Morphogenesis in Candida albicans: How to stay focused

Topics in Current Genetics

Volumn 22, Issue , 2012, Pages 133-161

  Bassilana, Martine ^a   Follette, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D'AZUR   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856417648     PISSN: 16102096     EISSN: 16106970     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22916-9_8     Document Type: Article

References (204)

1. Akashi T, Kanbe T, Tanaka K (1994) The role of the cytoskeleton in the polarized growth of the germ tube in Candida albicans. Microbiology 140:271-280 (Pubitemid 24090593)
2. Alby K, Schaefer D, Bennett RJ (2009) Homothallic and heterothallic mating in the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Nature 460:890-893
3. Alvarez-Tabares I, Perez-Martin J (2008) Cdk5 kinase regulates the association between adaptor protein Bem1 and GEF Cdc24 in the fungus Ustilago maydis. J Cell Sci 121:2824-2832
4. Amberg DC, Zahner JE, Mulholland JW, Pringle JR, Botstein D (1997) Aip3p/Bud6p, a yeast actin-interacting protein that is involved in morphogenesis and the selection of bipolar budding sites. Mol Biol Cell 8:729-753 (Pubitemid 27176179)
5. Anderson JM, Soll DR (1986) Differences in actin localization during bud and hypha formation in the yeast Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 132:2035-2047 (Pubitemid 16061909)
6. Arkowitz RA (2009) Chemical gradients and chemotropism in yeast. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 1:a001958
7. Bachewich C, Whiteway M (2005) Cyclin Cln3p links G1 progression to hyphal and pseudohyphal development in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 4:95-102 (Pubitemid 40234427)
8. Badrane H, Nguyen MH, Cheng S, Kumar V, Derendorf H, Iczkowski KA, Clancy CJ (2008) The Candida albicans phosphatase Inp51p interacts with the EH domain protein Irs4p, regulates phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate levels and influences hyphal formation, the cell integrity pathway and virulence. Microbiology 154:3296-3308
9. Baek K, Knodler A, Lee SH, Zhang X, Orlando K, Zhang J, Foskett TJ, Guo W, Dominguez R (2010) Structure-function study of the N-terminal domain of exocyst subunit Sec3. J Biol Chem 285:10424-10433
10. Banerjee M, Thompson DS, Lazzell A, Carlisle PL, Pierce C, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Ribot JL, Kadosh D (2008) UME6, a novel filament-specific regulator of Candida albicans hyphal extension and virulence. Mol Biol Cell 19:1354-1365 (Pubitemid 351805091)
11. Bardwell L (2005) A walk-through of the yeast mating pheromone response pathway. Peptides 26:339-350 (Pubitemid 40051432)
12. Barelle CJ, Bohula EA, Kron SJ, Wessels D, Soll DR, Schafer A, Brown AJ, Gow NA (2003) Asynchronous cell cycle and asymmetric vacuolar inheritance in true hyphae of Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 2:398-410 (Pubitemid 36774689)
13. Barelle CJ, Richard ML, Gaillardin C, Gow NA, Brown AJ (2006) Candida albicans VAC8 is required for vacuolar inheritance and normal hyphal branching. Eukaryot Cell 5:359-367 (Pubitemid 43262022)
14. Bassilana M, Arkowitz RA (2006) Rac1 and Cdc42 have different roles in Candida albicans development. Eukaryot Cell 5:321-329 (Pubitemid 43262019)
15. Bassilana M, Blyth J, Arkowitz RA (2003) Cdc24, the GDP-GTP exchange factor for Cdc42, is required for invasive hyphal growth of Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 2:9-18 (Pubitemid 36770371)
16. Bassilana M, Hopkins J, Arkowitz RA (2005) Regulation of the Cdc42/Cdc24 GTPase module during Candida albicans hyphal growth. Eukaryot Cell 4:588-603 (Pubitemid 40383762)
17. Bauer Y, Knechtle P, Wendland J, Helfer H, Philippsen P (2004) A Ras-like GTPase is involved in hyphal growth guidance in the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. Mol Biol Cell 15:4622-4632 (Pubitemid 39299109)
18. Bennett RJ, Johnson AD (2003) Completion of a parasexual cycle in Candida albicans by induced chromosome loss in tetraploid strains. EMBO J 22:2505-2515 (Pubitemid 36604989)
19. Bensen ES, Clemente-Blanco A, Finley KR, Correa-Bordes J, Berman J (2005) The mitotic cyclins Clb2p and Clb4p affect morphogenesis in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 16:3387-3400 (Pubitemid 40962607)
20. Berman J (2006) Morphogenesis and cell cycle progression in Candida albicans. Curr Opin Microbiol 9:595-601 (Pubitemid 44802999)
21. Bishop A, Lane R, Beniston R, Chapa-y-Lazo B, Smythe C, Sudbery P (2010) Hyphal growth in Candida albicans requires the phosphorylation of Sec2 by the Cdc28-Ccn1/Hgc1 kinase. EMBO J 29:2930-2942
22. Biswas S, Van Dijck P, Datta A (2007) Environmental sensing and signal transduction pathways regulating morphopathogenic determinants of Candida albicans. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 71:348-376 (Pubitemid 46954309)
23. Blankenship JR, Mitchell AP (2006) How to build a biofilm: a fungal perspective. Curr Opin Microbiol 9:588-594 (Pubitemid 44791986)
24. Brand A, Vacharaksa A, Bendel C, Norton J, Haynes P, Henry-Stanley M, Wells C, Ross K, Gow NA, Gale CA (2008) An internal polarity landmark is important for externally induced hyphal behaviors in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 7:712-720 (Pubitemid 351959905)
25. Braun BR, Johnson AD (1997) Control of filament formation in Candida albicans by the transcriptional repressor TUP1. Science 277:105-109 (Pubitemid 27450657)
26. Braun BR, Kadosh D, Johnson AD (2001) NRG1, a repressor of filamentous growth in C. albicans, is down-regulated during filament induction. EMBO J 20:4753-4761 (Pubitemid 32848628)
27. Brown FC, Pfeffer SR (2010) An update on transport vesicle tethering. Mol Membr Biol 27:457-461
28. Campas O, Mahadevan L (2009) Shape and dynamics of tip-growing cells. Curr Biol 19:2102-2107
29. Cao F, Lane S, Raniga PP, Lu Y, Zhou Z, Ramon K, Chen J, Liu H (2006) The Flo8 transcription factor is essential for hyphal development and virulence in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 17:295-307 (Pubitemid 43049482)
30. Carlisle PL, Banerjee M, Lazzell A, Monteagudo C, López-Ribot JL, Kadosh D (2009) Expression levels of a filament-specific transcriptional regulator are sufficient to determine Candida albicans morphology and virulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:599-604
31. Carlisle PL, Kadosh D (2010) Candida albicans Ume6, a filament-specific transcriptional regulator, directs hyphal growth via a pathway involving Hgc1 cyclin-related protein. Eukaryot Cell 9:1320-1328
32. Chao CC, Hsu PC, Jen CF, Chen IH, Wang CH, Chan HC, Tsai PW, Tung KC, Lan CY, Chuang YJ (2010) Zebrafish as a model host for Candida albicans infection. Infect Immun 78:2512-2521
33. Chapa Y, Lazo B, Bates S, Sudbery P (2005) The G1 cyclin Cln3 regulates morphogenesis in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 4:90-94 (Pubitemid 40234426)
34. Chenevert J, Corrado K, Bender A, Pringle J, Herskowitz I (1992) A yeast gene (BEM1) necessary for cell polarization whose product contains two SH3 domains. Nature 356:77-79
35. Cleary IA, Mulabagal P, Reinhard SM, Yadev NP, Murdoch C, Thornhill MH, Lazzell AL, Monteagudo C, Thomas DP, Saville SP (2010) Pseudohyphal regulation by the transcription factor Rfg1p in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 9:1363-1373
36. Cornet M, Bidard F, Schwarz P, Da Costa G, Blanchin-Roland S, Dromer F, Gaillardin C (2005) Deletions of endocytic components VPS28 and VPS32 affect growth at alkaline pH and virulence through both RIM101-dependent and RIM101-independent pathways in Candida albicans. Infect Immun 73:7977-7987 (Pubitemid 41740283)
37. Cottier F, Muhlschlegel FA (2009) Sensing the environment: response of Candida albicans to the X factor. FEMS Microbiol Lett 295:1-9
38. Court H, P Sudbery (2007) Regulation of Cdc42 GTPase activity in the formation of hyphae in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 18:265-281 (Pubitemid 46066726)
39. Crampin H, Finley K, Gerami-Nejad M, Court H, Gale C, Berman J, Sudbery P (2005) Candida albicans hyphae have a Spitzenkorper that is distinct from the polarisome found in yeast and pseudohyphae. J Cell Sci 118:2935-2947 (Pubitemid 41136370)
40. Davis DA (2009) How human pathogenic fungi sense and adapt to pH: the link to virulence. Curr Opin Microbiol 12:365-370
41. Davis D, Wilson RB, Mitchell AP (2000) RIM101-dependent and-independent pathways govern pH responses in Candida albicans. Mol Cell Biol 20:971-978 (Pubitemid 30044234)
42. DeMay BS, Meseroll RA, Occhipinti P, Gladfelter AS (2009) Regulation of distinct septin rings in a single cell by Elm1p and Gin4p kinases. Mol Biol Cell 20:2311-2326
43. Dhillon NK, Sharma S, Khuller GK (2003) Signaling through protein kinases and transcriptional regulators in Candida albicans. Crit Rev Microbiol 29:259-275 (Pubitemid 37204785)
44. Doedt T, Krishnamurthy S, Bockmuhl DP, Tebarth B, Stempel C, Russell CL, Brown AJ, Ernst JF (2004) APSES proteins regulate morphogenesis and metabolism in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 15:3167-3180 (Pubitemid 38850114)
45. Douglas LM, Martin SW, Konopka JB (2009) BAR domain proteins Rvs161 and Rvs167 contribute to Candida albicans endocytosis, morphogenesis, and virulence. Infect Immun 77:4150-4160
46. Dunkler A, Wendland J (2007) Candida albicans Rho-type GTPase-encoding genes required for polarized cell growth and cell separation. Eukaryot Cell 6:844-854 (Pubitemid 46835047)
47. Elson SL, Noble SM, Solis NV, Filler SG, Johnson AD (2009) An RNA transport system in Candida albicans regulates hyphal morphology and invasive growth. PLoS Genet 5:e1000664
48. Epp E, Vanier G, Harcus D, Lee AY, Jansen G, Hallett M, Sheppard DC, Thomas DY, Munro CA, Mullick A, Whiteway M (2010a) Reverse genetics in Candida albicans predicts ARF cycling is essential for drug resistance and virulence. PLoS Pathog 6:e1000753
49. Epp E, Walther A, Lepine G, Leon Z, Mullick A, Raymond M, Wendland J, Whiteway M (2010b) Forward genetics in Candida albicans that reveals the Arp2/3 complex is required for hyphal formation, but not endocytosis. Mol Microbiol 75:1182-1198
50. Ernst JF (2000) Transcription factors in Candida albicans - environmental control of morphogenesis. Microbiology 146:1763-1774
51. Evangelista M, Blundell K, Longtine MS, Chow CJ, Adames N, Pringle JR, Peter M, Boone C (1997) Bni1p, a yeast formin linking cdc42p and the actin cytoskeleton during polarized morphogenesis. Science 276:118-122 (Pubitemid 27161258)
52. Evangelista M, Pruyne D, Amberg DC, Boone C, Bretscher A (2002a) Formins direct Arp2/3- independent actin filament assembly to polarize cell growth in yeast. Nat Cell Biol 4:32-41 (Pubitemid 34071978)
53. Evangelista M, Pruyne D, Amberg DC, Boone C, Bretscher A (2002b) Formins direct Arp2/3- independent actin filament assembly to polarize cell growth in yeast. Nat Cell Biol 4:260-269
54. Finley KR, Berman J (2005) Microtubules in Candida albicans hyphae drive nuclear dynamics and connect cell cycle progression to morphogenesis. Eukaryot Cell 4:1697-1711 (Pubitemid 41484229)
55. Finley KR, Bouchonville KJ, Quick A, Berman J (2008) Dynein-dependent nuclear dynamics affect morphogenesis in Candida albicans by means of the Bub2p spindle checkpoint. J Cell Sci 121:466-476 (Pubitemid 351405055)
56. Fitzpatrick DA, Logue ME, Stajich JE, Butler G (2006) A fungal phylogeny based on 42 complete genomes derived from supertree and combined gene analysis. BMC Evol Biol 6:99
57. Forche A, Alby K, Schaefer D, Johnson AD, Berman J, Bennett RJ (2008) The parasexual cycle in Candida albicans provides an alternative pathway to meiosis for the formation of recombinant strains. PLoS Biol 6:e110
58. Fujiwara T, Tanaka K, Mino A, Kikyo M, Takahashi K, Shimizu K, Takai Y (1998) Rho1p-Bni1p- Spa2p interactions: implication in localization of Bni1p at the bud site and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 9:1221-1233 (Pubitemid 28457311)
59. Gao L, Bretscher A (2009) Polarized growth in budding yeast in the absence of a localized formin. Mol Biol Cell 20:2540-2548
60. Gehrung S, Snyder M (1990) The SPA2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for pheromone-induced morphogenesis and efficient mating. J Cell Biol 111:1451-1464
61. Gladfelter AS (2006) Nuclear anarchy: asynchronous mitosis in multinucleated fungal hyphae. Curr Opin Microbiol 9:547-552 (Pubitemid 44791982)
62. Gladfelter AS (2010) Guides to the final frontier of the cytoskeleton: septins in filamentous fungi. Curr Opin Microbiol 13:720-726
63. Gladfelter A, Berman J (2009) Dancing genomes: fungal nuclear positioning. Nat Rev Microbiol 7:875-886
64. Gonzalez-Novo A, Correa-Bordes J, Labrador L, Sanchez M, Vazquez de Aldana CR, Jimenez J (2008) Sep7 is essential to modify septin ring dynamics and inhibit cell separation during Candida albicans hyphal growth. Mol Biol Cell 19:1509-1518 (Pubitemid 351805104)
65. Goode BL, Eck MJ (2007) Mechanism and function of formins in the control of actin assembly. Annu Rev Biochem 76:593-627
66. Gow NA (2002) Candida albicans switches mates. Mol Cell 10:217-218 (Pubitemid 35007333)
67. Grove SN, Bracker CE (1970) Protoplasmic organization of hyphal tips among fungi: vesicles and Spitzenkorper. J Bacteriol 104:989-1009
68. Harold FM (2002) Force and compliance: rethinking morphogenesis in walled cells. Fungal Genet Biol 37:271-282 (Pubitemid 35373799)
69. Harris SD (2011) Cdc42/Rho GTPases in fungi: variations on a common theme. Mol Microbiol 79:1123-1127
70. Harris SD, Momany M (2004) Polarity in filamentous fungi: moving beyond the yeast paradigm. Fungal Genet Biol 41:391-400 (Pubitemid 38283828)
71. Harris SD, Read ND, Roberson RW, Shaw B, Seiler S, Plamann M, MomanyM(2005) Polarisome meets spitzenkorper: microscopy, genetics, and genomics converge. Eukaryot Cell 4:225-229 (Pubitemid 40257122)
72. Hausauer DL, Gerami-Nejad M, Kistler-Anderson C, Gale CA (2005) Hyphal guidance and invasive growth in Candida albicans require the Ras-like GTPase Rsr1p and its GTPaseactivating protein Bud2p. Eukaryot Cell 4:1273-1286 (Pubitemid 41004140)
73. Hazan I, Liu H (2002) Hyphal tip-associated localization of Cdc42 is F-actin dependent in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 1:856-864 (Pubitemid 36557706)
74. Hazan I, Sepulveda-Becerra M, Liu H (2002) Hyphal elongation is regulated independently of cell cycle in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 13:134-145 (Pubitemid 34106064)
75. Heasman SJ, Ridley AJ (2008) Mammalian Rho GTPases: new insights into their functions from in vivo studies. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:690-701
76. Hedges SB (2002) The origin and evolution of model organisms. Nat Rev Genet 3:838-849 (Pubitemid 35303516)
77. Higgs HN, Pollard TD (2001) Regulation of actin filament network formation through ARP2/3 complex: activation by a diverse array of proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 70:649-676 (Pubitemid 32662221)
78. Hogan DA, Sundstrom P (2009) The Ras/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and virulence in Candida albicans. Future Microbiol 4:1263-1270
79. Hope H, Bogliolo S, Arkowitz RA, Bassilana M (2008) Activation of Rac1 by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Dck1 is required for invasive filamentous growth in the pathogen Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 19:3638-3651
80. Hope H, Schmauch C, Arkowitz RA, Bassilana M (2010) The Candida albicans ELMO homologue functions together with Rac1 and Dck1, upstream of the MAP Kinase Cek1, in invasive filamentous growth. Mol Microbiol 76:1572-1590
81. Horio T (2007) Role of microtubules in tip growth of fungi. J Plant Res 120:53-60
82. Howell AS, Savage NS, Johnson SA, Bose I, Wagner AW, Zyla TR, Nijhout HF, Reed MC, Goryachev AB, Lew DJ (2009) Singularity in polarization: rewiring yeast cells to make two buds. Cell 139:731-743
83. Hull CM, Raisner RM, Johnson AD (2000) Evidence for mating of the "asexual" yeast Candida albicans in a mammalian host. Science 289:307-310 (Pubitemid 30469910)
84. Hurtado CA, Beckerich JM, Gaillardin C, Rachubinski RA (2000) A rac homolog is required for induction of hyphal growth in the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. J Bacteriol 182:2376-2386 (Pubitemid 30212892)
85. Jarvensivu A, Hietanen J, Rautemaa R, Sorsa T, Richardson M (2004) Candida yeasts in chronic periodontitis tissues and subgingival microbial biofilms in vivo. Oral Dis 10:106-112 (Pubitemid 38352144)
86. Johnson DI (1999) Cdc42: an essential Rho-type GTPase controlling eukaryotic cell polarity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:54-105 (Pubitemid 29116087)
87. Jones LA, Sudbery PE (2010) Spitzenkorper, exocyst, and polarisome components in Candida albicans hyphae show different patterns of localization and have distinct dynamic properties. Eukaryot Cell 9:1455-1465
88. Kadosh D, Johnson AD (2001) Rfg1, a protein related to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae hypoxic regulator Rox1, controls filamentous growth and virulence in Candida albicans. Mol Cell Biol 21:2496-2505 (Pubitemid 32222102)
89. Kadosh D, Johnson AD (2005) Induction of the Candida albicans filamentous growth program by relief of transcriptional repression: a genome-wide analysis. Mol Biol Cell 16:2903-2912 (Pubitemid 40741234)
90. Kaksonen M, Toret CP, Drubin DG (2006) Harnessing actin dynamics for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7:404-414 (Pubitemid 44050094)
91. Kelly MT, MacCallum DM, Clancy SD, Odds FC, Brown AJ, Butler G (2004) The Candida albicans CaACE2 gene affects morphogenesis, adherence and virulence. Mol Microbiol 53:969-983 (Pubitemid 39036973)
92. Khalaf RA, Zitomer RS (2001) The DNA binding protein Rfg1 is a repressor of filamentation in Candida albicans. Genetics 157:1503-1512 (Pubitemid 32298820)
93. Kim MJ, Kil M, Jung JH, Kim J (2008) Roles of Zinc-responsive transcription factor Csr1 in filamentous growth of the pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans. J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:242-247
94. Knechtle P, Dietrich F, Philippsen P (2003) Maximal polar growth potential depends on the polarisome component AgSpa2 in the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. Mol Biol Cell 14:4140-4154 (Pubitemid 37186315)
95. Knechtle P, Wendland J, Philippsen P (2006) The SH3/PH domain protein AgBoi1/2 collaborates with the Rho-type GTPase AgRho3 to prevent nonpolar growth at hyphal tips of Ashbya gossypii. Eukaryot Cell 5:1635-1647 (Pubitemid 44622594)
96. Kohli M, Galati V, Boudier K, Roberson RW, Philippsen P (2008) Growth-speed-correlated localization of exocyst and polarisome components in growth zones of Ashbya gossypii hyphal tips. J Cell Sci 121:3878-3889
97. Komander D, Patel M, Laurin M, Fradet N, Pelletier A, Barford D, Cote JF (2008) An alphahelical extension of the ELMO1 pleckstrin homology domain mediates direct interaction to DOCK180 and is critical in Rac signaling. Mol Biol Cell 19:4837-4851
98. Kozminski KG, Beven L, Angerman E, Tong AH, Boone C, Park HO (2003) Interaction between a Ras and a Rho GTPase couples selection of a growth site to the development of cell polarity in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 14:4958-4970 (Pubitemid 37484810)
99. Kumamoto CA (2008) Niche-specific gene expression during C. albicans infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 11:325-330
100. Kumamoto CA, Vinces MD (2005) Alternative Candida albicans lifestyles: growth on surfaces. Annu Rev Microbiol 59:113-133 (Pubitemid 41507426)
101. Kwon MJ, Arentshorst M, Roos ED, van den Hondel CA, Meyer V, Ram AF (2011) Functional characterization of Rho GTPases in Aspergillus niger uncovers conserved and diverged roles of Rho proteins within filamentous fungi. Mol Microbiol 79:1151-1167
102. Lambert AA, Perron MP, Lavoie E, Pallotta D (2007) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Arf3 protein is involved in actin cable and cortical patch formation. FEMS Yeast Res 7:782-795 (Pubitemid 47256354)
103. Lettner T, Zeidler U, Gimona M, Hauser M, Breitenbach M, Bito A (2010) Candida albicans AGE3, the ortholog of the S. cerevisiae ARF-GAP-encoding gene GCS1, is required for hyphal growth and drug resistance. PLoS One 5:e11993
104. Levin DE (2005) Cell wall integrity signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 69:262-291
105. Levina NN, Lew RR (2006) The role of tip-localized mitochondria in hyphal growth. Fungal Genet Biol 43:65-74 (Pubitemid 43227992)
106. Li CR, Wang YM, De Zheng X, Liang HY, Tang JC, Wang Y (2005) The formin family protein CaBni1p has a role in cell polarity control during both yeast and hyphal growth in Candida albicans. J Cell Sci 118:2637-2648 (Pubitemid 40932889)
107. Li CR, Lee RT, Wang YM, Zheng XD, Wang Y (2007) Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis occurs in Sec3p-independent and Sec3p-dependent phases separated by septin ring formation. J Cell Sci 120:1898-1907 (Pubitemid 46979781)
108. Liu H (2001) Transcriptional control of dimorphism in Candida albicans. Curr Opin Microbiol 4:728-735 (Pubitemid 33116871)
109. Liu H, Kohler J, Fink GR (1994) Suppression of hyphal formation in Candida albicans by mutation of a STE12 homolog. Science 266:1723-1726
110. Lo HJ, Kohler JR, DiDomenico B, Loebenberg D, Cacciapuoti A, Fink GR (1997) Nonfilamentous C. albicans mutants are avirulent. Cell 90:939-949 (Pubitemid 27381632)
111. Loeb JD, Sepulveda-Becerra M, Hazan I, Liu H (1999) A G1 cyclin is necessary for maintenance of filamentous growth in Candida albicans. Mol Cell Biol 19:4019-4027 (Pubitemid 29241976)
112. Lohse MB, Johnson AD (2010) Temporal anatomy of an epigenetic switch in cell programming: the white-opaque transition of C. albicans. Mol Microbiol 78:331-343
113. Machesky LM, Gould KL (1999) The Arp2/3 complex: a multifunctional actin organizer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 11:117-121 (Pubitemid 29084139)
114. Magee BB, Magee PT (2000) Induction of mating in Candida albicans by construction of MTLa and MTLalpha strains. Science 289:310-313 (Pubitemid 30469911)
115. Mahlert M, Leveleki L, Hlubek A, Sandrock B, Bolker M (2006) Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate hyphal growth and cytokinesis in the dimorphic fungus Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 59:567-578
116. Martin R, Walther A, Wendland J (2004) Deletion of the dynein heavy-chain gene DYN1 leads to aberrant nuclear positioning and defective hyphal development in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 3:1574-1588 (Pubitemid 40025115)
117. Massey SE, Moura G, Beltrao P, Almeida R, Garey JR, Tuite MF, Santos MA (2003) Comparative evolutionary genomics unveils the molecular mechanism of reassignment of the CTG codon in Candida spp. Genome Res 13:544-557 (Pubitemid 36511914)
118. Meller N, Merlot S, Guda C (2005) CZH proteins: a new family of Rho-GEFs. J Cell Sci 118:4937-4946 (Pubitemid 41672426)
119. Michel S, Ushinsky S, Klebl B, Leberer E, Thomas D, Whiteway M, Morschhauser J (2002) Generation of conditional lethal Candida albicans mutants by inducible deletion of essential genes. Mol Microbiol 46:269-280 (Pubitemid 35231963)
120. Michelot A, Costanzo M, Sarkeshik A, Boone C, Yates JR III, Drubin DG (2010) Reconstitution and protein composition analysis of endocytic actin patches. Curr Biol 20:1890-1899
121. Miller MG, Johnson AD (2002) White-opaque switching in Candida albicans is controlled by mating-type locus homeodomain proteins and allows efficient mating. Cell 110:293-302
122. Mitra S, Dolan K, Foster TH, Wellington M (2010) Imaging morphogenesis of Candida albicans during infection in a live animal. J Biomed Opt 15:010504
123. Monge RA, Roman E, Nombela C, Pla J (2006) The MAP kinase signal transduction network in Candida albicans. Microbiology 152:905-912
124. Morschhauser J (2010) Regulation of white-opaque switching in Candida albicans. Med Microbiol Immunol 199:165-172
125. Moseley JB, Goode BL (2006) The yeast actin cytoskeleton: from cellular function to biochemical mechanism. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70:605-645 (Pubitemid 44484687)
126. Mulhern SM, Logue ME, Butler G (2006) Candida albicans transcription factor Ace2 regulates metabolism and is required for filamentation in hypoxic conditions. Eukaryot Cell 5:2001-2013 (Pubitemid 44956812)
127. Murad AM, Leng P, Straffon M, Wishart J, Macaskill S, MacCallum D, Schnell N, Talibi D, Marechal D, Tekaia F, dEnfert C, Gaillardin C, Odds FC, Brown AJ (2001) NRG1 represses yeast-hypha morphogenesis and hypha-specific gene expression in Candida albicans. EMBO J 20:4742-4752 (Pubitemid 32848627)
128. Naglik JR, Challacombe SJ, Hube B (2003) Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67:400-428, table of contents (Pubitemid 37122527)
129. Naglik J, Albrecht A, Bader O, Hube B (2004) Candida albicans proteinases and host/pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol 6:915-926 (Pubitemid 39255605)
130. Nern A, Arkowitz RA (2000) G proteins mediate changes in cell shape by stabilizing the axis of polarity. Mol Cell 5:853-864
131. Ness F, Prouzet-Mauleon V, Vieillemard A, Lefebvre F, Noel T, Crouzet M, Doignon F, Thoraval D (2010) The Candida albicans Rgd1 is a RhoGAP protein involved in the control of filamentous growth. Fungal Genet Biol 47:1001-1011
132. Nobile CJ, Mitchell AP (2006) Genetics and genomics of Candida albicans biofilm formation. Cell Microbiol 8:1382-1391 (Pubitemid 44194572)
133. Noble SM, French S, Kohn LA, Chen V, Johnson AD (2010) Systematic screens of a Candida albicans homozygous deletion library decouple morphogenetic switching and pathogenicity. Nat Genet 42:590-598
134. Oberholzer U, Marcil A, Leberer E, Thomas DY, Whiteway M (2002) Myosin I is required for hypha formation in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 1:213-228 (Pubitemid 36562398)
135. Ory S, Gasman S (2011) Rho GTPases and exocytosis: what are the molecular links? Semin Cell Dev Biol 22:27-32
136. Palmer GE (2010) Endosomal and AP-3-dependent vacuolar trafficking routes make additive contributions to Candida albicans hyphal growth and pathogenesis. Eukaryot Cell 9:1755-1765
137. Palmer GE, Cashmore A, Sturtevant J (2003) Candida albicans VPS11 is required for vacuole biogenesis and germ tube formation. Eukaryot Cell 2:411-421 (Pubitemid 36774690)
138. Pan F, Malmberg RL, Momany M (2007) Analysis of septins across kingdoms reveals orthology and new motifs. BMC Evol Biol 7:103
139. Park HO, Bi E (2007) Central roles of small GTPases in the development of cell polarity in yeast and beyond. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 71:48-96 (Pubitemid 46456684)
140. Penalva MA (2010) Endocytosis in filamentous fungi: Cinderella gets her reward. Curr Opin Microbiol 13:684-692
141. Perez P, Rincon SA (2010) Rho GTPases: regulation of cell polarity and growth in yeasts. Biochem J 426:243-253
142. Prehoda KE, Scott JA, Mullins RD, Lim WA (2000) Integration of multiple signals through cooperative regulation of the N-WASP-Arp2/3 complex. Science 290:801-806
143. Pruyne D, Gao L, Bi E, Bretscher A (2004) Stable and dynamic axes of polarity use distinct formin isoforms in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 15:4971-4989 (Pubitemid 39392212)
144. Pukkila-Worley R, Peleg AY, Tampakakis E, Mylonakis E (2009) Candida albicans hyphal formation and virulence assessed using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Eukaryot Cell 8:1750-1758
145. Ramage G, Mowat E, Jones B, Williams C, Lopez-Ribot J (2009) Our current understanding of fungal biofilms. Crit Rev Microbiol 35:340-355
146. Reijnst P, Walther A, Wendland J (2010) Functional analysis of Candida albicans genes encoding SH3-domain-containing proteins. FEMS Yeast Res 10:452-461
147. Rida PC, Nishikawa A, Won GY, Dean N (2006) Yeast-to-hyphal transition triggers formindependent Golgi localization to the growing tip in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 17:4364-4378 (Pubitemid 44522055)
148. Rossman KL, Sondek J (2005) Larger than Dbl: new structural insights into RhoA activation. Trends Biochem Sci 30:163-165 (Pubitemid 40463302)
149. Saarikangas J, Zhao H, Lappalainen P (2010) Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton-plasma membrane interplay by phosphoinositides. Physiol Rev 90:259-289
150. Sagot I, Klee SK, Pellman D (2002) Yeast formins regulate cell polarity by controlling the assembly of actin cables. Nat Cell Biol 4:42-50 (Pubitemid 34071979)
151. Saville SP, Lazzell AL, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Ribot JL (2003) Engineered control of cell morphology in vivo reveals distinct roles for yeast and filamentous forms of Candida albicans during infection. Eukaryot Cell 2:1053-1060 (Pubitemid 37298719)
152. Saville SP, Lazzell AL, Chaturvedi AK, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Ribot JL (2008) Use of a genetically engineered strain to evaluate the pathogenic potential of yeast cell and filamentous forms during Candida albicans systemic infection in immunodeficient mice. Infect Immun 76:97-102
153. Schmitz HP, Kaufmann A, Kohli M, Laissue PP, Philippsen P (2006) From function to shape: a novel role of a formin in morphogenesis of the fungus Ashbya gossypii. Mol Biol Cell 17:130-145 (Pubitemid 43049468)
154. Setiadi ER, Doedt T, Cottier F, Noffz C, Ernst JF (2006) Transcriptional response of Candida albicans to hypoxia: linkage of oxygen sensing and Efg1p-regulatory networks. J Mol Biol 361:399-411 (Pubitemid 44118339)
155. Sheu YJ, Santos B, Fortin N, Costigan C, Snyder M (1998) Spa2p interacts with cell polarity proteins and signaling components involved in yeast cell morphogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 18:4053-4069 (Pubitemid 28287929)
156. Sinha I, Wang YM, Philp R, Li CR, Yap WH, Wang Y (2007) Cyclin-dependent kinases control septin phosphorylation in Candida albicans hyphal development. Dev Cell 13:421-432 (Pubitemid 47308673)
157. Slutsky B, Staebell M, Anderson J, Risen L, Pfaller M, Soll DR (1987) "White-opaque transition": a second high-frequency switching system in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol 169:189-197 (Pubitemid 17228707)
158. Smith GR, Givan SA, Cullen P, Sprague GF Jr (2002a) GTPase-activating proteins for Cdc42. Eukaryot Cell 1:469-480 (Pubitemid 36557756)
159. Smith SE, Csank C, Reyes G, Ghannoum MA, Berlin V (2002b) Candida albicans RHO1 is required for cell viability in vitro and in vivo. FEMS Yeast Res 2:103-111 (Pubitemid 34628603)
160. Snyder M (1989) The SPA2 protein of yeast localizes to sites of cell growth. J Cell Biol 108:1419-1429 (Pubitemid 19097047)
161. Soll DR (2009) Why does Candida albicans switch? FEMS Yeast Res 9:973-989
162. Soll DR (2011) Evolution of a new signal transduction pathway in Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol 19:8-13
163. Song Y, Kim JY (2006) Role of CaBud6p in the polarized growth of Candida albicans. J Microbiol 44:311-319 (Pubitemid 44874780)
164. Staib P, Morschhauser J (2007) Chlamydospore formation in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis - an enigmatic developmental programme. Mycoses 50:1-12 (Pubitemid 46046413)
165. Steinberg G (2007) Hyphal growth: a tale of motors, lipids, and the Spitzenkorper. Eukaryot Cell 6:351-360
166. Stoldt VR, Sonneborn A, Leuker CE, Ernst JF (1997) Efg1p, an essential regulator of morphogenesis of the human pathogen Candida albicans, is a member of a conserved class of bHLH proteins regulating morphogenetic processes in fungi. EMBO J 16:1982-1991 (Pubitemid 27170959)
167. Strahl T, Thorner J (2007) Synthesis and function of membrane phosphoinositides in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta 1771:353-404 (Pubitemid 46428617)
168. Sudbery PE (2001) The germ tubes of Candida albicans hyphae and pseudohyphae show different patterns of septin ring localization. Mol Microbiol 41:19-31 (Pubitemid 32660980)
169. Sudbery P, Gow N, Berman J (2004) The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans. Trends Microbiol 12:317-324 (Pubitemid 38829652)
170. Taheri N, Kohler T, Braus GH, Mosch HU (2000) Asymmetrically localized Bud8p and Bud9p proteins control yeast cell polarity and development. EMBO J 19:6686-6696 (Pubitemid 32011661)
171. Ushinsky SC, Harcus D, Ash J, Dignard D, Marcil A, Morchhauser J, Thomas DY, Whiteway M, Leberer E (2002) CDC42 is required for polarized growth in human pathogen Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 1:95-104 (Pubitemid 36562352)
172. Valtz N, Herskowitz I (1996) Pea2 protein of yeast is localized to sites of polarized growth and is required for efficient mating and bipolar budding. J Cell Biol 135:725-739 (Pubitemid 26372928)
173. VandenBerg AL, Ibrahim AS, Edwards JE Jr, Toenjes KA, Johnson DI (2004) Cdc42p GTPase regulates the budded-to-hyphal-form transition and expression of hypha-specific transcripts in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 3:724-734 (Pubitemid 38763859)
174. Vauchelles R, Stalder D, Botton T, Arkowitz RA, Bassilana M (2010) Rac1 dynamics in the human opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. PLoS One 5:e15400
175. Veses V, Gow NA (2008) Vacuolar dynamics during the morphogenetic transition in Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 8:1339-1348
176. Veses V, Richards A, Gow NA (2009) Vacuole inheritance regulates cell size and branching frequency of Candida albicans hyphae. Mol Microbiol 71:505-519
177. Vicinanza M, DAngelo G, Di Campli A, De Matteis MA (2008) Phosphoinositides as regulators of membrane trafficking in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:2833-2841
178. Virag A, Harris SD (2006) The Spitzenkorper: a molecular perspective. Mycol Res 110:4-13.
179. Walther A, Wendland J (2004) Polarized hyphal growth in Candida albicans requires the Wiskott- Aldrich Syndrome protein homolog Wal1p. Eukaryot Cell 3:471-482 (Pubitemid 38497985)
180. Wang Y (2009) CDKs and the yeast-hyphal decision. Curr Opin Microbiol 12:644-649.
181. Warenda AJ, Konopka JB (2002) Septin function in Candida albicans morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 13:2732-2746
182. Wedlich-Soldner R, Schulz I, Straube A, Steinberg G (2002) Dynein supports motility of endoplasmic reticulum in the fungus Ustilago maydis. Mol Biol Cell 13:965-977 (Pubitemid 34250358)
183. Wedlich-Soldner R, Altschuler S, Wu L, Li R (2003) Spontaneous cell polarization through actomyosin-based delivery of the Cdc42 GTPase. Science 299:1231-1235 (Pubitemid 36237464)
184. Weirich CS, Erzberger JP, Barral Y (2008) The septin family of GTPases: architecture and dynamics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:478-489 (Pubitemid 351733401)
185. Wendland J, Philippsen P (2001) Cell polarity and hyphal morphogenesis are controlled by multiple rho-protein modules in the filamentous ascomycete Ashbya gossypii. Genetics 157:601-610 (Pubitemid 32165019)
186. Whiteway M, Bachewich C (2007) Morphogenesis in Candida albicans. Annu Rev Microbiol 61:529-553 (Pubitemid 350058220)
187. Wilson D, Hube B (2010) Hgc1 mediates dynamic Candida albicans-endothelium adhesion events during circulation. Eukaryot Cell 9:278-287
188. Wolyniak MJ, Sundstrom P (2007) Role of actin cytoskeletal dynamics in activation of the cyclic AMP pathway and HWP1 gene expression in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 6:1824-1840 (Pubitemid 47585572)
189. Wu H, Brennwald P (2010) The function of two Rho family GTPases is determined by distinct patterns of cell surface localization. Mol Cell Biol 30:5207-5217
190. Wu H, Rossi G, Brennwald P (2008) The ghost in the machine: small GTPases as spatial regulators of exocytosis. Trends Cell Biol 18:397-404
191. Wu H, Turner C, Gardner J, Temple B, Brennwald P (2010) The Exo70 subunit of the exocyst is an effector for both Cdc42 and Rho3 function in polarized exocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 21:430-442
192. Yaar L, Mevarech M, Koltin Y (1997) A Candida albicans RAS-related gene (CaRSR1) is involved in budding, cell morphogenesis and hypha development. Microbiology 143:3033-3044 (Pubitemid 27437921)
193. Yakir-Tamang L, Gerst JE (2009) Phosphoinositides, exocytosis and polarity in yeast: all about actin? Trends Cell Biol 19:677-684
194. Yamashita M, Kurokawa K, Sato Y, Yamagata A, Mimura H, Yoshikawa A, Sato K, Nakano A, Fukai S (2010) Structural basis for the Rho- and phosphoinositide-dependent localization of the exocyst subunit Sec3. Nat Struct Mol Biol 17:180-186
195. Yokoyama K, Kaji H, Nishimura K, MiyajiM(1990) The role of microfilaments and microtubules in apical growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 136:1067-1075 (Pubitemid 20209260)
196. Zaman S, Lippman SI, Zhao X, Broach JR (2008) How Saccharomyces responds to nutrients. Annu Rev Genet 42:27-81
197. Zeidler U, Lettner T, Lassnig C, Muller M, Lajko R, Hintner H, Breitenbach M, Bito A (2009) UME6 is a crucial downstream target of other transcriptional regulators of true hyphal development in Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 9:126-142
198. Zhang X, Orlando K, He B, Xi F, Zhang J, Zajac A, Guo W (2008) Membrane association and functional regulation of Sec3 by phospholipids and Cdc42. J Cell Biol 180:145-158
199. Zheng X, Wang Y (2004) Hgc1, a novel hypha-specific G1 cyclin-related protein regulates Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis. EMBO J 23:1845-1856 (Pubitemid 38649647)
200. Zheng XD, Wang YM, Wang Y (2003) CaSPA2 is important for polarity establishment and maintenance in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 49:1391-1405 (Pubitemid 37153505)
201. Zheng XD, Lee RT, Wang YM, Lin QS, Wang Y (2007) Phosphorylation of Rga2, a Cdc42 GAP, by CDK/Hgc1 is crucial for Candida albicans hyphal growth. EMBO J 26:3760-3769 (Pubitemid 47295881)
202. Zhu W, Filler SG (2010) Interactions of Candida albicans with epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 12:273-282
203. Zou H, Fang HM, Zhu Y, Wang Y (2010) Candida albicans Cyr1, Cap1 and G-actin form a sensor/ effector apparatus for activating cAMP synthesis in hyphal growth. Mol Microbiol 75:579-591
204. Zucchi PC, Davis TR, Kumamoto CA (2010) A Candida albicans cell wall-linked protein promotes invasive filamentation into semi-solid medium. Mol Microbiol 76:733-748