Does conventional anti-bipolar and antidepressant drug therapy reduce NMDA-mediated neuronal excitation by downregulating astrocytic GluK2 function?

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Volumn 100, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 712-725

  Peng, Liang ^a   Li, Baoman ^a   Du, Ting ^a   Wang, Fanli ^a   Hertz, Leif ^a  

^a CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Astrocytes; Bipolar disorder; Ca 2+; Glutamate; K + channel; Lithium; Major depression; SSRI

Indexed keywords

2 [1 (3 DIMETHYLAMINOPROPYL) 3 INDOLYL] 3 (3 INDOLYL)MALEIMIDE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CALCIUM BINDING PROTEIN; CARBAMAZEPINE; CITALOPRAM; FLUOXETINE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 2; ISOPRENALINE; KETAMINE; LITHIUM; MESSENGER RNA; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR; NORADRENALIN; PAROXETINE; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN S100B; RILUZOLE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VALPROIC ACID; XESTOSPONGIN C;

BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL CULTURE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL STRAIN HEK293; DOWN REGULATION; GENE DELETION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MOOD DISORDER; NERVE EXCITABILITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ASTROCYTES; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DOWN-REGULATION; HUMANS; N-METHYLASPARTATE; NEURONS; RECEPTORS, KAINIC ACID;

EID: 84855542305     PISSN: 00913057     EISSN: 18735177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.021     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Abelli M, Chelli B, Costa B, Lari L, Cardini A, Gesi C, et al. Reductions in platelet 18-kDa translocator protein density are associated with adult separation anxiety in patients with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2010;62:98-103.
2. Allaman I, Fiumelli H, Magistretti PJ, Martin JL. Fluoxetine regulates the expression of neurotrophic/growth factors and glucose metabolism in astrocytes. Psychopharmacology 2011 Epub ahead of print, February 8.
3. Altshuler LL, Abulseoud OA, Foland-Ross L, Bartzokis G, Chang S, Mintz J, et al. Amygdala astrocyte reduction in subjects with major depressive disorder but not bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010;12:541-9.
4. Araque A, Sanzgiri RP, Parpura V, Haydon PG. Calcium elevation in astrocytes causes an NMDA receptor-dependent increase in the frequency of miniature synaptic currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 1998;18:6822-9. (Pubitemid 28388013)
5. Araque A, Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG. Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner. Trends Neurosci 1999;22:208-15. (Pubitemid 29202082)
6. Barley K, Dracheva S, Byne W. Subcortical oligodendrocyte- and astrocyte-associated gene expression in subjects with schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2009;112:54-64.
7. Beed PS, Salmen B, Schmitz D. GluK2-mediated excitability within the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex. PLoS One 2009;4(5):e5576.
8. Benes FM, Todtenkopf MS, Kostoulakos P. GluR5,6,7 subunit immunoreactivity on apical pyramidal cell dendrites in hippocampus of schizophrenics and manic depressives. Hippocampus 2001;11:482-91. (Pubitemid 33100370)
9. Beneyto M, Kristiansen LV, Oni-Orisan A, McCullumsmith RE, Meador-Woodruff JH. Abnormal glutamate receptor expression in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007;32:1888-902. (Pubitemid 47258508)
10. BermanRM,Cappiello A,AnandA,OrenDA,HeningerGR, CharneyDS, et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 2000;47:351-4. (Pubitemid 30109248)
11. Bernard R, Kerman IA, Thompson RC, Jones EG, Bunney WE, Barchas JD, et al. Altered expression of glutamate signaling, growth factor, and glia genes in the locus coeruleus of patients with major depression. Mol Psychiatry 2010 E-pub. Apr 13.
12. Birnbaumer L. Expansion of signal transduction by G proteins. The second 15 years or so: from 3 to 16 alpha subunits plus betagamma dimers. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1768:772-93.
13. + channel knock-out mice reveal the identity of calcium-dependent afterhyperpolarization currents. J Neurosci 2004;24:5301-6.
14. + current regulates synaptic efficacy in rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. Pflugers Arch 1999;437:261-6.
15. Braga MF, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Li H. The physiological role of kainate receptors in the amygdala. Mol Neurobiol 2004;30:127-41. (Pubitemid 41271212)
16. Brand-Schieber E, Lowery SL, Werner P. Select ionotropic glutamate AMPA/kainate receptors are expressed at the astrocyte-vessel interface. Brain Res 2004;1007:178-82. (Pubitemid 38520186)
17. Brennan BP, Hudson JI, Jensen JE, McCarthy J, Roberts JL, Prescot AP, et al. Rapid enhancement of glutamatergic neurotransmission in bipolar depression following treatment with riluzole. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:834-46.
18. Brown DA, Passmore GM. Neural KCNQ (Kv7) channels. Br J Pharmacol 2009;156:1185-95.
19. Buchsbaum MS, Wu J, Siegel BV, Hackett E, Trenary M, Abel L, et al. Effect of sertraline on regional metabolic rate in patients with affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41:15-22. (Pubitemid 27050641)
20. Burnashev N, Villarroel A, Sakmann B. Dimensions and ion selectivity of recombinant AMPA and kainate receptor channels and their dependence on Q/R site residues. J Physiol 1996;496:165-73. (Pubitemid 26345585)
21. Cahoy JD, Emery B, Kaushal A, Foo LC, Zamanian JL, Christopherson KS, et al. A transcriptome database for astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes: a new resource for understanding brain development and function. J Neurosci 2008;28:264-78.
22. Castillo PE, Malenka RC, Nicoll RA. Kainate receptors mediate a slow postsynaptic current in hippocampal CA3 neurons. Nature 1997;388:182-6. (Pubitemid 27297455)
23. i in cultured astrocytes by chronic treatment with a therapeutically relevant lithium concentration. Brain Res 1996;711:245-8.
24. Chen X, Shu S, Bayliss DA. HCN1 channel subunits are a molecular substrate for hypnotic actions of ketamine. J Neurosci 2009;29:600-9.
25. Choudary PV, Molnar M, Evans SJ, Tomita H, Li JZ, Vawter MP, et al. Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:15653-8. (Pubitemid 41528111)
26. Collingridge GL, Olsen RW, Peters J, Spedding M. A nomenclature for ligand-gated ion channels. Neuropharmacology 2009;56:2-5.
27. Contractor A, Swanson GT, Sailer A, O'Gorman S, Heinemann SF. Identification of the kainate receptor subunits underlying modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. J Neurosci 2000;20:8269-78.
28. Contractor A, Swanson G, Heinemann SF. Kainate receptors are involved in short- and long-term plasticity at mossy fiber synapses in the hippocampus. Neuron 2001;29:209-16. (Pubitemid 32108733)
29. Cossart R, Epsztein J, Tyzio R, Becq H, Hirsch J, Ben-Ari Y, et al. Quantal release of glutamate generates pure kainate and mixed AMPA/kainate EPSCs in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 2002;35:147-59. (Pubitemid 34804329)
30. Danbolt NC. Glutamate uptake. Prog Neurobiol 2001;65:1-105. (Pubitemid 32479155)
31. Diazgranados N, Ibrahim L, Brutsche NE, Newberg A, Kronstein P, Khalife S, et al. A randomized add-on trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatmentresistant bipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:793-802.
32. Doble A. The pharmacology and mechanism of action of riluzole. Neurology 1996;47:S233-41. (Pubitemid 26422576)
33. Domingues AM, Taylor M, Fern R. Glia as transmitter sources and sensors in health and disease. Neurochem Int 2010;57:359-66.
34. 1/2 phosphorylation in primary cultures of astrocytes are concentration-dependent. J Neurochem 2010;115:1007-23.
35. Falcone T, Fazio V, Lee C, Simon B, Franco K, Marchi N, et al. Serum S100B: a potential biomarker for suicidality in adolescents? PLoS One 2010;5:e11089 PubMed PMID: 20559426; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2885416.
36. Fellin T, Carmignoto G. Neurone-to-astrocyte signalling in the brain represents a distinct multifunctional unit. J Physiol 2004;559:3-15. (Pubitemid 39206949)
37. Fellin T, D'Ascenzo M, Haydon PG. Astrocytes control neuronal excitability in the nucleus accumbens. Sci World J 2007;7:89-97. (Pubitemid 350277593)
38. Fernandes HB, Catches JS, Petralia RS, Copits BA, Xu J, Russell TA, et al. High-affinity kainate receptor subunits are necessary for ionotropic but not metabotropic signaling. Neuron 2009;63:818-29.
39. Fisahn A, Contractor A, Traub RD, Buhl EH, Heinemann SF, McBain CJ. Distinct roles for the kainate receptor subunits GluR5 and GluR6 in kainate-induced hippocampal gamma oscillations. J Neurosci 2004;24:9658-68. (Pubitemid 39441520)
40. Fitzgerald PJ, Barkus C, Feyder M, Wiedholz LM, Chen YC, Karlsson RM, et al. Does gene deletion of AMPA GluA1 phenocopy features of schizoaffective disorder? Neurobiol Dis 2010;40:608-21.
41. Frerking M, Schmitz D, Zhou Q, Johansen J, Nicoll RA. Kainate receptors depress excitatory synaptic transmission at CA3→CA1 synapses in the hippocampus via a direct presynaptic action. J Neurosci 2001;21:2958-66. (Pubitemid 32323476)
42. Fumagalli E, Funicello M, Rauen T, Gobbi M, Mennini T. Riluzole enhances the activity of glutamate transporters GLAST, GLT1 and EAAC1. Eur J Pharmacol 2008;578:171-6. (Pubitemid 350309596)
43. Goldberg JA, Teagarden MA, Foehring RC, Wilson CJ. Nonequilibrium calcium dynamics regulate the autonomous firing pattern of rat striatal cholinergic interneurons. J Neurosci 2009;29:8396-407.
44. Gosselin RD, Gibney S, O'Malley D, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Region specific decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the brain of a rat model of depression. Neuroscience 2009;159(2):915-25.
45. Grabauskas G, Lancaster B, O'Connor V, Wheal HV. Protein kinase signalling requirements for metabotropic action of kainate receptors in rat CA1 pyramidal neurones. J Physiol 2007;579:363-73. (Pubitemid 46351755)
46. Hamidi M, Drevets WC, Price JL. Glial reduction in amygdala in major depressive disorder is due to oligodendrocytes. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:563-9. (Pubitemid 38315029)
47. Hansson E, Rönnbäck L. Astrocytic receptors and second messenger systems. In: Hertz L, editor. Non-neuronal cells of the nervous system: function and dysfunction. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2004. p. 475-501.
48. Hercher C, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Through the looking glass: examining neuroanatomical evidence for cellular alterations in major depression. J Psychiatr Res 2009;43:947-61.
49. Herman MA, Jahr CE. Extracellular glutamate concentration in hippocampal slice. J Neurosci 2007;27:9736-41. (Pubitemid 47492175)
50. Hertz L. Bioenergetics of cerebral ischemia: a cellular perspective. Neuropharmacology 2008;55:289-309.
51. Hertz L. Astrocytic Energy Metabolism and Glutamate Formation - Relevance for 13C-NMR Spectroscopy and Importance of Cytosolic/Mitochondrial Trafficking. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2011;29:1319-29.
52. Hertz L, Richardson JS. Acute and chronic effects of antidepressant drugs on beta-adrenergic function in astrocytes in primary cultures: an indication of glial involvement in affective disorders? J Neurosci Res 1983;9:173-82. (Pubitemid 13161646)
53. Hertz L, Chen Y, Bersudsky Y, Wolfson M. Shared effects of all three conventional antibipolar drugs on the phosphoinositide system in astrocytes. In: Hertz L, editor. Non-neuronal cells of the nervous system: function and dysfunction. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2004. p. 1033-48. (Pubitemid 137640712)
54. Hertz L, Peng L, Dienel GA. Energy metabolism in astrocytes: high rate of oxidative metabolism and spatiotemporal dependence on glycolysis/ glycogenolysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007;27:219-49. (Pubitemid 46148451)
55. Horn DI, Yu C, Steiner J, Buchmann J, Kaufmann J, Osoba A, et al. Glutamatergic and resting-state functional connectivity correlates of severity in major depression - the role of pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula. Front Syst Neurosci 2010;15:4 pii: 33.
56. Ireland DR, Guevremont D, Williams JM, Abraham WC. Metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated depression of the slow afterhyperpolarization is gated by tyrosine phosphatases in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Neurophysiol 2004;92:2811-9. (Pubitemid 40340492)
57. Kennedy SH, Evans KR, Krüger S, Mayberg HS, Meyer JH, McCann S, et al. Changes in regional brain glucose metabolism measured with positron emission tomography after paroxetine treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:899-905. (Pubitemid 32547619)
58. Kohrs R, Durieux ME. Ketamine: teaching an old drug new tricks. Anesth Analg 1998;87:1186-93. (Pubitemid 28501183)
59. Krupenko NI, Dubard ME, Strickland KC, Moxley KM, Oleinik NV, Krupenko SA. ALDH1L2 is the mitochondrial homolog of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2010;285:23056-63.
60. Kurz GM, Wiesinger H, Hamprecht B. Purification of cytosolic malic enzyme from bovine brain, generation of monoclonal antibodies, and immunocytochemicallocalization of the enzyme in glial cells of neural primary cultures. J Neurochem 1993;60:1467-74. (Pubitemid 23088323)
61. Lancaster B, Hu H, Ramakers GM, Storm JF. Interaction between synaptic excitation and slow afterhyperpolarization current in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Physiol 2001;536:809-23. (Pubitemid 33019417)
62. Lebon V, Petersen KF, Cline GW, Shen J, Mason GF, Dufour S, et al. Astroglial contribution to brain energy metabolism in humans revealed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: elucidation of the dominant pathway for neurotransmitter glutamate repletion and measurement of astrocytic oxidative metabolism. J Neurosci 2002;22:1523-31. (Pubitemid 35386271)
63. Lee K, Duan W, Sneyd J, Herbison AE. Two slow calcium-activated afterhyperpolarization currents control burst firing dynamics in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. J Neurosci 2010;30:6214-24.
64. Lerma J. Kainate receptor physiology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2006;6(1):89-97. (Pubitemid 43103824)
65. Li B, Zhang S, Zhang H, Nu W, Cai L, Hertz L, et al. Fluoxetine-mediated 5-HT2B receptor stimulation in astrocytes causes EGF receptor transactivation and ERK phosphorylation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008;201:443-58.
66. Li B, Zhang S, Li M, Zhang H, Hertz L, Peng L. Down-regulation of GluK2 kainate receptor expression by chronic treatment with mood-stabilizing anti-convulsants or lithium in cultured astrocytes and brain, but not in neurons. Neuropharmacology 2009;57:375-85.
67. 2+ influx and ERK phosphorylation in mouse astrocytes. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2011;36:100094.
68. Lieth E, LaNoue KF, Berkich DA, Xu B, Ratz M, Taylor C, et al. Nitrogen shuttling between neurons and glial cells during glutamate synthesis. J Neurochem 2001;76:1712-23. (Pubitemid 32221111)
69. Lubrich B, van Calker D. Inhibition of the high affinity myo-inositol transport system: a common mechanism of action of antibipolar drugs? Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;21:519-29. (Pubitemid 29414797)
70. Machado-Vieira R, Salvadore G, Diazgranados N, Zarate Jr CA. Ketamine and the next generation of antidepressants with a rapid onset of action. Pharmacol Ther 2009a;123:143-50.
71. Machado-Vieira R, Manji HK, Zarate CA. The role of the tripartite glutamatergic synapse in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of mood disorders. Neuroscientist 2009b;15:525-39.
72. Madison DV, Nicoll RA. Noradrenaline blocks accommodation of pyramidal cell discharge in the hippocampus. Nature 1982;299:636-8. (Pubitemid 12033279)
73. Maeng S, Zarate Jr CA, Du J, Schloesser RJ, McCammon J, Chen G, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine: role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:349-52. (Pubitemid 351146651)
74. Markova O, Fitzgerald D, Stepanyuk A, Dovgan A, Cherkas V, Tepikin A, et al. Hippocalcin signaling via site-specific translocation in hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2008;442:152-7.
75. Mathew SJ, Murrough JW, aan het Rot M, Collins KA, Reich DL, Charney DS. Riluzole for relapse prevention following intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled continuation trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010;13:71-82.
76. Martin NP, Whalen EJ, Zamah MA, Pierce KL, Lefkowitz RJ. PKA-mediated phosphorylation of the beta1-adrenergic receptor promotes Gs/Gi switching. Cell Signal 2004;16(12):1397-403. (Pubitemid 39277504)
77. Mayberg HS, Brannan SK, Tekell JL, Silva JA, Mahurin RK, McGinnis S, et al. Regional metabolic effects of fluoxetine in major depression: serial changes and relationship to clinical response. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:830-43.
78. McNally L, Bhagwagar Z, Hannestad J. Inflammation, glutamate, and glia in depression: a literature review. CNS Spectr 2008;13:501-10. (Pubitemid 351965454)
79. Melyan Z, Wheal HV, Lancaster B. Metabotropic-mediated kainate receptor regulation of IsAHP and excitability in pyramidal cells. Neuron 2002;34:107-14. (Pubitemid 34270702)
80. Melyan Z, Lancaster B, Wheal HV. Metabotropic regulation of intrinsic excitability by synaptic activation of kainate receptors. J Neurosci 2004;24:4530-4. (Pubitemid 38656608)
81. Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Waltzer R, Whittom AA, Austin MC, Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA. Glial and glutamatergic markers in depression, alcoholism, and their comorbidity. J Affect Disord 2010;127:230-40.
82. Mishra R, Janowsky A, Sulser F. Subsensitivity of the norepinephrine receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system in brain: effects of nisoxetine versus fluoxetine. Eur J Pharmacol 1979;60:379-82. (Pubitemid 10135151)
83. Mott DD, Rojas A, Fisher JL, Dingledine RJ, Benveniste M. Subunit-specific desensitization of heteromeric kainate receptors. J Physiol 2010;588:683-700.
84. Mulle C, Sailer A, Pérez-Otaño I, Dickinson-Anson H, Castillo PE, Bureau I, et al. Altered synaptic physiology and reduced susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures in GluR6-deficient mice. Nature 1998;392:601-5. (Pubitemid 28207716)
85. Nadkarni S, Jung P. Modeling synaptic transmission of the tripartite synapse. Phys Biol 2007;4:1-9. (Pubitemid 46553672)
86. Nakahara K, Okada M, Nakanishi S. The metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 induces calcium oscillations in cultured astrocytes via protein kinase C phosphorylation. J Neurochem 1997;69:1467-75. (Pubitemid 27406947)
87. New AS, Buchsbaum MS, Hazlett EA, Goodman M, Koenigsberg HW, Lo J, et al. Fluoxetine increases relative metabolic rate in prefrontal cortex in impulsive aggression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;176:451-8. (Pubitemid 40017172)
88. Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptors: physiology, pharmacology, and disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2010;50:295-322.
89. Norenberg MD, Martinez-Hernandez A. Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain. Brain Res 1979;161:303-10. (Pubitemid 9087410)
90. Pan YZ, Karr L, Rutecki P. Ictal activity induced by group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation and loss of afterhyperpolarizations. Neuropharmacology 2010;59:86-92.
91. Parpura V, Baker BJ, Jeras M, Zorec R. Regulated exocytosis in astrocytic signal integration. Neurochem Int 2010;57:451-9.
92. Pasti L, Volterra A, Pozzan T, Carmignoto G. Intracellular calcium oscillations in astrocytes: a highly plastic, bidirectional form of communication between neurons and astrocytes in situ. J Neurosci 1997;17:7817-30. (Pubitemid 27426219)
93. Paternain AV, Herrera MT, Nieto MA, Lerma J. GluR5 and GluR6 kainate receptor subunits coexist in hippocampal neurons and coassemble to form functional receptors. J Neurosci 2000;20:196-205. (Pubitemid 30220507)
94. Peavy RD, Chang MS, Sanders-Bush E, Conn PJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in astrocytes depends on transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Neurosci 2001;21:9619-28. (Pubitemid 34184049)
95. Pedarzani P, McCutcheon JE, Rogge G, Jensen BS, Christophersen P, Hougaard C, et al. Specific enhancement of SK channel activity selectively potentiates the afterhyperpolarizing current I(AHP) and modulates the firing properties of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J Biol Chem 2005;280:41404-11. (Pubitemid 41832199)
96. Peng L, Wolfson M, Chen Y, Hertz L. Astrocytic involvement in bipolar disorder. In: Plunkett JM, editor. Bipolar disorder: causes, diagnosis and treatment. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; in press.
97. Perea G, Araque A. Astrocytes potentiate transmitter release at single hippocampal synapses. Science 2007;317:1083-6. (Pubitemid 47330192)
98. Perea G, Araque A. GLIA modulates synaptic transmission. Brain Res Rev 2010;63:93-102.
99. Pereira Jr A, Furlan FA. Astrocytes and human cognition: modeling information integration and modulation of neuronal activity. Prog Neurobiol 2010;92:405-20.
100. Pilc A, Chaki S, Nowak G, Witkin JM. Mood disorders: regulation by metabotropic glutamate receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2008;75:997-1006.
101. Pinheiro P, Mulle C. Kainate receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2006;326:457-82. (Pubitemid 44444793)
102. Porter JT, McCarthy KD. Hippocampal astrocytes in situ respond to glutamate released from synaptic terminals. J Neurosci 1996;16:5073-81. (Pubitemid 26269667)
103. Postnov DE, Koreshkov RN, Brazhe NA, Brazhe AR, Sosnovtseva OV. Dynamical patterns of calcium signaling in a functional model of neuron-astrocyte networks. J Biol Phys 2009;35:425-45.
104. Rao JS, Ertley RN, Lee HJ, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Chronic fluoxetine upregulates activity, protein and mRNA levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in rat frontal cortex. Pharmacogenomics J 2006;6:413-20. (Pubitemid 44811537)
105. Ren K. Emerging role of astroglia in pain hypersensitivity. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 2010;46:86.
106. Rodríguez-Moreno A, Lerma J. Kainate receptor modulation of GABA release involves a metabotropic function. Neuron 1998;20:1211-8. (Pubitemid 28293137)
107. Rodríguez-Moreno A, Sihra TS. Kainate receptors with a metabotropic modus operandi. Trends Neurosci 2007a;30:630-7. (Pubitemid 350101852)
108. Rodríguez-Moreno A, Sihra TS. Metabotropic actions of kainate receptors in the CNS. J Neurochem 2007b;103:2121-35. (Pubitemid 350173562)
109. Rosenkranz JA, Venheim ER, Padival M. Chronic stress causes amygdala hyperexcitability in rodents. Biol Psychiatry 2010;67:1128-36.
110. Ruano D, Lambolez B, Rossier J, Paternain AV, Lerma J. Kainate receptor subunits expressed in single cultured hippocampal neurons: molecular and functional variants by RNA editing. Neuron 1995;14:1009-17.
111. Ruiz A, Sachidhanandam S, Utvik JK, Coussen F, Mulle C. Distinct subunits in heteromeric kainate receptors mediate ionotropic and metabotropic function at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. J Neurosci 2005;25:11710-8. (Pubitemid 43098463)
112. Sanacora G, Gueorguieva R, Epperson CN, Wu YT, Appel M, Rothman DL, et al. Subtype-specific alterations of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate in patients with major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:705-13. (Pubitemid 38890805)
113. Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK. Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:426-37. (Pubitemid 351619114)
114. Schiffer HH, Heinemann SF. Association of the human kainate receptor GluR7 gene (GRIK3) with recurrent major depressive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007;144B:20-6. (Pubitemid 46122634)
115. Schmitz D, Frerking M, Nicoll RA. Synaptic activation of presynaptic kainate receptors on hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. Neuron 2000;27:327-38.
116. Schroeder BC, Waldegger S, Fehr S, Bleich M, Warth R, Greger R, Jentsch TJ. A constitutively open potassium channel formed by KCNQ1 and KCNE3. Nature. 2000;403(6766):196-9. (Pubitemid 30050962)
117. Schroeter ML, Steiner J. Elevated serum levels of the glial marker protein S100B are not specific for schizophrenia or mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2009;14:235-7.
118. Schroeter ML, Abdul-Khaliq H, Diefenbacher A, Blasig IE. S100B is increased in mood disorders and may be reduced by antidepressive treatment. Neuroreport 2002;13: 1675-8.
119. Schulze TG, Buervenich S, Badner JA, Steele CJ, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Dick D, et al. Loci on chromosomes 6q and 6p interact to increase susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder in the National Institute of Mental Health genetics initiative pedigrees. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56:18-23. (Pubitemid 38813401)
120. Shaltiel G, Maeng S, Malkesman O, Pearson B, Schloesser RJ, Tragon T, et al. Evidence for the involvement of the kainate receptor subunit GluR6 (GRIK2) in mediating behavioral displays related to behavioral symptoms of mania. Mol Psychiatry 2008;13:858-72.
121. Sierra-Paredes G, Sierra-Marcuño G. Extrasynaptic GABA and glutamate receptors in epilepsy. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2007;6:288-300. (Pubitemid 47232941)
122. Somjen GG, Kager H, Wadman WJ, Somjen GG, Kager H, Wadman WJ. Computer simulations of neuron-glia interactions mediated by ion flux. J Comput Neurosci 2008;25:349-65.
123. Song D, Du T, Li B, Cai L, Gu L, Li H, et al. Astrocytic alkalinization by therapeutically relevant lithium concentrations: implications for myo-inositol depletion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008;200:187-95.
124. Storm JF. Action potential repolarization and a fast after- hyperpolarization in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Physiol 1987;385:733-59. (Pubitemid 17048959)
125. Strutz-Seebohm N, Seebohm G, Shumilina E, Mack AF, Wagner HJ, Lampert A, et al. Glucocorticoid adrenal steroids and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase isoforms in the regulation of GluR6 expression. J Physiol 2005;565:391-401. (Pubitemid 40872470)
126. Sublette ME, Milak MS, Hibbeln JR, Freed PJ, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, et al. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and regional cerebral glucose metabolism in major depression. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009;80:57-64.
127. Sun HY, Bartley AF, Dobrunz LE. Calcium-permeable presynaptic kainate receptors involved in excitatory short-term facilitation onto somatostatin interneurons during natural stimulus patterns. J Neurophysiol 2009;101:1043-55.
128. Teng CT, Demetrio FN. Memantine may acutely improve cognition and have a mood stabilizing effect in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2006;28:252-4.
129. Terracciano A, Tanaka T, Sutin AR, Sanna S, Deiana B, Lai S, et al. Genome-wide association scan of trait depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68:811-7.
130. Tzingounis AV, Nicoll RA. Contribution of KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 to the medium and slow afterhyperpolarization currents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:19974-9.
131. Tzingounis AV, Kobayashi M, Takamatsu K, Nicoll RA. Hippocalcin gates the calcium activation of the slow afterhyperpolarization in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Neuron 2007;53:487-93. (Pubitemid 46216749)
132. Tzingounis AV, Heidenreich M, Kharkovets T, Spitzmaul G, Jensen HS, Nicoll RA, et al. The KCNQ5 potassium channel mediates a component of the afterhyperpolarization current in mouse hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:10232-7.
133. Vetulani J, Stawarz RJ, Dingell JV, Sulser F. A possible common mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments: reduction in the sensitivity of the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the rat limbic forebrain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1976;293:109-14.
134. Villalobos C, Andrade R. Visinin-like neuronal calcium sensor proteins regulate the slow calcium-activated afterhyperpolarizing current in the rat cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 2010;30:14361-5.
135. Vogalis F, Storm JF, Lancaster B. SK channels and the varieties of slow afterhyperpolarizations in neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2003;18:3155-66. (Pubitemid 38031042)
136. Wahl-Schott C, Biel M. HCN channels: structure, cellular regulation and physiological function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009;66:470-94.
137. Walter M, Henning A, Grimm S, Schulte RF, Beck J, Dydak U, et al. The relationship between aberrant neuronal activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate, altered glutamatergic metabolism, and anhedonia in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:478-86.
138. Walz W. Role of astrocytes in the clearance of excess extracellular potassium. Neurochem Int 2000;36:291-300. (Pubitemid 30101570)
139. Walz W. Potassium homeostasis in the brain at the organ and cell level. In: Hertz L, editor. Non-neuronal cells of the nervous system: function and dysfunction. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2004. p. 595-609. (Pubitemid 137640694)
140. Wolfson M, Hertz E, Belmaker RH, Hertz L. Chronic treatment with lithium and pretreatment with excess inositol reduce inositol pool size in astrocytes by different mechanisms. Brain Res 1998;787:34-40. (Pubitemid 28279797)
141. Wolfson M, Bersudsky Y, Zinger E, Simkin M, Belmaker RH, Hertz L. Chronic treatment of human astrocytoma cells with lithium, carbamazepine or valproic acid decreases inositol uptake at high inositol concentrations but increases it at low inositol concentrations. Brain Res 2000;855:158-61. (Pubitemid 30067707)
142. 2+ transients in the substantia gelatinosa neurons in GLU(K6)-deficient mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2005;142:9-18.
143. Yu N, Martin JL, Stella N, Magistretti PJ. Arachidonic acid stimulates glucose uptake in cerebral cortical astrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:4042-6. (Pubitemid 23134162)
144. Yüksel C, Öngür D. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of glutamate-related abnormalities in mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68:785-94.
145. Zahorodna A, Bijak M. An antidepressant-induced decrease in the responsiveness of hippocampal neurons to group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;386:173-9. (Pubitemid 30017708)
146. Zarate Jr CA, Payne JL, Quiroz J, Sporn J, Denicoff KK, Luckenbaugh D, et al. An open-label trial of riluzole in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:171-4. (Pubitemid 38419327)
147. Zarate Jr CA, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Luckenbaugh DA, et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:856-64. (Pubitemid 44188478)
148. Zarate Jr C, Machado-Vieira R, Henter I, Ibrahim L, Diazgranados N, Salvadore G. Glutamatergic modulators: the future of treating mood disorders? Harv Rev Psychiatry 2010;18:293-303.
149. Zhang S, Li B, Lovatt D, Xu J, Song D, Goldman SA, et al. 5-HT2B receptors are expressed on astrocytes from brain and in culture and are a chronic target for all five conventional 'serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors'. Neuron Glia Biol 2010;6:113-25.