall LL. Diagnosis and management of urinary incontinence due to detrusor instability. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1990; 45: 1S-47S
6. 6 Downie JW. Pharmacological treatment of incontinence and voiding disorders. Curr Opin Urol 1993; 3: 280-3
7. 7 Kroner BA, Garnett WR. Pharmacotherapy trials of urinary incontinence in the geriatric patient: a review of current literature findings. J Geriatr Drug Ther 1993; 7: 23-55
8. 8 Wein AJ. Pharmacology of incontinence. Urol Clin N Am 1995; 22: 557-77
9. 2x-purinoceptors and for purinergic transmission. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 174: 115-8
10. 10 Luheshi GN, Zar MA. Presence of non-cholinergic motor transmission in human isolated bladder. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990; 42: 223-4
11. 11 Ruggieri MR, Whitmore KE, Levin RM. Bladder purinergic receptors. J Urol 1990; 144: 176-81
12. 12 Sjögren C, Andersson K-E, Husted S, Mattiasson A, Møller-Madsen B. Atropine resistance of the transmurally stimulated isolated human bladder. J Urol 1982; 128: 1368-71
13. 15 Smith DJ, Chapple CR. In vitro response of human bladder smooth muscle in unstable obstructed male bladders: a study of pathophysiological causes? Neurourol Urodyn 1994; 134: 14-5
14. 14 Palea S, Artibani W, Ostardo E, Trist DG, Pietra C. Evidence for purinergic neurotransmission in human urinary bladder affected by interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1495; 150: 2007-12
15. 15 Wammack R, Weihe E, Dienes H-P, Hohenfellner R. Die Neurogene Blase in vitro. Akt Urol 1995; 26: 16-8
16. 16 Resnick NM, Yalla SW, Laurino E. The pathophysiology of urinary incontinence among institutionalized elderly persons. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1-7
17. 17 Geirsson G, Fall M, Lindström S. Subtypes of overactive bladder in old age. Age Aging 1993; 22: 125-31
18. 18 Brading AF. A myogenic basis for the overactive bladder. Urology 1997; 50: 57-67
19. 19 de Groat WC. A neurological basis for the overactive bladder. Urology 1997; 50: 36-52
20. 20 Low JA. Urethral behaviour during the involuntary detrusor contraction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 128: 32-9
21. 21 Cardozo LD, Stanton SL. An objective comparison of the effects of parenterally administered drug in patients suffering from detrusor instability. J Urol 1979; 122: 58-9
22. 22 Blaivas JG, Labib KB, Michalik J, Zayed AAH. Cystometric response to propantheline in detrusor hyperreflexia: therapeutic implications. J Urol 1980; 124: 259-62
23. 23 Naglo AS, Nergårdh A, Boréus LO. Influence of atropine and isoprenaline on detrusor hyperactivity in children with neurogenic bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1981; 15; 97-102
24. 24 Ritch AES, Castleden CM, George CF, Hall MRP. A second look at emepronium bromide in urinary incontinence. Lancet 1977; 1: 504-6
25. 25 Walther S, Hansen J, Hansen L, Maegaard E, Meyhoff E, Nordling J. Urinary incontinence in old age. A controlled trial of emepronium bromide. Br J Urol 1982; 54: 249-51
26. 26 Bonnesen T, Tikjob G, Kamper AL, Nielsen AM, Andersen JT, Jorgensen SJ. Effect of emepronium bromide (Cetiprin) on symptoms and urinary bladder function after transurethral resection of the prostate. A double-blind randomized trial. Urol Int 1984; 39: 318-20
27. 27 Zorzitto ML, Jewett MAS, Fernie GR, Holliday PJ, Bartlett S. Effectiveness of propantheline bromide in the treatment of geriatric patients with detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn 1986; 5: 133-40
28. 28 Pietzko A, Dimpfel W, Schwantes U, Topfmeier P. Influence of trospium chloride and oxybutynin on quantitative EEG in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 47: 337-43
29. 29 Caulfield MP. Muscarinic receptors - characterization, coupling and function. Pharmacol Ther 1993; 58: 319-79
30. 30 Eglen RM, Hegde SS, Watson N. Muscarinic receptor subtypes and smooth muscle function. Pharmacol Rev 1996; 48: 531-65
31. 31 Hegde SS, Eglen RM. Muscarinic receptor subtypes modulating smooth muscle contractility in the urinary bladder. Life Sci 1999; 64: 419-28
32. 32 Harriss DR, Marsh KA, Birmingham AT, Hill SJ. Expression of muscarinic M3-receptors coupled to inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in human detrusor cultured smooth muscle cells. J Urol 1995; 154: 1241-5
33. 33 Kondo S, Morita T, Tashima Y. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in human detrusor muscle studied by labeled and nonlabeled pirenzepine, AFDX-116, and 4DAMP. Urol Int 1995; 54: 150-3
34. 34 Yamaguchi O, Shisda K, Tamura K, Ogawa T, Fujimura T, Ohtsuka M. Evaluation of mRNAs encoding muscarinic receptor subtypes in human detrusor muscle. J Urol 1996; 156: 1208-13
35. 35 Wang P, Luthin GR, Ruggieri MR. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes mediating urinary bladder contractility and coupling to GTP binding proteins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 273: 959-6
36. 36 Longhurst PA, Leggett RE, Briscoe JAK. Characterization of the functional muscarinic receptors in the rat urinary bladder. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 116: 2279-85
37. 3 muscarinic receptors in the urinary bladder of rats in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 120: 1409-18
38. 38 Newgreen DT, Anderson CWP, Carter AJ, Naylor AM. Darifenacin - a novel bladder-selective agent for the treatment of urge incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 1995; 14: 95-6
39. 3 antagonist. Pharmacol Res 1995; 31: 54
40. 40 Yamamoto T, Koibuchi Y, Miura S et al. Effects of vamicamide on urinary bladder functions in conscious dog and rat models of urinary frequency. J Urol 1995; 154: 2174-8
41. 41 Watson N, Reddy H, Stefanich E, Eglen RM. Characterization of the interaction of zamifenacin at muscarinic receptors in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 285: 135-42
42. 42 Ekström B, Andersson K-E, Mattiasson A. Urodynamic effects of intravesical instillation of atropine and phentolamine in patients with detrusor hyperactivity. J Utol 1992; 149: 155-8
43. 43 Glickman S, Tsokkos N, Shah PJ. Intravesical atropine and suppression of detrusor hypercontractility in the neuropathic bladder. A preliminary study. Paraplegia 1995; 33: 36-9
44. 44 Thüroff JW, Bunke B, Ebner A et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial on treatment of frequency, urgency and incontinence related to detrusor hyperactivity: oxybutynin versus propantheline vesus placebo. J Urol 1991; 145: 813-7
45. 45 Holmes DM, Montz FJ, Stanton SL. Oxybutinin versus propanthelinc in the management of detrusor instability. A patient-regulated variable dose trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 607-12
46. 46 Leys D. Value of propantheline bromide in treatment of enuresis. Br Med J 1956; 1: 549
47. 47 Sundwall J, Vessman J, Strindberg B. Fate of emepronium bromide (Cetiprin) in relation to its pharmacological effect. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1973; 6: 191-5
48. 48 Bagger PV, Fischer-Rasmussen W, Hansen R. Emepronium carrageenate: Clinical effects and urinary excretion in treatment of female urge incontinence. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1985; 19: 31-5
49. 49 Massey JA, Abrams P. Dose titration in clinical trials: an example using emepronium carrageenate in detrusor instability. Br J Urol 1986; 58: 125-8
50. 50 Wein AJ. Pharmacologic treatment of incontinence. Am Geriatric Soc 1990; 38: 317-25
51. 51 Antweiler H. Zur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie von Azoniaspiranen in der Nortropin-bzw. Pseudonortropin-Reihe. Arzneimittel Forsch/Drug Res 1966; 16: 1581-3
52. 52 Schladitz-Keil G, Spahn H, Mutschler E. Determination of bioavailability of the quaternary ammonium compound trospium chloride in man from urinary excretion data. Arzneimittel Forsch/Drug Res 1986; 30: 984-7
53. ®) in the treatment of urine incontinence. Therapiewoche 1992; 42: 302-7
54. 54 Madersbacher H, Stöhrer M, Richter R, Giannetti BM, Murtz G. High-dose administration of trospium chloride in the treatment of detrusor hyperreflexia. Urologe Ausg A 1991; 30: 260-3
55. 55 Stöhrer M, Bauer P, Giannetti BM, Richter R, Burgdorfer H, Murtz G. Effect of trospium chloride on urodynamic parameters in patients with detrusor hyperreflexia due to spinal cord injuries: a multicentre placebo controlled double-blind trial. Urol Int 1991; 47: 13-43
56. 56 Madersbacher H, Stöhrer M, Richter R, Burgdorfer H, Hachen HJ, Murtz G. Trospium chloride versus oxybutynin: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre trial in the treatment of detrusor hyper-reflexia. Br J Urol 1995; 75: 452-6
57. 57 Nilvebrant L, Andersson K-E, Gillberg P-G, Stahl M, Sparf B. Tolterodine - a new bladder selective antimuscarinic agent. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 327: 195-207
58. 58 Nilvebrant L, Hallén B, Larsson G. Tolterodine - A new bladder selective muscarinic receptor antagonist: preclinical pharmacological and clinical data. Life Sci 1997; 60: 1129-36
59. 59 Hills CJ, Winter SA, Balfour JA. Tolterodine. Drugs 1998; 55: 813-20
60. 60 Stahl MMS, Ekström B, Sparf B, Mattiasson A, Andersson K-E. Urodynamic and other effects of tolterodine: a novel antimuscarinic drug for the treatment of detrusor overactivity. Neurourol Urodyn 1995; 14: 647-55
61. 61 Nilvebrant L, Gillberg PG, Sparf B. Antimuscarinic potency and bladder selectivity of PNU-200577, a major metabolite of tolterodine. Pharmacol Toxicol 1947; 81: 169-72
62. 62 Brynne N, Stahl MMS, Hallén B et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolterodine in man: a new drug for the treatment of urinary bladder overactivity. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 35: 287-95
63. 63 Brynne N, Dalen P, Alvan G, Bertilsson L, Gabrielsson J. Influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolterodine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 63: 529-39
64. 64 Appell RA. Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis, Urology 1997; 50: 90-6
65. 65 Jonas U, Hofner K, Madesbacher H, Holmdahl TH. Efficacy and safety of two doses of tolterodine versus placebo in patients with detrusor overactivity and symptoms of frequency, urge incontinence, and urgency: urodynamic evaluation. World J Urol 1997; 15: 144-51
66. 66 Rentzhog L, Stanton SL, Cardozo L., Nelson E, Fall M, Abrams P. Efficacy and safety of tolterodine in patients with detrusor instability: a dose-ranging study. Br J Urol 1998; 81: 42-8
67. 67 Abrams P, Freeman RN, Anderström C, Mattiasson A. Efficacy and tolerability of tolterodine vs. oxybutynin and placebo in patients with detrusor instability. J Urol 1997; 157: 103 (Abstract 402)
68. 68 Van Kerrebroeck PHEVA, Serment G, Dreher E. Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine compared to oxybutynin in patients with overactive bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 1997; 16: 478-9
69. 69 Alabaster VA. Discovery and development of selective M, antagonists for clinical use. Life Sci 1997; 60: 1053-60
70. 70 Wallis RM, Burgers RA, Cross PE, Mackenzie AR, Newgreen DT, Quinn P. Darifenacin, a selective muscarinic M3 antagonist. Pharmacol Res 1995; 31 (suppl): 54
71. 71 Rosario DJ, Leaker BR, Smith DJ, Chapple CR. A pilot study of the effects of multiple doses of the M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist darifenacin on ambulatory parameters of detrusor activity in patients with detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn 1995; 14: 464-5
72. 72 Andersson K-E, Forman A. Effects of calcium channel blockers on urinary tract smooth muscle. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1978; (Suppl. II): 90-5
73. 75 Rud T, Andersson K-E, Ulmsten U. Effects of nifedipine in women with unstable bladders. Urol Int 1979; 14; 421-9
74. 74 Laval KU, Lutzeyer W. Spontaneous phasic activity of the detrusor: a cause of uninhibited contractions in unstable bladder. Urol Int 1980; 35: 182-7
75. 75 Palmer JH, Worth PH, Exton-Smith AN. Flunarizine: a once daily therapy for urinary incontinence. Lancet 1981; 2: 279-81
76. 76 Faustini S, Salvini A, Pizzi P, Conti M, Magistretti MJ, Vescovini R. Experimental study on the action of diltiazem on detrusor muscle and clinical evaluation in patients with detrusor hyperactivity. Arzneimittel-Forsch/Drug Res 1989; 39: 899-903
77. 77 Mattiasson A, Ekström B, Andersson K-E. Effects of intravesical instillation of verapamil in patients with detrusor hvperactivity. J Urol 1989; 141: 174-7
78. 78 Babu R, Vaidyanathan S, Sankaranarayan A, Indudhara R. Effect of intravesical instillation of varying doses of verapamil (20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg) upon urinary bladder function in chronic traumatic paraplegics with overactive detrusor function. Int J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 28: 350-4
79. 79 Andersson K-E, Fovaeus M, Morgan E, McLorie G. Comparative effects of five different calcium channel blockers on the atropine resistant contraction in electrically stimulated rabbit urinary bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 1986; 5: 579-86
80. 80 Andersson K-E. Clinical pharmacology of potassium channel openers. Pharmacol Toxicol 1992; 70: 244-54
81. 81 Edwards G, Henshaw M, Miller M, Weston AH. Comparison of the effects of several potassium-channel openers on rat bladder and rat portal vein in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 102: 679-86
82. 82 Barras M, Van der Graf PH, Christophe P, Itzchak A. Relaxant efficacy of potassium channel openers in rabbit isolated bladder and mesenteric artery. Eur J Urol 1996; 30: 240 (Abstract 894)
83. 83 Hedlund H, Andersson K-E, Mattiasson A. Effects of pinacidil on detrusor instability in men with outlet obstruction J Urol 1991; 146; 1345-7
84. 84 Komersova K, Rogerson JW, Conway EL et al. The effect of levcromakalim (BRL 38227) on bladder function in patients with high spinal cord lesions. Br J Pharmacol 1995; 39: 207-9
85. 85 Howe BB, Halterman TJ, Yochim CL et al. Xenec ZD6169: a novel KATP channel opener with in vivo selectivity for urinary bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274: 884-90
86. 86 Masuda N, Uchida W, Shirai Y, Shibasaki K, Goto K, Takenaka T. Effect of the potassium channel opener YM934 on the contractile response to electrical field stimulation in pig detrusor smooth muscle. J Urol 1995; 154: 1914-20
87. 87 Connolly MJ, Astridge PS, White EG, Morley CA, Campbell Cowan J. Torsades de pointes complicating treatment with terodiline. Lancet 1991; 338: 344-5
88. 88 Stewart DA, Taylor J, Ghosh S et al. Terodiline causes polymorphic ventricular tachycardia due to reduced heart rate and prolongation of QT interval. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 42: 577-80
89. 89 Kachur JF, Peterson JS, Carter JP, Rzeszotarski WJ, Hanson RC, Noronha-Blob L. R and S enantiomcrs of oxybutynin: pharmacological effects in guinea pig bladder and intestine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 247: 867-72
90. 90 Nilvebrant L, Andersson K-e, Mattiasson A. Characterization of the muscarinic cholinoceptors in the human detrusor. J Urol 1985; 134: 418-23
91. 91 Waldeck K, Larsson R, Andersson K-E. Comparison of oxybutynin and its active metabolite, N-desethyl-oxybutynin, in the human detrusor and parotid gland. J Urol 1997; 157: 1093-7
92. 92 Nilvebrant L, Sparf B. Dicyclomine, benzhexol and oxybutynin distinguish between subclasses of muscarinic binding situs. Eur J Pharmacol 1986; 123: 133-43
93. 93 Norhona-Blob L, Kachur jF. Enantiomers of oxybutynin: in vitro pharmacological characterization at M1, M2 und M3 muscarinic receptors und in vivo effects on urinary bladder contraction, mydriasis and salivary secretion in guinea pigs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 256: 562-7
94. 94 Douchamps J, Derenne F, Stockis A, Gangji D, Juvent M, Herchuelz A. The pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1988; 35: 515-20
95. 95 Hughes KM, Lang JCT, Lazare R et al. Measurement of oxybutynin and its N-desethyl metabolite in plasma, and its application to pharmacokinetic studies in young, elderly and frail elderly volunteers. Xenobiotica 1992; 22: 859-69
96. 96 Ouslander JG, Blaustein J, Connor A, Orzeck S, Yong CL. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of oxybutynin in geriatric patients. J Urol 1988; 140: 47-50
97. 97 Yarker YE, Goa KL, Fitton A. Oxybutynin: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic use in detrusor instability. Drugs Aging 1995; 6: 241-62
98. 98 Moisey CU, Stephenson TP, Brendler CB. The urodynamic and subjective results of treatment of detrusor instability with oxybutynin chloride. Br J Urol 1980; 52: 472-5
99. 99 Cardozo LD, Cooper D, Versi E. Oxybutynin chloride in the management of idiopathic detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn 1987; 6: 256-7
100. 100 Thompson IM, Lauvetz R. Oxybutynin in bladder spasm, neurogenic bladder, and enuresis. Urology 1976; 8: 452-4
101. 101 Hehir M, Fitzpatrick JM. Oxybutynin and prevention of urinary incontinence in spina bifida. Eur Urol 1985; 11: 254-6
102. 102 Gajewski JB, Awad SA. Oxybutynin versus propantheline in patients with multiple sclerosis and detrusor hyperreflexia. J Urol 1986: 135: 966-8
103. 101 Zeegers AGM, Kiesswetter H, Kramer AEJ, Jonas U. Conservative therapy of frequency, urgency and urge incontinence: a double-blind clinical trial of flavoxate hydrochloride, oxybutinin chloride, emepronium bromide and placebo. World J Urol 1987; 5: 57-61
104. 104 Moore KH, Hay DM, Imrie AE, Watson A, Goldstein M. Oxybutynin hydrochloride (3 mg) in the treatment of women with idiopathic detrusor instability. Br J Urol 1990; 66: 479-85
105. 105 Tapp AJS, Cardozo LD, Versi E, Cooper D. The treatment of detrusor instability in post menopausal women with oxybutynin chloride: a double blind placebo controlled study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 521-6
106. 106 Amarenco G, Marquis P, McCarthy C, Richard F. Qualité de vie des femmes souffrant d'inpériosité mictionelle avec ou sans fuites: étude prospective après traitement par oxybutinine (1701 cas). Presse Med 1998; 27: 5-10
107. 107 Iselin CE, Schmidlin F, Borst F, Rohner S, Graber PJ. Oxybutynin in the treatment of early detrusor instability after transurethral resection of the prostate. Br J Urol 1997; 79: 915-9
108. 108 Ouslander JG, Schnelle JF, Uman G et al. Does oxybutynin add to the effectiveness of prompted voiding for urinary incontinence among nursing home residents? A placebo-controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 610-7
109. 109 Szonyi G, Collas DM, Ding YY, Malone-Lee JG. Oxybutynin with bladder retraining for detrusor instability in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Age Aging 1995; 24: 287-91
110. 110 Szollar SM, Lee SM. Intravesical oxybutynin for spinal cord injury patients. Spinal Cord 1996; 34: 284-7
111. 111 Kim YH, Bird ET, Priebe M, Boone TB. The role of oxybutynin in spinal cord injured patients with indwelling catheters. J Urol 1996; 158: 2083-6
112. 112 Brendler CB, Radebaugh LC, Mohler JL. Topical oxybutynin chloride for relaxation of dysfunctional bladders. J Urol 1989; 141: 1350-2
113. 113 Madersbacher H, Jilg G. Control of detrusor hyperrellexia by the intravesical instillation of oxybutynin hydrochloride. Paraplegia 1991; 29: 84-90
114. 114 O'Flynn KJ, Thomas DG. Intravesicular instillation of oxybutynin hydrochloride for detrusor hyperrellexia. Br J Urol 1993; 72: 566-70
115. 115 Weese DL, Roskamp DA, Leach GE, Zimmern PE. Intravesical oxybutynin chloride: experience with 42 patients. Urology 1993; 41: 527-30
116. 116 Mizunaga M, Miyata M, Kaneko S, Yachiku S, Chiba K. Intravesical instillation of oxybutynin hydrochloride therapy for patients with a neurogenic bladder. Paraplegia 1994; 32: 25-9
117. 117 Buyse G, Verpoorten C, Vereecken R, Casaer P. Treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in infants and children with neurospinal dysraphism with clean intermittent (self) catheterisation and optimized intravesical oxybulynin hydrochloride therapy. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1995; 5: 31-4
118. 118 Enzelsberger H, Helmer H, Kurz C. Intravesical instillation of oxybutynin in woman with idiopathic detrusor instability: a randomised trial. Eur J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 102: 929-30
119. 119 Madersbacher H, Knoll M. Intravesical application of oxybutynin: Mode of action in controlling detrusor hyperreflexia. Eur Urol 1995; 28: 340-4
120. 120 Kaplinsky R, Greenfield S, Wan J. Fera M. Expanded followup of intravesical oxybutynin use in children with neurogenic bladder. J Urol 1996; 156: 753-6
121. 121 Kasabian NG, Vlachiotis JD, Lais A et al. The use of intravesical oxybutynin chloride in patients with detrusor hypertonicity and detrusor hyperreflexia. J Urol 1994; 151: 444-5
122. 122 Palmer LS, Zebold K, Firlit CF, Kaplan WE. Complications of intravesical oxybutynin chloride therapy in the pediatric myelomeningocele population. J Urol 1997; 157: 638-40
123. 123 Collas D, Malone-Lee JG. The pharmacokinetic properties of rectal oxybutynin - a possible alternative to intravesical administration. Neurourol Urodyn 1997; 16: 346-7
124. 124 Nilsson CG, Lukkari E, Haarala M, Kivelä A, Hakonen T, Kiilholma P. Comparison of a 10-mg controlled release oxybutynin tablet with a 5-mg oxybutynin tablet in urge incontinent patients. Neurourol Urodyn 1997; 16: 533-42
125. ® oxybutynin for urge urinary incontinence. J Urol 1998; 159: 36 (Abstract 139)
126. 126 Baigrie RJ, Kelleher JP, Fawcett DP, Pengelly AW. Oxybutynin: is it safe? Br J Urol 1988; 62: 319-22
127. ®). Therapie 1992; 47: 389-92
128. 128 Hussain RM, Hartigan-Go K, Thomas SHL, Ford GA. Effect of oxybutynin on the QTc interval in elderly patients with urinary incontinence. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 37: 485P-486P
129. 129 Malone-Lee J, Lubel D, Szonyi G. Low dose oxybutynin for the unstable bladder. Br Med J 1992; 304: 1053
130. 130 Downie JW, Twiddy DAS, Awad SA. Antimuscarinic and noncompetitive antagonist properties of dicyclomine hydrochloride in isolated human and rabbit bladder muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1977; 201: 66-8
131. 131 Beck RP, Arnausch T, King C. Results of treating 210 patients with detrusor overactivity incontinence of urine. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125; 593-6
132. 132 Awad SA, Bryniak S, Downie JW, Bruce AW. The treatment of the uninhibited bladder with dicyclomine. J Urol 1977; 117: 161-3
133. 133 Fischer CP, Diokno A, Lapides J. The anticholinergic effects of dicydomine hydrochloride for uninhibited neurogenic bladder dysfunction. J Urol 1978; 120: 328-9
134. 134 Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Millar AW. Dicyclomine hydrochloride in detrusor instability: a controlled clinical pilot study. J Clin Exper Gerontol 1987; 9: 265-70
135. 135 Vietinghoff G, Hammer S. Untersuchung der antispasmodischen Wirkung von alpha, alpha-diphenyl-alpha, n-propoxy-essigsäure-4-(l-methyl-piperidyl)-ester (Mictonorm) an der isolierten Meerschweinchenharnblase. Zbl Pharm 1981; 120: 1219-24
136. 136 Haruno A, Yamasaki Y, Miyoshi K et al. Effects of propiverine hydrochloride and its metabolites on isolated guinea pig urinary bladder. Folia Pharmacol Japon 1989; 94: 145-50
137. 137 Haruno A. Inhibitory effects of propiverine hydrochloride on the agonist-induced or spontaneous contractions of various isolated muscle preparations. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 1992; 42: 817
138. 138 Tokuno H, Chowdhury JU, Tomita T. Inhibitory effects of propiverine on rat and guinea-pig urinary bladder muscle. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1993; 348: 659-26
139. 139 Muller C, Siegmund W, Huupponen R et al. Kinetics of propiverine as assessed by radioreceptor assay in poor and extensive metabolizes of debrisoquine. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1993; 18: 265-72
140. ®). Zbl Gynäkol 1984; 106: 981-7
141. 141 Höfner K, Dorschner W, Hofner T, Dieterich F. Die Veränderungen der Urodynamik des Detrusors bei Frauen mit Urge-Symptomatik durch Mictonorm. Z Urol Nephrol 1985; 78: 363-70
142. 142 Mazur D, Wehnert J, Dorschner W, Schubert G. Herfurth G, Alken RG. Clinical and urodynamic effects of propiverine in patients suffering from urgency and urge incontinence. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1995; 29: 289-94
143. 143 Otto-Unger G. Zur Behandlung der instabilen Blase des Kindes mit dem Anticholinergikum Propiverinhydrochlorid (Mictonorm/Mictonetten). Z Urol Nephrol 1985; 78: 145-52
144. 144 Festge OA, Tischer W, Christiansen C, von Suchodoletz H. Zur urodynamisch kontrollierten Wirkung von Propiverin auf die Funktion des unteren Harntraktes bei Kindern mit Enuresis. Kinderärtzl Prax 1986; 54: 677-84
145. 145 Takayasu H, Ueno A, Tuchida S et al. Clinical effects of propiverine hydrochloride in the treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence associated with detrusor overactivity: a double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled, multicenler study. Igaku No Ayumi 1990; 153: 459-71 (in Japanese)
146. 146 Richter R, Madersbacher H, Stohrer M, Wehnert J, Dreikorn K. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study of propiverine in patients suffering from detrusor hyperreflexia. International Medical Society of Paraplegia, 36th Annual Scientific Meeting, Innsbruck, May 14-16 1997
147. 147 Wehnert J, Sage S. Comparative investigations to the action of Mictonorm (propiverin hydrochloride) and Spasuret (flavoxat hydrochloride) on detrusor vesicae. Z Urol Nephrol 1989; 82: 259-63
148. ®) - eine randomisierte Cross-over-Vergleichsstudie. Akt Urol 1992; 23: 7-11
149. 149 Madersbacher H, Halaska M, Voigt R, Alloussi S, Hofner K. A urodynamic controlled multicenter study in patients with urge incontinence: Tolerability and efficacy of propiverine in comparison to oxybutynin. International Continence Society, 27th Annual Meeting, Yokohama, 23-26 September 1997
150. 150 Guarneri L, Robinson E, Testa R. A review of flavoxate: pharmacology and mechanism of action. Drugs Today 1994; 30: 91-8
151. 151 Oka M, Kimura Y, Itoh Y et al. Brain pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins are involved in the flavoxale hydrochloride-induced suppression of the micturition reflex in rats. Brain Res 1996; 727: 91-8
152. 152 Cazzulani P, Pietra C, Abbiati GA et al. Pharmacological activities of the main metabolite of flavoxate 3-methyl-flavone-8-carboxylic acid. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 1988; 38: 379-82
153. 153 Caine M, Gin S, Pietra C, Ruffman R. Antispasmodic effects of flavoxate, MFCA, and Rec 15/2053 un smooth muscle of human prostate and urinary bladder. Urology 1991; 37: 390-4
154. 154 Ruffmann R. A review of flavoxate hydrochloride in the treatment of urge incontinence. J Int Med Res 1988; 16: 317-30
155. 155 Stanton SL. A comparison of emepronium bromide and flavoxate hydrochloride in the treatment of urinary incontinence. J Urol 1973; 110: 529-32
156. 156 Milani R, Scalambrino S, Milia R et al. Double-blind crossover comparison of flavoxate and oxybutyuin in women affected by urinary urge syndrome. Int Urogynecol J 1993; 4: 3-8
157. 157 Briggs KS, Castleden CM, Asher MJ. The effect of flavoxate on uninhibited detrusor contractions and urinary incontinence in the elderly. J Urol 1980; 123: 665-6
158. 158 Chapple CK, Parkhouse H, Gardener C, Milroy EJG. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of flavoxate in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor instability. Br J Urol 1990; 66: 491-4
159. 159 Dahm TL, Ostri P, Kristensen JK et al. Flavoxate treatment of micturition disorders accompanying benign prostatic hypertrophy: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter investigation. Urol Int 1995; 55: 205-8
160. 160 Robinson JM, Brocklehurst JC. Emepronium bromide and flavoxate hydrochloride in the treatment of urinary incontinence associated with detrusor instability in elderly women. Br J Urol 1985; 55: 371-6
161. 161 Cardozo LD, Stanton SL. A comparison between bromocriptine and indomethacin in the treatment of detrusor instability. J Urol 1980; 123: 399-401
162. 162 Perlberg S, Caine M. Adrenergic response of bladder muscle in prostatic obstruction. Urology 1982; 20: 524-37
163. 163 Åmark P. The effect of noradrenaline on the contractile response of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1986; 20: 203-7
164. 1-adrenoceptors and uroselectivity. Prostate 1997; 30: 202-15
165. 165 Caine M. The present role of alpha-adrenergic blockers in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1986; 136: 1-4
166. 166 Eri LM, Tveter KJ. α-Blockade in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1995; 154: 923-34
167. 167 Jensen D. Uninhibited neurogenic bladder treated with prazosin. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1981; 15: 229-33
168. 168 Petersen T, Husted S, Sidenius P. Prazosin treatment of neurological patients with detrusor hyperreflexia and bladder emptying disability. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1989; 23: 189-94
169. 169 Åmark P, Nergårdh A. Influence of adrenergic agonists and antagonists on urethral pressure, bladder pressure and detrusor hyperactivity in children with myelodysplasia. Acta Paed Scand 1991; 80: 824-32
170. 170 Jollys JV, Jollys JC, Wilson J, Donoovan J, Nanchamel K, Abrams P. Does sexual equality extend to urinary symptoms? Neurourol Urodyn 1993; 12: 391-2
171. 171 Lepor H, Machi G. Comparison of the AUA symptom index in unselectcd males and females between 55 and 79 years of age. Urology 1993; 42: 36-40
172. 172 Serels S, Stein M. Prospective study comparing hyoscyamine, doxazosin, and combination therapy for the treatment of urgency and frequency in women. Neurourol Urodyn 1998; 17: 31-6
173. 173 Nergårdh A, Boréus LO, Naglo AS. Characterization of the adrenergic beta-receptors in the urinary bladder of man and cat. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1977; 40: 14-21
174. 174 Larsen JJ. α-and β-Adrenoceptors in the detrusor muscle and bladder base of the pig and β-adrenoceptors in the detrusor of man. Br J Urol 1979; 65: 215-22
175. 3-adrenoceptors in the human detrusor. J Urol 1997; 157: 175 (Abstract 677)
176. 176 Levin RM, Ruggieri MR, Wein AJ. Identification of receptor subtypes in the rabbit and human urinary bladder by selective radio-ligand binding. J Urol 1988; 139: 844-8
177. 177 Norlén L, Sundin T, Waagstein F. Effect of beta-adrenoceptor stimulation on the human bladder in vivo. Urol Int 1978; 33: 355-8
178. ®) in the treatment of female urge incontinence. Urol Int 1986; 41: 158-60
179. 179 Grüneberger A. Treatment of motor urge incontinence with clenbuterol and flavoxate hydrochloride. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984; 91: 275-8
180. 180 Castleden CM, Morgan B. The effect of β-adrenoceptor agonists on urinary incontinence in the elderly. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980; 10: 619-20
181. 3-adreiioccplors, Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 43: 291-500
182. 182 Strosberg D, Pietri-Rouxel F. Function and regulation of the β3-adrenoceptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1997; 17: 273-381
183. 183 Martin MR, Schiff AA. Fluphenazine/nortriptyline in the irritative bladder syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br J Urol 1984; 56: 178-9
184. 184 Lose G, Jorgensen L, Thunedborg P. Doxepin in the treatment of female detrusor overactivity: a randomized double-blind crossover study. J Urol 1989; 142: 1024-6
185. 185 Baldessarini KJ. Drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad F, eds, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th edn, London: McMillan Publishing Co, 1985: 587-445
186. 186 Diokno AC, Hyndman CW, Hardy DA, Lapides J. Comparison of action of imipramine (Tofranil) and propantheline (Probanthine) on detrusor contraction. J Urol 1972; 107: 42-3
187. 187 Castleden CM, Duffin HM, Gulati RS. Double-blind study of imipramine and placebo for incontinence due to bladder instability. Age Ageing 1986; 15: 299-303
188. 188 Castleden CM, George CF, Renwick AG, Asher MJ. Imipramine - a possible alternative to current therapy for urinary incontinence in the elderly. J Urol 1981; 125: 318-20
189. 189 Raezer DM, Benson GS, Wein AJ, Duckett JW Jr. The functional approach to the management of the pediatric neuropathic bladder: a clinical study. J Urol 1977; 177: 649-51
190. 190 Miller K, Atkin B, Moody ML. Drug therapy for nocturnal enuresis. Drugs 1992; 44: 47-56
191. 191 Jeremy JY, Tsang V, Mikhailidis DP, Rogers H, Morgan RJ, Dandona P. Eicosanoid synthesis by human urinary bladder mucosa: pathological implications. Br J Urol 1987; 59: 36-9
192. 192 Downie JW, Karmazyn M. Mechanical trauma to bladder epithelium liberates prostanoids which modulate neurotransmission in rabbit detrusor muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984; 230: 445-9
193. 193 Leslie CA, Pavlakis AJ, Wheeler JS, Siroky MB, Krane RJ. Release of arachidonate cascade products by the rabbit bladder: neurophysiological significance? J Urol 1984; 132: 376-9
194. 194 Cardozo LD, Stanton SL, Robinson H, Hole D. Evaluation on flurbiprofen in detrusor instability. Br Med J 1980; 280: 281-2
195. 195 Palmer J. Report of a double-blind crossover study of flurbiprofen and placebo in detrusor instability. J Int Med Res 1983; 11: 11-7
196. 196 Andersson K-E, Bengtsson B, Paulsen O. Desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP): Pharmacology and clinical use. Drugs Today 1988; 24: 509-28
197. 197 Rittig S, Knudsen UB, Norgaard JP, Pedersen EB, Djurhuus JC. Abnormal diurnal rhythm of plasma vasopressin and urinary output in patients with ennresis. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: F664-F671
198. 198 Matthiesen TB, Rittig S, Norgaard JP, Pedersen EB, Djurhuus JC. Nocturnal polyuria and natriuresis in male patients with nocturia and lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol 1996; 79: 825-35
199. 199 Norgaard JP, Djurhuus JC, Watanabe H, Slenberg A, Lettgen B. Experience and current status of research into the pathophysiology of nocturnal enuresis. Br J Urol 1997; 79: 825-35
200. 200 DiMichele S, Sillén U. Engel JA, Hjälmäs K, Rubenson A, Söderpalin B. Desmopressin and vasopressin increase locomotor activity in the rat via a central mechanism: implications for nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1996; 156: 1164-8
201. 201 Moffat ME, Harlos S, Kirshen AJ, Burd L. Desmopressin acetate and nocturnal enuresis: how much do we know? Pediatrics 1993; 92: 420-5
202. 202 Janknegt RA, Zweers HMM, Delaere KPJ, Kloet AG, Khoe SGS, Arendsen HJ. Oral desmopressin as a new treatment modality for primary nocturnal enuresis in adolescents and adults: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter study. J Urol 1997; 157: 513-7
203. 203 Skoog SJ, Stokes A, Turner KL. Oral desmopressin: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled study of effectiveness in children with primary nocturnal enuresis. J Urol 1997; 158: 1035-40
204. 204 Mansson W, Sundin T, Gullberg B. Evaluation of a synthetic vasopressin analogue for treatment of nocturia in benign prostatic hypertrophy. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1980; 14: 139-41
205. 205 Hilton P, Stanton SL. The use of desmopressin (DDAVP) in nocturnal frequency in the female. Br J Urol 1982; 54: 252-5
206. 206 Hilton P, Hertogs K, Stanton SL. The use of desmopressin (DDAVP) for nocturia in women with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 854-5
207. 207 Kinn A-C, Larsson PO. Desmopressin: a new principle for symptomatic treatment of urgency and incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1990; 24: 109-12
208. 208 Eckford SD, Swami KS, Jackson SR, Abrams PH. Desmopressin in the treatment of nocturia and enuresis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Br J Urol 1994; 74: 733-5
209. 209 Fredrikson S. Nasal spray desmopressin treatment of bladder dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1996; 94: 31-4
210. 210 Horowitz M, Combs AJ, Gerdes D. Desmopressin for nocturnal incontinence in the spina bifida population. J Urol 1997; 158: 2267-8
211. 211 Robson WL, Nørgaard JP, Leung AK. Hyponatremia in patients with nocturnal enuresis treated with DDAVP. Eur J Pediatr 1996; 155: 959-62
212. 212 Schwab M, Ruder H. Hyponatraemia und cerebral convulsion due to DDAVP administration in patients with enuresis nocturna or urine concentration testing. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156: 668
213. 213 Taylor MC, Bates CP. A double-blind crossover trial of baclofen - a new treatment for the unstable bladder syndrome. Br J Urol 1979; 51: 504-5
214. 214 Kums JJM, Delhaas EM. Intrathecal baclofen infusion in patients with spasticity and neurogenic bladder disease. Preliminary results. World J Urol 1991; 9: 99-104
215. 215 Steers WD, Meythaler JM, Haworth C, Herrell D, Park TS. Effects of acute bolus and chronic continuous intrathecal baclofen on genitourinary dysfunction due to spinal cord pathology. J Urol 1992; 148: 1849-55
216. 216 Bushman W, Steers WD, Meythaler JM. Voiding dysfunction in patients with spastic paraplegia: urodynamic evaluation and response to continuous intrathecal baclofen. Neurol Urodyn 1993; 12: 163-70
217. 217 Szallasi A. The vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor: receptor types and species differences. Gen Pharmacol 1994; 25: 223-43
218. 218 Jiang W, Kibble A, Morrison JFB. The effect of capsaicin on pelvic afferent inputs from the urinary bladder of anaesthetized rats. J Physiol 1995; 487P: 119P
219. 219 Ishizuka O, Igawa Y, Mattiasson A, Andersson K-E. Capsaicin-induced bladder hyperactivity in normal conscious rats. J Urol 1994; 152: 525-30
220. 220 Ishizuka O, Mattiasson A, Andersson K-E. Tachykinin effects on bladder activity in conscious, normal rats. J Urol 1995; 154: 257-61
221. 221 Kibble A, Morrison JFB. In vivo pelvic afferent responses to a neurokinin A agonist in the anaesthetized rat. J Physiol 1996; 491P: 148P
222. 222 Maggi CA. The dual, sensory and 'efferent' function of the capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurons in the urinary bladder and urethra. In Maggi CA, ed, The Autonomic Nervous System. Nervous Control of the Urogenital System. Vol 3, Chapter 11. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993; 383-422
223. 223 Kuo H-C. Inhibitory effect of capsaicin on detrusor contractility: Further study in the presence of ganglionic blocker and neurokinin receptor antagonist in the rat urinary bladder. Urol Int 1997; 59: 95-101
224. 224 Maggi CA, Barbanti G, Santicioli P et al. Cystometric evidence that capsaicin-sensitive nerves modulate the afferent branch of micturition reflex in humans. J Urol 1989; 142: 150-4
225. 225 Igawa Y, Komiyama I, Nishizawa S, Ogawa A. Intravesical capsaicin inhibits autonomie dysreflexia in patients with spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn 1996; 15: 374
226. 226 Fowler CJ, Jewkes D, McDonald WI, Lynn B, de Groat WC. Intravesical capsaicin for neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Lancet 1992; 339: 1239
227. 227 Geirsson G, Fall M, Sullivan L. Clinical and urodynamic effects of intravesical capsaicin treatment in patients with chronic traumatic spinal detrusor hyperreflexia. J Urol 1995: 154: 1825-9
228. 228 Chandiramani VA, Peterson T, Duthie GS, Fowler CJ. Urodynamic changes during therapeutic intravesical instillations of capsaicin. Br J Urol 1996; 77: 792-7
229. 229 Crux F, Guimaraes M, Silva C, Rio ME, Coimbra A, Reis M. Desensitization of bladder sensory fibers by intravesical capsaicin has long lasting clinical and urodynamic effects in patients with hyperactive or hypersensitive bladder dysfunction. J Urol 1997; 157: 585-9
230. 230 De Ridder D, Chandiramani V, Dasgupta P, Van Poppel H, Baert L, Fowler CJ. Intravesical capsaicin as a treatment for refractory detrusor hyperreflexia: a dual center study with long-term followup. J Urol 1997; 158: 2087-92
231. 231 Wiart L, Joseph PA, Petit H et al. The effects of capsaicin on the neurogenic hyperreflexic detrusor. A double blind placebo controlled study in patients with spinal cord disease. Preliminary results. Spinal Cord 1998; 36: 95-9
232. 232 Dasgupta P, Chandiramani V, Parkinson MC, Berkett A, Fowler CJ. Treating the human bladder with capsaicin: is it safe? Eur Urol 1998; 33: 28-31
233. 233 Ishizuka O, Mattiasson A, Andersson K-E. Urodynamic effects of intravesical resiniferaloxin and capsaicin in conscious rats with and without outflow obstruction. J Urol 1995; 154: 611-6
234. 234 Craft RM, Cohen SM, Porreca F. Long-lasting desensitization of bladder afferents following intravesical resiniferatoxin and capsaicin in the rat. Pain 1995; 61: 317-23
235. 235 Cruz F, Avelino A, Coimbra A. Desensitization follows excitation of bladder primary afferents by intravesical capsaicin, as shown by c-fos activation in the spinal cord. Pain 1996; 64: 553-7
236. 236 Lazzeri M, Beneforti P, Turini D. Urodynamic effects of intravesical resiniferatoxin in humans: preliminary results in stable and unstable detrusor. J Urol 1997; 158: 2093-6
237. 237 Cruz F, Guimaraes M, Silva C, Reis M. Suppression of bladder hyperredexia by intravesical resiniferatoxin. Lancet 1997; 350: 640-1
238. 238 DeLancey JOL. The pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence in women and its implications for surgical treatment. World J Urol 1997; 15: 268-74
239. 239 Henriksson L, Andersson K-E, Ulmsten U. The urethral pressure profiles in continent and stress incontinent women. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1979; 13: 5-10
240. 240 Hilton P, Stanton SL. Urethral pressure measurement by microtransducer: the results in symptom-free women and in those with genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983; 90: 919-33
241. 241 Jonas D. Treatment of female stress incontinence with midodrine: preliminary report. J Urol 1982; 118: 980-2
242. 242 Gnad H, Burmucic R, Petritsch P, Steindorfer P. Conservative therapy of female stress incontinence. Double-blind study with the alpha-sympathomimetic midodrin. Fortschr Med 1984; 102: 578-80 (in German)
243. 243 Lose G, Lindholm D. Clinical and urodynamic effects of norfenefrine in women with stress incontinence. Urol Int 1984; 39: 298-302
244. 244 Diokno AC, Taub M. Ephedrine in treatment of urinary incontinence. Urology 1975; 5: 624-5
245. 245 Awad SA, Downie JW, Kiriluta HG. Alpha-adrenergic agents in urinary disorders of the proximal urethra, part I. sphineteric incontinence. Br J Urol 1978; 50: 332-5
246. 246 Ek A, Andersson K-E, Gullberg B, Ulmsten U. The effects of long-term treatment with norephedrine on stress incontinence and urethral closure profile. Scand J Urol Neprol 1978; 12: 105-10
247. 247 Collste L, Lindskog M. Phenylpropanolamine in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Double-blind placebo controlled study in 24 patients. Urology 1987; 40: 398-403
248. 248 Kinn AC, Lindskog M. Estrogens and phenylpropanolamine in combination for stress urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women. Urology 1988; 32: 273-80
249. 249 Ahlström K, Sandahl B, Sjöberg B, Ulmsten U, Stormby N, Lindskog M. Effect of combined treatment with phenylpropanolamine and estriol, compared with estriol treatment alone, in postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990; 30: 37-43
250. 250 Gleason DM, Reilly SA, Bottacini MR, Pierce MJ. The urethral continence zone and its relation to stress incontinence. J Urol 1974; 112: 81-8
251. 251 Kaisary AV. Beta-adrenoceplor blockade in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. J D'urol (Paris) 1984; 90: 551-3
252. 252 Gilja I, Radej M, Kovacic M, Parazajdes J. Conservative treatment of female stress incontinence with imipramine. J Urol 1984; 132: 909-11
253. 253 Yasuda K, Kawabe K, Takimoto Y et al. and the Clenbutrol Clinical Research Group. Int Urogynecol J 1993; 4: 146-51
254. 254 Thor KB, Katofiasc MA. Effects of duloxetine, a combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on central neural control of lower urinary tract function in the chloralose-anesthetized female cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274: 1014-24
255. 255 Zinner N, Sarshik S, Yalcin I et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in stress urinary incontinent patients: double-blind, placebo-controlled multiple dose study. ICS 28th Annual Meeting, Jerusalem, Israel, September 14-17 1998
256. 256 Finkbeiner AE. Is bethanechol chloride clinically effective in promoting bladder emptying: a literature review. J Urol 1985; 134: 443-9
257. 257 Wein AJ, Longhurst PA, Levin RM. Pharmacologic treatment of voiding dysfunction. In Mundy AR, Stephenson TP, Wein AJ eds, Urodynamicx, Principles, Practice, and Application. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1994: 45-70
258. 258 Sundin T, Dahlström A, Norlén L, Svedmy N. The sympathetic innervation and adrenoreceptor function of the human lower urinary tract in the normal state and after parasympathetic denervation. Invest Urol 1977; 14: 322-8
259. 259 Machen HJ. Clinical and urodynamic assessment of alpha adrenolytic therapy in patients with neurotonic bladder function. Paraplegia 1980; 18: 229-38
260. 260 Krane RJ, Olsson CA. Phenoxybenzamine in neurogenic bladder dysfunction. part II. clinical considerations. J Urol 1973; 104: 612-5
261. 261 McGuire EJ, Wagner EM, Weiss RM. Treatment of autonomic dysreflexia with phenoxybenzamine. J Urol 1976; 115: 53-5
262. 262 Andersson K-E, Ek A, Hedlund H, Mattiasson A. Effects of prazosin on isolated human urethra and in patients with lower motor neuron lesions. Invest Urol 1981; 19: 39-42
263. 263 Abrams P, Blaivas JG, Stanton SL, Andersen JT. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 97: 1-16
264. 264 Bergman A, Karram MM, Bhatia NN. Changes in urethral cytology following estrogen administration. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990; 29: 211-3
265. 265 Hilton P, Stanton SL. The use of intravaginal oestrogen cream in genuine stress incontinence. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 90: 940-4
266. 266 Bhatia NN, Bergman A, Karram MM. Effects of estrogen on urethral function in women with urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 176-81
267. 267 Karram MM, Yeko TR, Sauer MV, Bhatia NN. Urodynamic changes following hormone replacement therapy in women with premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 208-11
268. 268 Fantl JA, Wyman JF, Anderson RL, Matt DW, Bump RC. Postmenopausul urinary incontinence: comparison between non-estrogen and estrogen supplemented women. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 71: 823-8
269. 269 Salmon UL, Walter RI, Gast SH. The use of estrogens in the treatment of dysuria and incontinence in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1941; 14: 23-31
270. 270 Musiani U. A partially successful attempt at medical treatment of urinary stress incontinence in women. Urol Int 1972; 27: 405-10
271. 271 Schleyer-Saunders E. Hormone implants for urinary disorders in postmenopausal women. J Am Geriar Soc 1976; 24: 337-9
272. 272 Bent AE, Richardson DA, Ostergard DR. Diagnosis of lower urinary tract disorders in postmenopausal patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145: 218-22
273. 273 Jarvis CJ, Hall S, Stamp S, Millar DR, Johnson A. An assessment of urodynamic investigation in incontinent women. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 87: 184-90
274. 274 Fantl JA, Bump RC, Robinson D, McClish DK, Wyman JF. Efficacy of estrogen supplementation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 745-9
275. 275 Jackson S, Shepherd A, Abrams P. The effect of oestradiol on objective urinary leakage in postmenopausal stress incontinence: a double blind placebo controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn 1996; 15: 522-3
276. 276 Fantl JA, Cardozo LD, McClish DK. Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. First report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 12-8
277. 277 Sultana CJ, Walters MD. Estrogen and urinary incontinence in women. Maturitas 1990; 20: 129-38
278. 278 Reisland HO, Fossberg E, Moer A, Sander S. Urethral sphincter insufficiency in postmenopausal females: treatment with phenylpropanolamine and estriol separately and in combination. Urol Int 1984; 39: 211-6
279. 279 Hilton P, Tweddel AL, Mayne C. Oral und intravaginal estrogens alone and in combination with alpha adrenergic stimulation in genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogyn I 1990; 12: 80-6
280. 280 Cardozo LD, Rekers H, Tapp A et al. Oestriol in the treatment of postmenopausal urgency: a multicentre study. Maturitas 1993; 18: 47-53